biology sae

7/29/2019 Biology SAE

1/30

510

The primary producers in nature

(a) Plants (b) Animals

(c) Man (d) Water

Ans : Plants

Florais the plants of a particular region.Faunais

the animals of a particular region. Flora and Faunatogether constitutes plants and animals of aregion.

The part of the earth and its atmosphere that iscapable of supporting living things is the bio-sphere.

ent m-k v n-b -, ssl t{U m-k v n-b -, A vtam-k v n-b F o Xe- -f n-emb n biospherehym] n pI nS p- p.

Nitrogen fixation means conversion of atmo-spheric nitrogen into useful compounds likenitrates with the help of bacteria and fungi.

The biological nitrogen fixation is done by ni-trogen fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium, Nos-

toc and Azetobactor.

Plants absorb the element nitrogen in the form of

nitrates

The red colouration of Red Sea (sN -S ) isdue to a blue - green algae.

Cyanobacteria is a blue - green algae.

The profuse amount of pollen grains (] cm-K-tc-Wp- ) liberated by pine forests at the time ofpollination during the months of March - April isreferred as 'Sulphur shower' (k ^ j h).

Araucaria embricate, a gymnosperm plant is com-monly known as 'Monkey's Puzzle.'

Opium (I -dp- v) obtained from immature fruits(capsule) of popi plant(t] mnsNSn).

Litmus is obtained froma lichen(sse - ). Hcp^wKk pwHcpB Kbpwk l -Po-hn-X- n-

tesv Dm-Ip kky-hK-amWv sse-\p-I .

From which part of the plant is turmeric obtained(a) root (b) fruit(c) seed (d) stem

Ans : (d) stem Cloves ({Km-q) are dried flower buds of plant

'Syzygium aromaticum'? Clove is obtained from

(a) flower (b) root

(c) stem (d) leaves

Ans: (a) flower

Potato is a tuber crop.

Dcp-f - n-g- ns P -tZi w A ta-cn

i mk v{Xob \ ma- Man ........................................................... Homo sapiens

Coconut ..................................... Cocos Nucifera

Tapioca.................................Manihot esculentaPepal ........................................................ Ficus Bengalins

Rice ............................................................... Oryza Sativa

Lotus............................. Nilumbium Specieosum

Golden shoe flower ....................... Cassia Fistula

China Rose......................Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Thuba .......................................... Lukas Aspara

Indian Elephant ............Elephas maximus indicusFrog ................................................... Rana Hexa DuctileCat .........................................................Felis DomesticsHornbill .......................................Buceros bicornis

Peacock....................................... Pavo Cristatus

Tiger ............................................................ Panthra Tigris

BIOLOGY


2/30

511

Vanilla, a flavouring material is extracted from thefruit of an orchid 'Vanilla plantfolia.'

Rubber is obtained from the latex of 'Heveabrasiliensis.'

The milky juice that oozes from some treeslike rubber is known aslatex.

] cp- n, NWw, k n v, I nf nF nh {] I r-Xn-Z \ mcp-I f pw ss\ tem I r{Xna \ mcpwB Wv.

Sugarcane is a type of grass.

Which of the following is a fruit sugar

(a) fructose (b) lactose

(c) glucose (d) maltose

Ans: (a) fructose

Tissue culture is the method of producing plants

from minute plant fragments. The wall of plant cell is made of cellulose.

a\pjy Zl-t\{nb hyqln\vZlnnm Ign

bm HcpI mt_ mssl t{U -mWvsk p-tem-k v. The largest flower in the world isRafflessiaand

the smallest one isWolffia(duckweed).

The largest sperms among plants are found in

gymnosperms.

Numerous minute pores in the epidermis of a leaf

are called stomata, through which gaseous

exchange occurs.

Spores are the reproduc-

tive unit of plants, pro-tozoans and bacteria.

The roots which do not

grow from a main root

(radicle), but directly

from the stem are called

adventitious roots.

DNA (deoxy-ribo-

nucleic acid) and RNA

(ribonucleic acid) are the two kinds of nucleicacids.

In a plant cell, DNA is found in chloroplasts,

mitochondria and nucleus.

Which one of the following is an example of in-sectivorous plant:

(a) Saraca (b) Orchid

(c) Opuntia (d) Nepenthes

Ans: (d) Nepenthes

Sundew and pitcher plant are also insectivorous

plants.

Insectivorous plants obtain the element nitrogen

from animal bodies. Organisms which obtain their food from non-

living material in their environment are called

(a) Saprophytes (b) Parasites

(c) Epiphytes (d) Sporophytes

Ans: (a) Saprophytes(ar-tXm-] -Po-hn-I )

Kinds of Movements in plants k v] i \ w, {] I m-i w,- qKpcp-Xzw, PewXpS- nb

_ ml y Do-] -\ - -tf m-Sp {] Xn-I -c-W-ambnk k y--fn Ne\w {]ISam-Im-dp-v.

Chemical stimulus induced growth is called

chemotropism. Bending of stem towards light is due to

(a) photonasty (b) phototropism

(c) heliotropism (d) hydrotropism

Ans: (b) phototropism

Phototropismmeansmovements ofPplantsS to-wards light.

The movement of plant organs in response tothe force of gravity is called as

(a) Haptotropism (b) Hydrotropism

(c) Phototropism (d) geotropism

Ans: (d) geotropism

The movement of an organ induced by contactwith aforeign bodyis calledhaptotropism.

Water stimulus induced growth movements arecalledhydrotropism.

The curvature movements of plant parts in re-sponse to the stimulus ofcontact are termed asthigmotropism.

Curious Plants (I uXp-I k k y- )Smallest seeds...............................Orchid seeds

Largest leaf ................................... Victoria regiaSmallest flower ...................................... Wolffia

India's national flower...............................Lotus

Largest flower ..................................... Rafflesia

Oldest living plant of the world................. Pinus

Nepenthes


3/30

512

Growth movements in response to the stimulusofheatorcoldis calledthermotropism.

Alternation of day and nightcauses movementsof plants callednyctinasticmovements.

Seismonastic movements are in response to atouchorshock stimulus.

sXmm-hmSnsNSn-b psS Ne\ wk ok vtam-\ m- nI vNe-\ - n-\ p-Zm-l -c-W-am-Wv.

Living Medium of Plants

Habitat(B -hmk m\ w) - The normal localityinhabited by a plant or animal, particularly inrelation to the effect of its environmental factors.

World Habitat Day - Ist Monday of October.

The vegetation of deserts is calledXerophytes

eg: Opuntia(I - n-s -Sn) A hydrophyteis an aquatic plant.

Mesophytes (an-X-i o-tXmj vW k k y ) areplants adapted to habitats that are neither very

wet nor dry.

Plants that grow in saline water are called

(a) Halophytes (b) Hydrophytes

(c) Mesophytes (d) Thallophytes

Ans: (a) Halophytes

Plants growing well in full sunlight are called

heliophytes.

