BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

BY: -

YEAR: - 2017- 2018

AIM: - STUDY OF COMMON DISEASE ‘CHOLELITHIASIS’.

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master ____________________, a student of class XII has successfully completed the research on the project “STUDY OF COMMON DISEASE ‘CHOLELITHIASIS’” under the guidance of _____________________ (Subject Teacher) during the year 2017-18 in partial fulfilment of Biology Practical Examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of Biology Teacher Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Principal School Stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my Biology Teacher _____________________, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.

INDEX

Certificate Acknowledgement Aim Introduction Symptoms Causes Types of Gallstones Case Study - Case Study I Case Study II Precaution Conclusion Bibliography

AIM OF EXPERIMENT:

STUDY OF COMMON DISEASE

CHOLELITHIASIS

INTRODUCTION1. A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out

of bile components.  The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of stones in the gallbladder or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. In 1–4% of those with gallstones, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic, occurs each Year. Complications of gallstones include inflammation of the gallbladder, inflammation of the pancreas, and liver inflammation.

2. Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills ,   pregnancy , a family history of gallstones,   obesity ,   diabetes ,   liver disease , or rapid weight loss.  Gallstones are formed in the gallbladder,

typically from either cholesterol or bilirubin.

3. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ultrasound. Complications may be detected on blood tests.

4. The components in the Bile can crystallize and harden in our gallbladder. These can be as small as a grain of sand or as large as an apricot. According to Harvard health publication, 80% of gall stones are made of cholesterol. The other 20% are made of calcium salts and bilirubin. These are known as pigment stones.

SYMPTOMS1. Gallstones may be asymptomatic, even for years. A

characteristic symptom of gallstones is a gallstone attack, in which a person may experience colicky pain in the upper-right side of the abdomen, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting, that steadily increases for approximately 30 minutes to several hours. A person may also experience referred pain between the shoulder blades or below the right shoulder. These symptoms may resemble those of a "kidney stone attack". Often, attacks occur after a particularly fatty meal and almost always happen at night, and after drinking.

2. In addition to pain, nausea, and vomiting, a person may experience a fever. If the stones block the duct and cause bilirubin to leak into the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, there may also be jaundice and itching.

CAUSES1. There may be several reasons, including:

Your genes Your weight Problems with your gallbladder Diet

2. Bile can be part of the problem. If the bile has too much cholesterol in it, that makes gallstones more likely. It can also happen if your gallbladder can’t empty properly.

3. Pigment stones are more common in people with certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis (a liver disease) or blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia. If you have diabetes, obesity, loses weight too quickly, you’re fasting .Then it is more likely to get gallstones. 

4. You take birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy for menopause symptoms, or are pregnant. The extra estrogen is the problem. It can increase cholesterol and make it harder for the gallbladder to empty.

5. You take medicine to lower your cholesterol. Some of these drugs boost the amount of cholesterol in bile, which may increase your chances of getting cholesterol stones.

TYPES OF GALL STONES THE TWO MAIN KINDS ARE:

1. Cholesterol stones : These are usually yellow – green in colour. They are the most common kind accounting for 80% of gall stones.

2. Pigment Stones : These stones are smaller and darker. They are made up of bilirubin, which comes from bile.

Case Study Case study – 1 Name of the patient: - Ashok KumarAge: - 41Gender: - Male Q1. When you go to know about this disease?Ans. When one day I suddenly got severe pain in

my shoulder region and in the right abdominal region and vomiting started with it too.

Q2. Were there any symptoms before?Ans. Before there was nothing so seriously

happened bit sometimes I got some shoulder pain and acidity.

Q3. How you got to know about this disease?Ans. When I got this pain I consulted to a doctor.

And soon after my ultrasound I got to know about it.

Q4. What was the solution of this problem?Ans. Doctor consulted that gall bladder surgical

removal is the only option.Q5. So you have undergone cholecystectomy. So

you have undergone surgery and were there any after effects of surgery?

Ans. After undergoing surgery I suffered from serious weakness. I had number of vomiting and due to my stitches it pained me a lot.

Q6. After how many months you got relief from your surgery?

Ans. It took about two months.Q7. What was the precaution you had taken after

this surgery?Ans. As general I was advised not to lift heavy

items. Do a minimum of sitting work in office and complete bed rest and a proper diet and I followed all these instruction.

Q8. As your gall bladder is removed what difficulties do you face now?

Ans. I have to face a number of problems actually. If I don’t eat food for a long time I got headache and nausea and vomiting. I can’t fast for long time. I can’t eat very spicy food made of Maida and oil.

Q9. What precautions you have undertaken to escape from all these problems?

Ans. I have started to take food after every small time interval. I have setup a routine of eating food within a particular set timetable. I don’t eat much spicy and oily food, and started to drink many glasses of water.

Q10. At last what you want to advice about this to every individual?

Ans. I want to say that in order to be on safer side immediately consult doctor if you get any of the above symptoms. Don’t wait for it to become a disaster, eat lots of green vegetable and less cholesterol food. Drink minimum water about 8-10 glasses a day.

Thank you very much for helping.

Case study – 2 Name of the patient: - Sunil Singh Age: - 46Gender: - Male 1. Symptoms of disease –

Ans. Severe back pain and chest pain.2. Treatment –

Ans. Surgery of removal of Gall bladder.3. After effects of surgery –

Ans. Repeated vomiting, nausea, weakness, stitch paining.

4. Problems due to removal of gall bladder-Ans. Acidity, indigestion, cramps in stomach.

5. Precaution undertaken-

Ans. Avoiding oily and high cholesterol food, having proper diet.

6. Conclude/ Advice-Ans. Say no to high cholesterol food, drink water as much you can.

Thank you very much for helping.

Conclusion 1.One should always follow proper diet

with less cholesterol and fat.2.One should always drink minimum 8-

10 liters of water a day.3.Should always consult doctor at

arrival of minute symptoms only.4.Should exercise regularly to burn fat.5.Women should use wisely birth

control pills.

It can be treated by Laparoscopic surgery (CHOLECYSTECTOMY).

Precautions1. Gallstones occur more frequently in people

at two opposite ends of the weight spectrum those who are overweight or obese, and those who fast or lose a lot of weight quickly.

2. In addition, research published in the ‘Journal Gut’ in 2005 suggests that high intake of carbohydrate, a fluctuating glycaemic load and glycaemic index increase the risk of symptomatic gall stone disease in men.

3. Therefore, it is very important to adopt a healthy diet and stick to regular meal times. 

Bibliography https://www.livescience.com

https://www.healthline.com

https://www.webmd.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/

https:// www.emedicinehealth.com

https://www.google.co.in