Biology II Dissection

The Promised Land

Kingdom Anamalia• Animal Kingdom contains organisms

that are: –multicellular– diploid –heterotrophic–ingestive nutrition–eukaryotic–oogamous sexual reproduction–blastula embryonic development

Kingdom Anamalia• The Animal Kingdom contains the most

species (more than 1 million known and an estimated 1 million undiscovered)

• Animals are divided into 10 phyla divided into subphyla, classes and orders

• 5 Lower Invertebrates(sponges, jellyfish some worms)

• 4 Higher Invertebrates(snails,insects,starfish)• 1 Chordata (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians,

mammals & me & you)

Kingdom Anamalia

• Multicellular Animals = Metazoa

• The metazoan cell is a specialized part of the whole organism and is incapable of independent existence

• Protozoan cells can live independently

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 1) Number of cells/level of organization, cells > tissues > organs > systems

• 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers”• diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm &

endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer “middle glue”

• triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue - mesoderm - support &

movement - endoderm - digestive organs,

spleen, pancreas

Kingdom Anamalia• Embryonic layers develop into body layers• Most animals become a “tube within a tube”• Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the

digestive tract• Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense

organs• In between tubes, mesoderm, are

reproductive, muscular, circulatory and excretion systems.

Kingdom Anamalia• Animals with three body layers can be divided

into three categories• acoelomates have no space between their layers

• coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body organs to move independently.

• Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel between layers

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 3) Determination of basic structural relationships • Homologies - homologous structures - a structure

with similar structure and derived from the same embryonic tissue

• (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of a human)

• Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with similar function but different embryonic tissues

• (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult

• Asymmetry - no equal sides

• Radial symmetry - central point, several places to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish

• Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry ex. Human

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• Related terms: • anterior, posterior, transverse plane• ventral, dorsal, coronal plane,• sagittal plane, bi-symmetrical • proximal & distal

Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms

• Oral - toward the mouth• Aboral - away from the mouth• Caudal - toward the tail• Lateral - on the side• Medial - toward the midline

Dissection Photos

45

4647

48

50

49

52

51

53 54

55

56

57 58

59

60

61

6263

63 again

64

66

65

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75Fetal Pig