Plants which grow luxuriantly in rainy season and

shed all leaves in summer are calledtropophytes.

Oxylophytes - plants growing on acidic soil.

Lithophytes - plants growing on rocks.

Plants growing in marsh are called.

(a) Helophytes (b) Heliophytes

(c) Halophytes (d) Sciophytes

Ans: (a) Helophytes

The vegetation of Thar desert consists of

(a) Hydrophytes (b) Lithophytes

(c) Xerophytes (d) Mesophytes

Ans: (c) Xerophytes

Hydroponics is a method of cultivating plants

without using soil but by using nutrient

solution.

Growth Regulators of Plants Certain chemical substances regulate the growth

and differentiation of plants. These substancesare called plant growth regulators or phytohormones.

The auxins induce cell elongation and rootinitiation.

Stem elongation and dormancy breaking are in-duced bygibberillins.

Dormancy is the period in which seeds remainsinactive

Cytokininshelp to induce cell division and cellelongation.

The plant hormone that controls fruit ripening isethylene.

Unripe fruits can be made to ripe before propertime if they are kept in ethylene atmosphere.

Abscisic acid cures ageing and abscission ofleaves.

It inhibits germination of seeds.

Seed dormancy is due to abscisic acid.

Plastids (ssPh-I -W- ) Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts and Chloroplasts are

3 types of plastids(ssP-h-I -W- ) in a plantcell.

Chloroplasts are green plastids.

National ResearchInstitutes in India

Central Drug Research Institute.......Lucknow (U.P)

Cattle Breeding Research Institute.... Hissar (Haryana)

National Dairy Research Institute.. Karnal (Haryana)

Forest Research Institute.........Dehradun (U.P)

Centre for Cellular and Molecular biology .......

Hyderabad

Indian Cancer Research Centre .......... Mumbai

Central Marine Research Institute...... Chennai

Central Public Health Engineering Research

Institute..............................................Nagpur

National Institute of Communicable Diseases.Delhi


4/30

513

The colour of chromoplast is

(a) red (b) yellow

(c) orange (d) all the above

Ans: (d) all the above Which of the following organism does not

contain chlorophyll?

(a) Ferns (b) Mosses

(c) Fungi (d) Algae

Ans: (c) Fungi

The site of Photosynthesis is

(a) Vacuoles (b) Mitochondrion

(c) Chloroplast (d) None of these

Ans: (c) Chloroplast

Plant Processes

PHOTOSYNTHESIS ({] I mi k wt-j -Ww)isthe process by which green plants manufacture foodin the form of carbohydrates in the presence of water,CO

2and sunlight. During photosynthesis plants

use carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.

Oxygen balance in the atomosphere is maintainedthrough the process of photosynthesis.

The percentage of light energy fixed in photo-synthesis is generally around

(a) 35% (b) 10% (c) 50% (d) 1%

Ans: (d) 1%

Photosynthesis takes place faster in

(a) yellow light (b) white light(c) red light (d) darkness

Ans: (c) red light

Plant pigments do not absorb all the wavelengthsof visible light. Out of the seven colours of light,only blue, red and some violet light are absorbed.

If all plants vanish from the earth's surface whichof the following gases will also disappear?

(a) oxygen (b) carbondioxide

(c) hydrogen (d) nitrogen

Ans: (a) oxygen

During day time plants

(a) take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.(b) take in carbondioxide and give out oxygen.

(c) take in nitrogen and give out oxygen.

(d) take in carbon dioxide and give out nitrogen.

Ans: (b) take in carbondioxideand give out oxygen.

Light energy is converted into chemical energyin the presence of(a) Pyrenoid (b) Chloroplast(c) Ribosome (d) Mesosome

Ans: (b) Chloroplast Leucoplast(ti z-X-I -Ww) is a colourless plastid. White colour in plants is due to the presence of

leucoplasts.

Chlorophyll(l -cn-X-I w)is the green pigment con-tained in the leaves of plants.

A solution of chlorophyll pigments looks red in

reflected light due to the presence of fluorescence.

Chloroplast contains the green pigmentchlorophyll, which helps photosynthesis.

Chloroplast is calledkitchen of the cell.

For the formation of chlorophyll, iron and mag-nesium are needed.

Chlorophyll enables plants to produce food withthe help of sunlight.

The core metal of chlorophyll is

(a) Iron (b) Copper

(c) Nickel (d) Magnesium

Ans: (d) Magnesium

Anthocyaninsare the pigments producingpurpleandbluecolours in higher plants.

Xanthophyllgives yellow colour to leaves, flow-

ers and fruits.

Chromoplasts(h-I Ww) give red, yellow or

orange colour to the flowers and leaves. Chlorophyll is present in

(a) all higher plants (b) in all plants

(c) in all lower plants(d) in fungi

Ans: (a) all higher plants


5/30

514

BIOSYNTHESIS(ssP-h-k w-t-j -Ww) is theprocess by which sunlight gets converted into

chemical energy .

GUTTATION:In some plants, water oozes throughcertain pores in the form of liquid, that pores re-

main permanently open and this phenomenon is

called guttation.

OSMOSIS(h r-Xn-hym-] -\ w):The process by whichwater diffuses through a semi-permeable membranefrom a region of higher concentration of solutionto a region of lower concentration of solution.

The required ingredient for photosynthesis inplant is

(a) chlorophyll (b) water vapour

(c) carbon dioxide (d) Sunlight

(e) All the above Ans: (e) All the above

For the process of respiration in plants oxygen isnecessary

Which of the following is formed duringrespiration?

(a) O2 (b) CO2(c) NO2 (d) SO2

Ans: (b) CO2 Which of the following is the source of respira-

tion

(a) RNA (b) DNA

(c) ATP (d) Stored food

Ans: (d) Stored food Xylem is responsible for the conduction of water

in plants

Plants get water through the roots because of

(a) elasticity (b) capillarity

(c) viscosity (d) photosynthesis

Ans: (b) capillarity(t I i n-I -Xzw)

Seed Dispersal and Pollination

(h n p-hn-X-c-Whpw] -cm-K-Whpw) Pollination means transfer of pollen grains from

the anther to the stigma of the same plant or adifferent plant.

Pollination by insects is calledentomophily.

Pollination by birds is calledOrnithophily.

Pollination by animals is calledZoophily.

The pollen grains in the plants are produced inanther.

The chief pollinators ofour agrihorticulturecrops arebees.

Wind borne pollen grainscause pollen allergy.

I mn-eqsS h n p-h n-X-cWw\ S- p k k y- -f mWvF cp- v, apcn-XpS- n-b -h.

Pewhgn] cm-KWw(pol-lination) \ S pk k yamWvhmen-k vt\ -dn-b .

sX v, HXf wF nh Pew-hgnhn p-hn-X-cWw(seed dispersal) \ S- p- p.

Micro Organisms

Viruses are passive outside the host and can growand multiply only in the host.

A virus is an infectious agent that reproduces

only in living cells.

Virus is too small to be seen through ordinary

microscopes but are visible through an electron

microscope.

