biology i - hanover area school · pdf file1. photosynthesis the rate of photosynthesis will...
TRANSCRIPT
Biology I Chapter 8/9
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #1
Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank account.
1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?
2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?
3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to
carry out its activities?
4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the benefits of having a bank account?
To save money and earn interest.
2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money?
Go to the bank and take out the money you need.
3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to
carry out its activities?
Students will likely say that the body stores the energy.
4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food.
ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Comparison of ADP and ATP to a battery
ADP ATP
Energy
Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially charged battery
Fully charged battery
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #2
Trapping Energy Have you ever used a solar-powered
calculator? No matter where you go, as long as you have a light source, the calculator works. You never have to put batteries in it.
Interest Grabber Cont. NOTEBOOK #2
1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?
2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?
3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?
4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?
Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works?
They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make
food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants?
Plants convert light energy into chemical energy. 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have
some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green?
Leaves are green, as are some stems. 4. What does the green color have to do with the plant’s ability
to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs
light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products
Chloroplast
CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2
Light Energy
Chlorophyll Light Absorption Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
V B G Y O R
NOTEBOOK #3 1. What three things make up an ATP molecule?
2. What is the difference between ADP and ATP?
3. What are the products of photosynthesis?
4. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Interest Grabber A Look Into the Future
NOTEBOOK #4
It is 100 years in the future and you are a research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere.
Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:
1. photosynthesis
2. plant life
3. animal life
4. human societies
Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following:
1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight.
2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis.
3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available.
4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out.
Concept Map
Photosynthesis
includes
of
take place in takes place in uses
to produce to produce
use
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin cycle
Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from
sunlight
ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars
Photosynthesis: An Overview
Chloroplast Light
O2 Sugars
CO2
Light- Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
NADPH ATP
ADP + P NADP+ Chloroplast
Thylakoids-stacks: grana
Stroma
Light-Dependent Reaction -produces oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP into the
energy carriers ATP and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II
Inner Thylakoid Space
Thylakoid Membrane
Stroma
ATP synthase
Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation
Chloroplast
Calvin Cycle -uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent
reactions to produce high-energy sugars
ChloropIast
CO2 Enters the Cycle
Energy Input
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
Sugars and other compounds
6-Carbon Sugar Produced
NOTEBOOK #5 1. What two reactions are included in photosynthesis?
2. What is the stroma?
3. What is a thylakoid?
4. What do you call stacks of thylakoids?
5. What are the light-dependent reactions?
6. What is the Calvin Cycle?
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #6
Feel the Burn
Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar.
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run?
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel?
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt.
2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued.
3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer. Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells.
Chemical Pathways
Glucose- C6H12O6
Glycolysis Krebs cycle
Electron transport
Fermentation (without oxygen)
Alcohol or lactic acid
Section 9-1
Cellular Respiration – the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and
other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Glucose
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Pyruvic acid
Electrons carried in NADH
Krebs Cycle
Electrons carried in NADH and
FADH2 Electron Transport
Chain
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion
Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + Energy
Glycolysis -the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound
Glucose
To the electron transport
chain
2 Pyruvic acid
Lactic Acid Fermentation -converts glucose into lactic acid
Glucose Pyruvic acid
NOTEBOOK #7 1. What is cellular respiration?
2. What are the products of cellular respiration?
3. What organelle does cellular respiration take place in?
4. What is glycolysis?
5. What is glucose converted into?
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #8
Rolling and Folding
Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve?
To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.
Interest Grabber Cont. 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler.
What is the surface area of the paper?
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper?
The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm3.
2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper?
The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper. 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first
sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper?
The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper).
4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place.
Cellular Respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food
molecules in the presence of oxygen
Glucose (C6H1206)
+ Oxygen
(02)
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
+ Water (H2O)
The Krebs Cycle pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-
extracting reactions
Electron Transport Chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into
ATP
Section 9-2
Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
Channel
Inner Membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane Space
Mitochondrion
Cellular Respiration- Net Yield
Glycolysis- Net Yield
Krebs Cycle: Net Yield
Electron Transport Chain :Net Yield
NOTEBOOK #9 1. What is the Krebs Cycle?
2. What is the electron transport chain?
3. What is the net yield of ATP at the end of Cellular Respiration?