BIOLOGY FOLIO

TASK:

1. RESEARCH ABOUT HUMAN INFERTILITY2. INFORMATION

REGAINING TECHNOLOGY

ADVANCES USED TO OVERCOME INFERTILITY

BY: WAN HAFIZ IRSHAD BIN WAN MOHD ZUHDI

CLASS: PATRIOTIC 2

ADVISOR: MADAM FARIZAN COLLEGE NUMBER: 141144

What is infertility?

infertility may describe a woman who is unable to conceive as well as being unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. There are many biological and other causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fecundity due to an increase in age.About 40% of the issues involved with infertility are due to the man, another 40% due to the woman, and 20% result from complications with both partners.

Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile during the rest of the menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods are used to

discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in cervical mucus or basal body temperature.

Objective of research about human infertility

To study more about what is the factors nd also symphtoms about human infertility and the advance technology that had been use to overcome it as nowadays many couples are facing this major problem.

Reason and Factors of human infertility {males and females}

The reasons for infertility can involve one or both partners. In general:

1.In about one-third of cases, the cause of infertility involves only the male.

2.In about one-third of cases, the cause of infertility involves only the female.

3.In the remaining cases, the cause of infertility involves both the male and female, or no cause can be identified.

MALE FACTORS:

1.Abnormal sperm production or function due to various problems, such as undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems including diabetes, prior infections such as mumps, trauma or prior surgeries on the testicles or inguinal region. Enlarged veins in the testes can increase blood flow and heat, affecting the number and shape of sperm.

2.Problems with the delivery of sperm due to sexual problems, such as premature ejaculation, semen entering the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm (retrograde ejaculation), certain genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, structural problems, such as blockage of the part of the testicle that contains sperm (epididymis), or damage or injury to the reproductive organs. Men who have previously undergone a vasectomy and desire a return of fertility will also need to either have the vasectomy reversed (see 'vasectomy reversal' below) or have sperm retrieved through a surgical procedure for use in assisted reproductive techniques.

3.Overexposure to certain chemicals and toxins, such as pesticides, radiation, tobacco smoke, alcohol, marijuana, and steroids (including testosterone). In addition, frequent exposure to heat, such as in saunas or hot tubs, can elevate the testicular

temperature, impairing sperm production.

4.Damage related to cancer and its treatment, including radiation or chemotherapy. Treatment for cancer can impair sperm production, sometimes severely. Removal of one testicle due to cancer also may affect male fertility

FEMALE FACTORS

1.Ovulation disorders , which hinder or prevent the ovaries from releasing eggs. Examples include hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome, a condition that might relate to your ovaries producing too much of the male hormone testosterone, and hyperprolactinemia, when you have too much prolactin — the hormone that stimulates breast milk production. Other underlying causes may include excessive

exercise, eating disorders, injury or tumors.

2.Uterine or cervical abnormalities , including problems with the opening of the cervix or cervical mucus, or abnormalities in the shape or cavity of the uterus. Benign tumors in the wall of the uterus that are common in women (uterine fibroids) may rarely cause infertility by blocking the fallopian tubes. More often, fibroids may distort the uterine cavity interfering with implantation of the fertilized egg.

3.Fallopian tube damage or blockage, which usually results from inflammation of the fallopian tube (salpingitis). This can result from pelvic inflammatory disease, usually caused by sexually transmitted infection, endometriosis or adhesions.

4.Endometriosis , which occurs when endometrial tissue implants

and grows outside of the uterus — often affecting the function of the ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes.

5.Primary ovarian insufficiency , also called early menopause, when the ovaries stop working and menstruation ends before age 40. Although the cause is often unknown, certain conditions are associated with early menopause, including immune system diseases, radiation or chemotherapy treatment, and smoking.

6.Pelvic adhesions , bands of scar tissue that bind organs after pelvic infection, appendicitis, or abdominal or pelvic surgery.

7.Thyroid problems. Disorders of the thyroid gland, either too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) or too little (hypothyroidism), can interrupt the menstrual cycle or cause infertility.

8.Cancer and its treatment . Certain cancers — particularly female reproductive cancers — often severely impair female fertility. Both radiation and chemotherapy may affect a woman's ability to reproduce

9.Medical conditions associated with delayed puberty or the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea), such as celiac disease, Cushing's disease, sickle cell disease, kidney disease or diabetes, can affect a woman's fertility. Also genetic abnormalities can make conception and pregnancy less likely.