Viruses are believed to be on the borderline be-

tween the animate and the inanimate

L.S.D. (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is obtained

from a fungi, calledErgot.

Smallest cell - Mycoplasma (earlier known asPleuro Pneumonia Like Organism [PPLO])

Smallest living thing - Virus

Bacteria were discovered by Anton Van

Leeuwenhock in 1676

In dairy industry curdling of milk by lactic acid

bacteria, fermentation of milk and the production

of butter and cheese etc are the results of bacte-

rial activities.

Natural gas (bio-gas) production by Methano ba-

cillus occuring in dung brings about the decay of

organic matter under anaerobic conditions, leading

to the formation of methane.Methaneis commonlyknown as biogas, used as a source of energy.

Pasteurisation is the process of heating milk to

about 1500F for 30 minutes followed by cooling

to kill pathogenic bacteria.

Chiropterophily


6/30

515

Cell and Cell Organelles The smallest unit of life that is capable of inde-

pendent existence is a cell.

Cell in our body that engulf foreign particles likebacteria are known asphagocytes.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) provides energyfor all kinds of activities of a cell.

ATP is called the universal biological energycurrency'.

ATP synthesis takes place in mitochondrion.

Energy is stored in the mitochondria as ATPmolecules.

The physical basis of life is'protoplasm'.

The largest cell is the egg of an Ostrich.

The largest human cell is theovum.

Nerve cell(neuron) is the longest cell.

Human cells have 23 pairs (46number) of chro-mosomes.

Genesare hereditary units located in chromosomes.

By weight the most abundant element found inanimal cells is oxygen.

Chromosome is made up of DNA & Proteins.

Chromosomes, other than the sex chromosomes,are called autosomes.

RNA is the Ribo Nucleic Acid. It is the hereditarymaterial of an organism.

Which cell in our body have the least regenera-tive power?

(a) Brain cells (b) muscle cells(c) bone cells (d) liver cells

Ans : (c) bone cells

Apart from the nucleus, a typical cell containsother important cell structures or cell organelleslike the mitochondria, lysosomes, golgi complex,ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum etc.

Mitochondrion is called the'power house of thecell'.

The ribosomes are chiefly concerned with thesynthesis of protein.

Lysosomes act as suicidal bags.

The Kingdom of Animals The animal with the longest life span on the land

is elephant, while the animal having the longestlife span, in general, is turtles(I -S-em-a) and tor-toises -(B a).

Blue Whale is the biggest and the heaviestmammal.

The smallest ape isGibbon. Chimpanzeeis the most intelligent ape. Elephant tusks are enlarged incisors (D-f n- -p-

I ). Fishes respire throughgills.

The vertebrate which has a two chambered heart is

fish. Coprophytesare the animals which derives their

food from faecal matters.

The organism which has the maximum number of

ribs is the snake. The largest snake is the

anacondafound in the Amazon region in South

Largest ape.............................................Gorilla

Tallest animal ..........................................GiraffeLargest reptile .................................... Crocodile

Lowest recorded temperature for a human being

who survived ......................................... 20.30C

Fastest Animal .......Cheetah (speed 60-63 km/hr)

Smallest bird................................ Humming bird

Largest bird......................North African Ostrich

Longest poisonous snake................ King Cobra

Largest mammal (animal) .................. Blue Whale

(wt. 209 tones)

Largest land animal .. African Elephant (wt. 7 tones)

Largest teeth..... Elephant tusks (upper incisors)

Superlatives in the Animal World


7/30

516

America.

Kangaroo is a nocturnal herbivore.

Zebras are jockingly called ''the ponies in

pygamas.'' ap-t m-Sn A S n-b n-cn p apJ y -cm-k -] -

Zm wI m k nb wI m_ -tWvB Wv. Hibernation is the period of long sleep for ani-

mals in cold weather when there is no food avail-

able. During this period animals go underground

and their metabolic activity becomes very low

and hence they do not need to eat or drink dur-

ing this period.

F n Huj -[ -Kp-W-an F h \ wh I p- ns] c-k y- n I mWp P p-: I cn- p-c v

TheKangaroo ratnever

drinks water in its entire

life.- Ostrich, Rhea, Kiwi and

Penguin-all are flightless

birds.

Dodo (a flightless pi-

geon) which appeared in

Mauritius is now extinct.

The smallest flightless bird is kiwi, while the

smallest flying bird is theBee humming birdof

Cuba.

Growth of tadpole(hm am-{I n)into a frog is calledmetamorphosis(cq] m -c-Ww)

Cobra venom affects the nervous system and vi-

per venom the blood circulatory system.

A baby cockroach is called nymph.

Xmsg ] d-b p- -h-bn H-b m-\ mcv?(F) ImmarKw (_ n) Pndm v

(k n) I gp-X- pen (U n) amD cw: (k n) I gp-X- pen

ap- h k k y- p- p-I -f m-Wv.

Which organism is called the slipper animal cule?

(a) amoeba (b) paramecium(c) euglena (d) sponge

Ans : (b) paramecium

Rp-Ifn enwK-]-cn-h\w \Sp Pohn:k m p-en\

The population of which of the following is maxi-

mum on the earth?

(a) Fish (b) bettles

(c) reptiles (d) birds

Ans: (c) reptiles

Saurology is the study of

(a) lizards (b) birds

(c) ants (d) fishes

Ans: (a) lizards

Ants go in a line by the secretion of

(a) enzymes (b) sweat

(c) hormone (d) trial pheromone

Ans: (d) trial pheromone

Human Brain

CerebrumCorpus Callosum

Thalamus

Hypo Thalamus

brain stem

Spinal cord

Movementtouch

Speech

behaviourand

Feelinghearing

hearing and

blood pressure

Balance andMuscleco-ordination

sight

Cerebellum

Kangaroo rat


8/30

517

The tallest living bird is

(a) Emu (b) Penguine

(c) Ostrich (d) Siberean Crane

Ans : (c)Ostrich

Which of the following is an amphibian (D b -Pohn-)?(a) whale (b) turtle

(c) frog (d) cow

Ans: (c) frog

Which of the following is not a mammal?

(a) fish (b) cow

(c) goat (d) whale

Ans: (a) fish

Insects belong to

(a) Annelida (b) Arthropoda(c) Crustacean (d) Coelenterata

Ans: (b) Arthropoda

Silver fish is a

(a) wingless insect (b) ornamental fish

(c) Insect with wing (d) sea fish

Ans: (a) wingless insect

Human Body

Brain (Xe-t m-dv) Which part of the human body coordinates func-tions of various organs?

(a) heart (b) lungs

(c) brain (d) kidney

Ans: (c) brain

Cranium is the part of the skull that encloses the

brain. Brain receives and sends signals in the form of

chemical impulses.

The weight of the brain of an adult is 1.4 kg which is

about 3% of the body weight of a normal person.

Surrounding the brain are the meninges, aprotective membraneous envelope around thedelicate brain.

