Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition

Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition

Chapter 3Biological Molecules

Chapter 3Biological Molecules

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Teresa Audesirk • Gerald Audesirk • Bruce E. ByersTeresa Audesirk • Gerald Audesirk • Bruce E. Byers

Chapter 3 Opener Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Table 3-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Dehydrationsynthesis

Figure 3-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Hydrolysis

Figure 3-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

hydrogen bond

hydroxylgroup

water

glucose

Table 3-2 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Table 3-2 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-4 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

glucose

Figure E3-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure E3-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-5 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

galactosefructose

Figure 3-6 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

ribose deoxyribose

Figure 3-7 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

glucose sucrosefructose

Dehydrationsynthesis

Figure 3-8 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

starch globules

Figure 3-8 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-9 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

cellulose fiber

wood is mostly cellulose plant cell with cell wall close-up of cell wall

hydrogen bondscross-linkingcellulose molecules

bundle ofcellulosemolecules

individualcellulosemolecules

Figure 3-9a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

wood is mostly cellulose

Figure 3-9b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

plant cell with cell wall

Figure 3-9c Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

close-up of cell wall

Figure 3-9d Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

cellulose fiber

hydrogen bondscross-linkingcellulose molecules

bundle ofcellulosemoleculesindividual

cellulosemolecules

Figure 3-10 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-10 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-10 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-11 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

glycerol

3 watermolecules

triglyceride

fatty acids

Figure 3-12a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Fat

Figure 3-12b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Wax

Figure 3-13 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-14 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-15 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

(hydrophilic)

fatty acid tailspolarhead

glycerolbackbone

(hydrophobic)

Figure 3-16 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

estrogen

testosteronecholesterol

Figure E3-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Table 3-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-17a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Hair

Figure 3-17b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Horn

Figure 3-17c Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Silk

Figure 3-18 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

aminogroup

carboxylicacid group

variablegroup

hydrogen

Figure 3-19a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

aspartic acid (asp)

hydrophilicfunctional groups

glutamic acid (glu)

Figure 3-19b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

phenylalanine (phe)

hydrophobicfunctional groups

leucine (leu)

Figure 3-19c Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

sulfur-containingfunctional group

(can form disulfide bridges)

cysteine (cys)

Figure 3-20 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

peptidebond

amino acid amino acid peptide water

aminogroup

aminogroup

carboxylicacid

group

Figure 3-21 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

(a) Primary structure: Thesequence of amino acids linkedby peptide bonds.

heme group

hydrogenbond

helix

(d) Quaternary structure:Individual polypeptides are linkedto one another by hydrogen bondsor disulfide bridges.

(c) Tertiary structure:Folding of the helix results from hydrogen bonds with surrounding water molecules and disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids.

(b) Secondary structure:Usually maintained byhydrogen bonds, whichshape this helix.

Figure 3-22 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

pleated sheet

hydrogenbond

Figure 3-23 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

keratin

Figure E3-4 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

protofibril

single hair

enlargementof single hair

microfibril

hydrogen bonds

helix ofsingle keratinmolecule

disulfide bridges

hair cell

Figure E3-5 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Figure 3-24 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

phosphate

sugar

base

Figure 3-25 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

phosphate

sugar

base

Figure 3-26 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.hydrogen bonds

Figure 3-27 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.