10. Certain medications . Temporary infertility may occur with the use of certain medications. In most cases, fertility is restored when the medication is stopped

Technology Advances Used To Overcome Infertility

1. IVF to the rescue 1.There are numerous infertility treatments with

varying degrees of success. One of the most successful and exciting breakthroughs in the

field of reproductive medicine is in-vitro fertilization, commonly known as IVF. IVF is the treatment of choice in cases of infertility when both fallopian tubes are blocked. However, IVF

may also be used for unexplained infertility, endometriosis, cervical factor infertility,

ovulation disorders, or when a man has a low sperm count.

2.Basically, IVF involves taking mature eggs from the woman, fertilizing them with sperm in a dish in a laboratory and then transferring a

specific number of embryos back to the woman’s uterus two to six days after

fertilization is confirmed. The remaining embryos can be cryopreserved (frozen) for use in subsequent cycles. Both Dr. Rakoff and Dr. Smotrich use IVF for a significant number of their female patients—whose average age is

38-years-old.

3.“More and more of the women we are seeing in our fertility treatment program, such as our IVF

program, are now age 38 and above,” Dr. Rakoff says. “By the time career goals have been met, marriage has occurred and the couple realizes a delay in pregnancy has

developed, the couple is often into their 30s and beyond.” He adds, “We are always happy

to see younger patients as well.

4.Approximately 25 percent to 40 percent of women who try in-vitro fertilization conceive.

However, the likelihood of success can vary depending on factors such as the woman’s age, the reason for the infertility, and the

experience of the IVF program.

5.“As a woman ages, a decline in the rate of success occurs,” Dr. Rakoff says. “In women

older than age 40, the success rates are often 3 percent to 10 percent at best per attempt.”

6.Other women, he explained, have significant reproductive problems and need various treatments, such as hormonal therapies,

medications to promote ovulation or surgery to repair fallopian tubes and endometriosis, and

often times, in-vitro fertilization.

7.Drs. Rakoff and Smotrich also caution that IVF can be a lengthy as well as emotionally

draining process, so it’s important for the couple to have a clear understanding of what’s

involved. It can also be extremely costly, especially if the woman has to go through

more than one cycle, which was the case for both Maria and Donna Beadle.

2. Breakthrough Diagnostic Technology

1.A major technological breakthrough in the field of reproductive medicine that has the potential

to improve pregnancy rates with IVF is preimplantation genetic diagnosis, known as

PGD. This technology enables the fertility specialist to make a genetic diagnosis of an

embryo before it’s placed into the uterus, so he or she can implant only those embryos that are

genetically normal.

2.PGD is not a first-line treatment, Dr. Smotrich says, but is indicated for women with known

risks for inherited disorders, those who have had recurrent miscarriages and IVF failures and

those who are age 35 or older. “For women over age 40, more than 50 percent of their embryos will be genetically abnormal,” he

notes.

3.PGD involves taking a single cell from the embryo at day three and testing it for genetic and chromosomal disorders. Both Dr. Smotrich and Dr. Rakoff assert that the ability to look at the genetic makeup of embryos prior to placing

them in a woman’s uterus is a tremendous breakthrough.

4.“Because an abnormal embryo would not be transferred to the uterus, PGD can prevent women from getting pregnant with children

who have Down’s syndrome and other genetic abnormalities,” Dr. Smotrich says.

DiscussionInfertility is a man and a woman cant get a child

altough they had married about decades.the main reason for this problem happened is because

sometimes one over third cases happening to male and another one over third cases this problem

happened to females and the remaining cases this problem happened to both females and males.the

factor for this problem happen to male are abnormal sperm production and function,problem

with the delivery of sperm,over exposure to certain chemicals or toxin and some more.meanwhile the

factors for females are ovulation

Disorder,uterine or cervical abnormalities,fallopian tube damage or blockage and many more.But nowadays proffesors had create an advance

technology to overcome infertility.it in In-vitofertilisation whereas this is one of the ost

successful treatment in reproductive field commonly known as IVF.But there is one more

technology that breakthrough reproduction field that is better than IVF it is preimplantation genetic

diagnosis or mainly called as PGD.

ConclusionThe conclusion is nowadays although many couple

are having a problem with infertility,they must improve their daily routine so that they will not be

infertilise one day,but if they are infertilise they can stillhave a child because nowadays there are many advance technology that can overcome this

problem such as IVF and PGD and much more

Source Of Refrences1. http://www.scripps.org/ [SCRIPPS]

2. http://www.mayoclinic.org/ [MAYO CLINIC]3. https://www.google.com.my [GOOGLE

TRANSLATE]4. http://www.thewalkingegg.com/ [THE WALKING

EGG]