The largest part of the human brain is cerebrum.

The seat of memory in the human brain is locatedin the

(a) medulla oblongata (b) cerebrum

(c) cerebellum (d) hypothalamusAns : (b) cerebrum

Cerebrum controls voluntary actions and it is theseat of intelligence, memory, imagination and will.

The cerebellum regulates muscular movementsof locomotion.

sk dn-s_ wB Wv"enn s{_ b n ' F -dn-b -s -Sp ak vXn-j vI - m-Kw.

The medulla oblongata controls involuntaryactions(A -ss\ - nI {] h -\ - ).

The central control of respiratory activity inhumanbody is exercised by

(a)cerebrum (b) cerebellum(c)medulla oblongata(d) hypothalamus

Ans: (c) medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata has the centres for regulat-ing the working of the heart, contraction of blood

Numbers in Human Body

Number of bones........................................... 206

Number of muscles........................................ 639

Number of ribs................................................ 24

Number of bones in skull ................................ 22

Number of bones in neck .................................. 7Number of bones in face................................. 14

Number of cranial nerves ........................ 12 pairs

Number of spinal nerves ......................... 31 pairs

Number of heart beat ..............70-72 times/minute

Respiratory rate........................ 16-20 times/minute

Rate of blood pressure....................120/80 mm. Hg.

Number of RBC's .......... in male - 5,000,000/Cu. m.m.

in female - 45,000,000/Cu. m.m.

Life span of RBC...................................... 120 days

Life span of WBC ................................... 2-15 days

Amount of blood...................................... 5-6 litres

Average amount of haemoglobin............................

14-15 mg/100 ml blood

Weight of brain............................................1.4 kg.


9/30

518

vessels and respiratory and digestive movements.It also has reflex centres of vomiting, coughingand sneezing. So an injury to medulla oblongatamay cause sudden death.

The thermoregulatory centre of the human bodyishypothalamus.

The spinal cord(k p-j p-av\ ) controls reflex ac-tions in human beings.\ s-n qSnI S- p-t] m-I p Xe-t m-dns `mK-amWvk pj p-av\ .

kpjp-av\bvv GItZiw 45 sk.ao. \ofap-v.

We lose consciousness if blood flow to the brain

is cut-off for more than five seconds.

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs

of spinal nerves in man.

E.E.G. (Electro Encephalo Gram) is used to recordchanges in the electric potential in various areas

of brain.

Biological Death of a patient means the death of

tissues of the brain.

Encephalitis(a-k vXnj v ti mYw) is caused byvirus.

Disorder of brain affecting recognition of lettersand words -Dyslexia.

Endocrine Glands and Hormones

(A x-{k mhn{K n-I f pwtl mtam-Wp-I -f pw) Hormonesare biochemical substances produced

by ductless or endocrine glands.

Thyroid gland is a bilobed gland in the neck, just

below the larynx.

Thyroid gland is popularly known as Adams

Apple.

The organ in the body, which accumulates io-

dine, is thyroid gland.

Thyroid gland controls growth and metamorphosis.

Insufficient iodine in the diet resulting in thyrox-

ine deficiency disease called

(A) simple goitre (B) exophthalmic goitre

(C) cretinism (D) mixoedema

Ans: (A) simple goitre

Overproduction of thyroxine causes exophthalmicgoitre.

Under activity or degeneration of the thyroidcauses myxoedema in adults and cretinism inchildren.

Deficiency ofParathyroid hormone (PTH)

secreted by parathyroid gland causes tetany in

which calcium level in blood decreases.

Adrenal glandsare situated over the kidneys.

Adrenal gland has two parts,Adrenal cortexandAdrenal medulla.

Blood pressure controlled by

(a) Adrenal gland (b) Thyroid gland

(c) Thymus (d) Corps luteum

Ans: (a) Adrenal gland

NOBLE PRIZE 2006

Andrewfare Craig Mello

John Mather George Smoot

PHYSICS

MEDCINE

Roger D. Federer

CHEMISTRY


10/30

519

Adrenal cortex produces cortico steroids (mainlyhydro cortison and aldosterone).

Adrenal medulla produces two hormones-

adrenalinandnor- adrenalin. Adrenal gland prepares the animal to fight or

flight.

Adrenaline hormone raises the rate of heart beatand blood pressure.

Hcm `b -s -Sp-t m Dev] m-Zn- n- ptl mtam A {U n-\ m-en .

Adrenalin is known as emergency hormone.

The gland that secretes both an enzyme and a

hormone ispancreas(B -t -b -{K- n). If pancreas stops functioning in the body then

the level of insulin and glucagon will decrease.

The beta cells of islets of langerhans (cells in thepancreas) secreteinsulinand alpha cells secrete

glucagon.

Deficiency of insulin leads to excess sugar in the

blood and this sugar is excreted in the urine. This

disease is known as diabetes mellitus (hyper

glycaemia)

The main function of insulin is to control the level

of sugar in the body.

Pituitary gland is an endocrine gland attached

to the base of the brain.

The pituitary gland is called'the master gland'in the body because it controls all other endo-

crine glands present in the human body.

Water balance in the body is mainly controlled

by the secretion of ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)

by hypothalamus

The normal value of blood sugar is 80 to 120 mg/

100 ml of blood.When this exceeds 150mg, sugar

will be excreted through urine.

Insulin is secreted in human body from

(a) gall bladder (b) liver

(c) beta cells of islets of langerhans

(d) alpha cells and islets of langerhans

Ans: (c) beta cells of islets of langerhans

All of the following glands in the human body

are ductless glands, except

(a) adrenal (b) pituitary

(c) lachrimal (d) thyroid

Ans: (c) lachrimal

Lachrimal glands secrete tears.

a\ p-j y-i -co-c- n\ v] pd- p-h v\ nn- pC k p-en B Wvl ypap-en (humulin or humaninsulin).

Thymosin, secreted by thymus gland iscommonly known asjuvenile hormone(b p-hXztl mtam )

Thymusgland becomes fully developed by about7 years and degenerates and disappears after 14years of age because of the activities of the sexglands.

Pineal glandis commonly known as'biological

clock' (ssP-h-L -Sn-I m-cw).

Pineal gland secretes melatonin and serotonin. tl mtam C k p-en-\ p-amb n_ -s -n-cn- p-

-Xp-t] mse "{Sn] vk n ' F p-amb n_ -s -n-cn- p- p?(F ) Pqk v (_ n) I c(k n) cmk m n (U n) Zl \ w

Ans: (k n) cmk m n

C k p-en F Xvtl mtam-WmWv. {Sn] vk ncmk m- n-bpw.

Eyes and Eye Diseases The eye (photoreceptor), is a globular ball like

organ situated in a bony cavity, the orbit of the

skull.

The iris(I r-j vW-a-Wn) regulates the size of thepupil in human eye.

Retina, in the eye, acts like the film in a camera.

The image formed on the retina of the human eyeis real and inverted.

Rods-(I -dp pwshf p pwXncn- -dn-b m k l m-b n- p- p) andcones-(\ nd- Xncn- -dn-bm k l m-b n- p- p) are the special cells associated withthe sense of sight.

Rhodopsin is the light sensitive pigment of rod

cells.

The average human eye can distinguish about40 shades of colours.

Colour blindness is a hereditary disease.

A person suffering from colour blindness is un-able to distinguish red and green colour.


11/30

520

Myopia(short sight) is a vision defect .

When a person suffers from myopia he cannotsee distant objects since the image is formed infront of the retina.

Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses.

In long - sightedness (hypermetropia) a personcannot see nearby objects since the image isformed behind the retina.

Long - sightednesscan be corrected with convexlenses.

Cylindrical lenses help to correct astigmatism

(h n-j -a-Zr-j vSn). Cataract (Xn-an-cw) affects the eyes due to ageing.

Squint eye(tI m- -v) is another eye defect whichcan be corrected by an operation.

I rj vW-aWnCu -c-l n-Xhpw(dry) A Xm-cy-hp-amb n (opaque) ocpt cmK-amW v k nt dm-^ vXm anb (Xe-rophthalmia).

t I mWn-b , Zrj vSn-] -S-ew(sclera), hn{Sn-b k vl yqaF o t\ {X- m-K- -f mWv

I p-am-n-h-b v i k v{X-{I n-b -bn Ds -Sp- -Xv.

a nb shf n- - n I mgvN-i - n-b n-m-sX-b m-b n- o-cp tcmK-amWvame- -v(\ ni m- X or Night blind-

ness).

tcmKm-Wp-fp-sS kmn[yanmsX In\p-m-I p A k p-J -amWvsh s -gp v(presbiopia).

Glaucomais an eye disease due to the increasedpressure in the eye ball.

Twenty-twenty means perfect vision.

If acid gets into eye, pour 2% bicarbonate sodalotion liberally into the eyes.

If an alkali gets into the eyes, wash with dilutedvinegar.

Ophthalmology - study of eye diseases.

Heart The circulation of blood (c -] -cy-b -\ w) in the

body is regulated by the heart (l r-Z-b w). The human heart is on the left side beneath the

left nipple.

Thepericardium protectsheart from harm.

The average weight of the heart is about 340 gmin men and 225 gm in women.

The human heart has four chambers, a pair ofauricles and a pair of ventricles.

The human heart consists of four chambers and

in fish the heart consists of two chambers. In

those of amphibians there are 3 chambers. Heart

of reptiles is incompletely divided into 4 cham-

bers (Crocodile has 4 chambered heart). Mam-mals and birds also have four chambered hearts.

The deoxygenated blood (impure blood) from thebody received by the heart is in the right auricle.

The oxygenated blood from the lungs is receivedby the heart in left auricle.

Dr. Jose ChackoPeriapuram

First Heart Trans-plant peroformedin Kerala

Dr. Venu GopalFirst Heart Transplantperoformed in India

Dr. Christian BernardFirst Heart Transplantperoformed in World


12/30

521

Aorta (al m-[ -a-\ n) is the largest artery ([ a-\ n)which carries oxygenated blood(i p -c- w).

The largest blood vessel in the body is Aorta.

As blood passes through lungs, gases are ex-changed through blood vessels called capillar-ies of alveoli.

The normal heart beat is70-72 per minute inmales and78-82 per minutein females.

Normal pulse rate of healthy adult human is 72per minutes.

The heart beat of a child is more than that of anadult.

The science dealing with the study of the heartand its diseases is known ascardiology.

ECG (Electro Cardio Gram)is used for checking

heart ailments (EEG was invented by WilliamEinthoven).

Arteries ([ a-\ n-I ) carry pure blood from theheart to the tissues.

Pulmonary artery is the only artery carrying im-pure blood.

Veins(k nc-I ) collect impure blood from thetissues and carry it to the heart.

Pulmonary vein is the only vein carrying pureblood.

The largest vein in human body is called inferior

venacava(A -t[ m-a-l m-k n-c). \ psS c - p-g-ep-I vG I -tZi wHcp-e w

I ntem-ao- \ of whcpw.

World's first heart transplant was performed on3rd December 1967 by Christian Bernard.

Dr. Venugopal of All India Institute of MedicalScience performed India's first heart transplanton 3rd August, 1994.

The first heart transplantation in the history ofKerala was conducted at Cochin Medical TrustHospital under the guidance of Dr. Jose ChackoPeriyapuram.

J arvik Heart is the artifical pump to replace the

human heart developed by Robert K. J arvik.

J ohn H. Gibbon(USA) built the first successfulheart-lung machine.

A pacemaker is used to stimulate the heartmuscles.

Pacemaker of man is also known as S.A. (Sinu

Auricular) node, which works as an artificial heart.

-H-b m-\ mcv?

(F ) sNhn (_ n) i zmk -tI mi w(k n) hr (U n) l rZbwD cw: (U n) l rZb w

l rZ-b -sam-gnsI ap- h tPmU n-b m-b mWvI mW-s -Sp- -Xv.

Blood The blood serves to trans-

port and distribute materialswithin the body.

Distribution of enzymes isnot a function of blood.

Blood circulation was dis-covered byWilliam Harvey.

The pH value of humanblood is nearly 7.5.

The blood cholesterol levelin 100ml of blood in a normal person varies be-tween 150-250 mg

The liquid part of the blood viz. theplasmacon-stitutes 55% of the total blood volume.

Albumin, globulinandfibrinogenare the plasmaproteins.

Fibrinogen is concerned with Coagulation of

blood. The blood cells are of three types - red blood

cells (erythrocytes - A cpW c m-Wp- ).White blood cells (leucocytes - ti zXc m-Wp- ) and the platelets (thrombocytes).

Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC orNph c m-Wp- ) contain haemoglobin which gives bloodits red colour.k k vX-\ n-I -f n H-I - n-sem-gnsIap- -h-b n \ yqn-b k vCm tI mi - -f mWvNph c m-Wp- .

RBCs are produced in thebone marrow.

Spleen destroys the dead RBCs in human body.

Spleen is known as graveyard of RBC. Spleen serves as a Blood Bank (Reservoir of

blood) in the body.

The life span of RBC is about100-120 days.

Haemoglobin consists of iron containing pigmenthaemeand a proteinglobin.

Karl landsteinerInvented Blood

group


13/30

522

Haemoglobin, the respiratory pigment gives redcolour to RBC.

Haemoglobin helps in transportation of oxygen.

Normal adult human male has 14 grams of hae-moglobin in 100 millilitre of blood.

The condition when haemoglobin content of theblood falls below normal is termed anaemia.

The disease resistant constituent of blood isW.B.C. which produces antibodies.

Antigens are capable of stimulating the forma-tion of antibodies.

WBC-White Blood Corpuscles defend our bodyfrom disease causing bacteria.

Leukaemia, also called blood cancer, is causedby the over production of WBCs.

c - n sh f p c m-Wp- - I pd-b p- -Xp-sIm-p-m-Ip tcmK-amWv ept-m]o-\nb(Leucopaenia).

The proportion of R.B.C. and W.B.C. in humanbody is 5000:1.

The life span of WBC is about 2 to 15 days.

Platelets or thrombocytes are other blood cells.They perform an important role in blood clotting.They live only for a few hours.

Clotting of blood in blood vessels is calledthrom-bosis.

The coagulation of blood in vessels is preventedduring normal conditionby heparin.

The vaccine for the smallpox is produced from theblood of the cow, whilethat for the cold, influ-enza or flu from the eggsof hens.

Haemophiliais a heredi-tary bleeding disease dueto inadequate clotting of

the blood. Haemophilia sometimes

referred to as bleedersdisease or 'christmasdisease.'

Diaphragm({] m-No-cw) separates the abdomen(D-Z-cw) and thorax(D-c v).

A healthy person has 5-6 litres of blood in his

body. HcpXhW c wZm\ w-sN- p-tm G I -tZi w

300ann-en- c wam{Xta F Sp- p- p- p. The normal blood pressure of a healthy adult is

120/80 mm Hg.

120 mm Hg is known as systolic pressure and 80

mm Hg is known as diastolic pressure.

High blood pressure (Hypertension) is known asthesilent killer.

Blood Groups

A person having blood type B could safely do-nate blood to persons with blood type

(a) Aand O (b) B and O

(c)A and AB (d) B and AB

Ans: (d) B and AB

Blood groups A, B, AB and O were discovered

by Karl Land Steiner.

O blood group can be given to persons of any

other group. Therefore O group is calleduniver-

sal donor.

A person with group AB can receive any other

group. So AB is calleduniversal recepient.

A blood group is most common among the Eu-

ropeans, while B and O are common among

the Asians and the American Indians, respec-

tively.

The instrument used to measure the blood pres-

sure in Human body.

(a) Manometer (b) Barometer

(c) Sphygmomanometer

(d) Lactometer

Ans : (c) Sphygmomanometer

The only one vein (k n-c) in human body whichcarries pure blood is

(a) renal vein (b) femoral vein

(c) pulmonary vein (d) cephalic vein

Ans : (c) pulmonary veinSphygmoma-

nometer


14/30

523

Bile is stored in the gall bladder(] n- mi b w).

Bilirubin and biliverdin are bile pigments.

The disease which affects the liver is jaundice

(a - n- w). Bleeding in liver is known as liver cirrhosis.

Hepatatis is the viral disease of liver which influ-

ence functioning of liver.

Excessive alcoholic consumption causes

(a) jaundice (b) pyorhea

(c) cirrhosis (d) heart attacks

Ans: (c) cirrhosis

aZy-] m-\ - n-\ p A Xn-b mb B k - nsbU n] vtk m-am-\ nb F p] d-b p- p.

b qdnb \ nmWw\ S- p- XvI c-f n-em-Wv. ] pI -b ne \ mU n-b p-amb n_ -s -n-cn- p- -Xp-

t ] mse B t l m F p-amb n_ -s -n-cn- p p?

(F ) I c (_ n) aZyw

(k n) el cn (U n) Xe

D cw: (F ) I c

] pI -b nebpsS A an-tXm-] -tbmKw\ mU nsb _ m[ n- p- -Xp-t] mse B -tl m-f ns A an-tXm-] -tbmKwI c-f ns\ _ m[ n- p- p.

Kidneys and Dialysis The kidneys (hr- -I ) are the chief excretory

organs of vertebrates.

Urea is removed from the blood bykidneys.

The volume of urine produced in an adult humanbeing for every 24 hours is 6.5 litres.

The functional unit of kidneys is called nephron.

Presence of urea in the blood is calleduremia.

Kidneys are responsible for the removal of ex-cess water, salts and waste products from theblood in the form of urine.

Anti Diuretic hormone (ADH)orVasopressinregulates the amount of water excreted in urine.

Deficiency of ADH results in the diseasediabe-tes insipiduscharacterised by a large amount ofwater being removed through urine.

Antigen is a substance which

(a) distroys harmful bacteria

(b) is used to treat poisoning

(c) lower body temperature

(d) stimulates formation of antibody

Ans: (d) stimulates formation of antibody

When the right ventricle in the human heart con-

tracts, the blood moves to;

(a) aorta (b) brain

(c) lungs (d) pulmonary artery

Ans : (d) pulmonary artery

Liver : The largest gland

The liver is the largest gland in the body. It is the largest metabolic organ in human body.

The liver (I c) is on the right side of the stom-ach(DZ-cw).

Liver is dark brown in colour.

Sleeping on left side is useful because it gives

maximum relaxation to the muscles of the right

side and keeps the liver warm and relaxed and

improves bile (] n- -c-k w) secretion.

Glucose is stored in the liver and muscles in the

form ofglycogen.

The main function of the liver is to producebile

which is an important agent in digestion of fat.

There is no known digestive enzymes in the bile.


15/30

524

Dialysis is used in the case of a patient sufferingfrom

(a) liver trouble (b) kidney trouble

(c) cataract (d) jaundiceAns : (b) kidney trouble

A dialysis unit is an artificial kidney which per-forms the functions of a normal kidney outsidethe body.

Reproduction

Reproduction ({] -Xyp-ev] m-Z-\ w) is a process bywhich an organism produces new individuals or

offsprings of its own species.

Sexual reproduction requiresone individual ofeach sex.

] pcp-j -_ o-PwDev] m-Zn- n- p A h-b -h- -f mWvhrj -W- (Testis).

The average period ofhuman pregnancy is 36-

38 weeks(G -I -tZi w280Znh-k w).

Mothers milk contain 7% of lactose.

{] k -hn- p-tm B Zyw] pd- p-h-cp i co-c-mKw Xe (head)

Identical twins are formed, when the ovum afterfertilization splits into two parts.

In human beings sex chromosomes XX is present

in females and sex chromosomes XY is present in

males. When X of female joins X of male chromo-somes the product will be a female baby (XX)

and when X of female joins Y chromosome of a

male, the product will be male baby (XY).A Xm-

b XvHcpI p vB tWms] tmF v\ n -b n- p- Xv] pcp-j s ssewKnI t{I ma-tk m-ap-I -f mWv.

Bones (A n-I ) Human bones are made up of Calcium phosphate

and Calcium carbonate.

The total number of bones in human skull (X-e-tbm-n) is 22.

The total number of bones in an adult humanbody is 206.

A new born baby has 300 bones, but 94 bonesfuse together as it grows.

There are 24 ribs (hmcn-sb -v) in human body. The total number of ear bones are six.

In an adult human being, the number of vertebrae

is 26.a\pjys Igpn GgvAnIfpv. The face of a man is made up of 14 bones.

Phosphate of lime forms 51% of bone.

The bones contain calcium phosphates upto 85%

The smallest bone in the human body is thestapes(stirrup ) found in the middle ear.

Largest and longest bone is femur (thigh boneor -XpS-sbv).

The bones of aged persons are more fragile thanthe bones of young persons.

The breaking of a bone is known as fracture(A - n-w-Kw)

Bone marrow(-A - n-a- ) contains the parentcells that give rise to blood cells.

'Funny Bone' is a nerve at the back of the

elbow.

Polio...................................................... limbs

Malaria.................................................spleen

Meningitis.................... brain and spinal cord

Typhoid........................................... IntestineDiphtheria ........................................... throat

Bright's disease.................................. kidney

Eczema ................................................... Skin

Hepatitis................................................. liver

Diseases and affected organs

Jaundice................................................. liver

Tuberculosis ........................................lungs

Pneumonia............................................ lungs

Gengivitis, Pyorrhoea............................ gumsGiotre................................................ thyroid

Trachoma.............................................. eyes

Arthritis............................................... bones

Osteomyelitis....................... vertebral column


16/30

525

Teeth (Z ) There are 20 milk teeth in human body. A full set of permanent teeth consists of 32 teeth.

The hardest material found in human body isenamel.

Milk teeth appear by the age of 7 months, adultteeth appear from 6th year onwards and wisdomteeth appear between the ages of 17-30 years.

Second pairs of incisors(Df n- -p-I ) in the up-per jaw of elephant modified into tusks.

Flouridesare the compounds that prevent toothdecay.

One of the ingredients of tooth paste is calciumfluoride.

Skin (Xz v) Skin is the largest organ in human body.

Colour of the skin is due to the presence ofmelanin.

The main function of human skin is excretion.

i mco-cn-tI m-j vamhv\ nb -{ n- p- -Xn-\ p i co-c- ns k m[ m-cW am-amWvhnb v(Perspira-tions). Sweat glands help to eliminate excess heatfrom body.

Dermatologyis the branch of science deals with

the study of skin and its diseases.

Lungs (i zmk -tI mi w) Lungs is the respiratory organ.

The main function of the lungs is the oxygen-ation of blood and to supply oxygen to it.

Alveoli are small air sacs of the lungs throughthe walls of which gaseous exchange takes placebetween blood and air.

Plueraprotects lungs from harm.

The CO2content in the air that we exhale is about

8%.

The exchange of O2and CO2takes place in lungsat alveoli.

Pneumonia, pleurosis, bronchitis, silicosis andemphysema are diseases affecting respiratorytract.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) alung disease, is caused by Corona Virus.

Food and Nutrition A balanced diet is one that contains all the im-

portant constituents of food for the propergrowth of the body such as carbohydrates, fats,proteins, minerals and vitamins in the properproportions.

Egg, fish, meat, milk products, nuts, potatoes,pulses and whole cereals are good sources ofproteins.

Cereals, fruits, potatoes and sugar are goodsources of carbohydrates.

Animal fat, milk products, nuts and oil are goodsources of fats.

Eggs, fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, meat,

milk products, nuts, whole cereals and yeast

are good sources of vitamins.

Vitamins & Deficiency diseases

Vitamin A (Retinol) .................Night Blindness,

Xerophthalmia

Vitamin B1(Thyamin) ........................... Beriberi

Vitamin B2....................Cheilosis, Inflammation of lips(Riboflavin)

Vitamin B5(Niacin or Nicotinic acid) ..... Pellagra

Vitamin B12................................................Pernicious anaemia(Cyanocobalamine)

Vitamin C(Ascorbic acid) ..................... Scurvy

Vitamin D(Calciferol) ........................... Rickets

Vitamin E(Tocopherol) ....................... Infertility

Vitamin K(Philloquinone).............Haemorrhage

Pluera


17/30

526

Saliva contains a starch digesting enzyme, ptyalin.

Deficiency of carbohydrates causes weight lossand weakness.

A healthy person needs 400-500 gms of carbo-hydrates per day.

Proteins are the body building material.

Aminoacids are the building blocks of proteins.

Protein digestion starts in the stomach while di-gestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.

Kwashiorkaris caused by prolonged severe un-der nourishment in children.

Severe deficiency of both protein and calories ininfants result in another malnutritional diseasecalledmarasmus.

a\p-jys \ne\nn\vA -co- nep-mbncnt HmIvknPs Ipd Afhv6.9% BWv.

anXm-[ zm-\ nbpw{] mb-] q n-bp-amb HcpC y- m-c\ vssZ\ w-Zn\ wB h-i yamb Du - nsA f hv2400I ntemI tem-dn-b m-Wv.

Cereals, egg, fish, fruit, meat, milk-products, nuts,

salt, vegetables and yeast are good sources of

minerals.

Soyabean is considered to be a wholesome food. Milk is an example of balanced diet.

Fats and carbohydrates are the energy products

of the body. Rice, wheat, fruit, milk etc have car-

bohydrates while oils, ghee, butter etc have fats.

Proteins are needed for growth and development

of the human body.

Soyabean seeds possess highest percentage ofproteins (30-35%).

Rich sources of proteins are milk,pulses, fish,meat, eggs, nutsetc.

Carbohydrates are a source of energy for the hu-

man body. Maximum starch found in rice is 70-80%.

The basic unit of starch(A - -Pw) is glucose.

Ecology is the study of organisms in relationto their environment.

Ethology is the study of animal behaviour

Entomologyis the study of insects.

Ethnologyis the study of the human race.

Exobiologydeals with thestudy of life in outer space.

Haematologystudies blood and its disorders.

Hepatologystudies the liver and its disorders.

Nephrologystudies kidney diseases.

Cryosurgery is a surgical technique of de-stroying tissues by extreme cold conditions.

Cardiologyis the study of the heart.

Neurology is the study of the nervous system,its functions and disorders.

Cryobiology is the science that deals with thestudy of organisms, especially warm bloodedanimals, at low temperatures.

Pomology is the study of fruits. The study of fossil plants is calledpalaeobotany.

Science of old age is calledgerontology.

Agrostology is the study of grasses.

Mycologyis the study of fungi.

Branches of Biology & Medical Science

Phycology is the study of algae, while the studyof fossils is calledPalaeontology.

Use of living organisms or substances obtainedfrom them in industrial process is known asbio-technology.

Eugenicsdeals with heredity improvements of the

human race by controlled selective breeding. Zoology is the study of life of animals.

Neuropathologyis the study of diseases of thenervous system.

Osteology is the study of bones. Phrenology isthe study of skull and the brain.

Oncology is the study of cancer.

Cryotherapyis the use of cold, but not freezingcold, as a form of treatment.

Ichthyology- study of fishes.

Myrmecology - study of ants.

Ornithology- study of birds.

Arboricultureis the study of cultivation of trees Myologyis the study of muscles.

Morphology - study of form and structure ofplants and animals.

Histology is the study of tissues.


18/30

527

anXm-[ zm-\ n-b mb apXn HcpC y- m-c\ vZnh-tk\ 55 {Kmw t{]mo (amw-kyw) Bhiy-ap-v.

Each gram of carbohydrate yields 4 calories ofenergy.

Protein can yield the same amount of energy ascarbohydrate.

One gram of fat yields 9.3 calories of energy.

Pulses are a good source of(a) carbohydrates (b) fats(c) proteins (d) vitamins

Ans : (c) proteins

A balanced diet(a) meat (b) egg(c) rice (d) None of these

Ans : (d) None of these

An enzyme extracted from the intestine of calf

important in preparation of cheese isRenin.

Vitamins and deficiency diseases VitaminsA, D, E, Karefat solublewhere asvita-

min B andC arewater soluble.

Rich sources of Vitamin A are vegetables, animalfat, carrots, eggs, spinach(Noc),milk etc.

Rich sources of Vitamin B are cereals, eggs, fruit,

liver, pulses etc.

Vitamin C is found in oranges, lemons, milk andfresh vegetables.

Milk, cereals, beef , liver, soyabeans, mutton etc

are rich sources of Vitamin E. tl mtam-Wmb nI W- m- -s -Sp Poh-I -amWv

PohI wE. The source of Vitamin K is green leafy vegetables,

fish, peas etc.

If milk is exposed to sunlight for a long time Vita-min B2will be lost.

Vitamin K helps in the process of blood clotting.

Excessive intake of polished rice causes defi-ciency of(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin B(c) Vitamin K (d) Vitamin DAns: (b) Vitamin B

Cow milk is a richsource of(a) vitamin A (b) vitamin B(c) vitamin C (d) vitamin D

Ans : (a) vitamin A

The vitamin which cannot be had from any veg-

etables:

(a)Vitamin B (b) Vitamin C

(c)Vitamin D (d) Vitamin E

Ans: (c) Vitamin D

PohI wD k qcy-{] -I m-i - ns k m n- y- nXz n \ nn- -s -Sp- p.

Vitamin B12

(Cyanocobalamine) is a cobalt

containing vitamin.

Deficiency diseases are diseases which are

caused due to the deficiency of certain vitamins

in the body.

Scurvy is a disease of

(a) hair (b) Skin (c) Liver (d) Eyes

Ans: (b) Skin

Genetics A geneis the fundamental biological unit which

is transmitted from one generation to the next. It

is the unit of heredity. It remains at a definite

Androphobia ................................... fear of men

Anthophobia .............................. fear of flowers

Entomophobia............................. fear of insects

Cynophobia ................................... fear of dogsBibliophobia..................................fear of books

Algophobia..................................... fear of pain

Hydrophobia.................................. fear of water

Monophobia....................... fear of feeling alone

Mysophobia ........ fear of dirt and contamination

Various PhobiasXenophobia ............................ fear of strangers

Nyctophobia.............................. fear of the dark

Cryophobia ........................................ fear of ice

Bacteriophobia.............................. fear of germs

Phonophobia ................................. fear of noise

Potamophobia ............................... fear of rivers

Pyrophobia ....................................... fear of fire

Kinesophobia............................. fear of doctors

Patrophobia ................................ fear of motion


19/30

528

position on a chromosome. In man about 1,00,000

genes are known to be found in 23 pairs of chro-

mosomes.

Geneticsdeals with heredity and the laws that

govern it.Rev. Gregor Mendel is the 'Father ofModern Genetics.'

Mutation is the process of sudden heritable

change undergone in a gene due to change in its

composition.

Mutation is

(a) a factor responsible for plant growth

(b)a change which affects the offsprings of F2generation only.

(c) a change that is inherited.

(d)a change which affects the parents only butnever inherited.

Ans : (c) a change that is inherited Genetic engineering is the branch of Science

dealing with the formation of new combinationsof hereditable material and manipulation of genes.

DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) is the principal ge-netic material of all living beings.

The structure of DNA molecule was discoveredbyWatson and Crick in 1953.

Recombinant DNA involves transplanting a pieceof DNA of one organism to the DNA of another,which finds application in the production of Inter-feron and Insulin.

DNA has a double helical structure of nucleotide

chains consisting of deoxyribose sugar and ni-trogen bases-Adenine, Guanine, Thymine andCytosine. It stores and transfers hereditary in-formation and creates its own replica.

The nitrogen base thymine in DNA is replacedby Uracil in RNA.

RNA has sub-species m-RNA and t-RNA, whichcarries the stored information of the DNA fortranslation into various proteins.

In protein synthesis, the genetic code is carriedfrom the DNA of the nucleus to the ribosomes ofthe cytoplasm by m-RNA.

DNA fingerprinting has helped to solve manymysteries and crimes.

The number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46.

Presence of an extrachromosome in the foetus -mongolism.

Environmental Science June 5: World Environment Day.

Ecomark is given to environmentally friendly prod-ucts of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards).

Ecologically friendlytourism is termedecotourism.

Prof. R. Mishra is calledas 'Father of Ecology inIndia'.

The mode of transfer ofenergy of foodsynthesised in plantsthrough a series of or-

ganisms of an ecosystem with repeated eatingand being eaten is known asfood chain. In a habi-tat several food chains are operative.

The rich source of energy which never causesatmospheric pollution issolar energy.

A simple sequence in which the grass grows, acow eats the grass, a human eats the cow ordrinks its milk, is an example of

(a) food chain (b) food web

(c) food cycle (d) pyramidAns : (a) ) food chain

B.O.D means Biological Oxygen Demand. It is a

measure of bacterial oxygen requirement in water. The estimation of B.O.D gives an idea of the

amount of pollution in water.

B.O.D is measured as the weight (in mg) of oxygenthat is consumed in 1 litre of water stored for 5days in darkness at a constant temperature of 200C.

Water pollution is caused by sewage, sullage and

Communicable diseases

Bacterial diseases :Tuberculosis, leprosy, diph-

theria, plague, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, tetanus,pneumonia, gonorrhoea, wooping cough etc.

Viral diseases : Chickenpox, measles, rabies,influenza, polio, AIDS, SARS etc.

Protozoan diseases :Malaria, sleeping sickness,amoebiasis

Vandhana Shiva


20/30

529

industrial effluents.

t`m m-ense b qWn-b I mss_ U v^mI vS-dn-

b n aossX sF tk mk b-t\ v(MIC)hmXI wtNm XmWv1984-U nk w-_-dn-ep-mb t`mmhmX-I -Zp-c- - n\ vI mc-W-am-b -Xv.

Environmental planningorganisation is NEERI.

NEERI is National Environment Engineering Re-search Institute. It is in Nagpore.

First Earth Summit (1992) at Rio de Janerio (brazil)was related to conservation of genetic resourcesof plants and animals.

Second Earth Summit (2002) at Johannesburg(South Africa) brought into focus five priorityareas - water and sanitation, energy, health, agri-culture and biodiversity and ecosystem manage-ment (popularly called WEHAB).

Petroleum, coal, fossil fuel etc are non-renewablesources.

Domestic wastes containbiodegradable pollutants.

Most hazardous metal pol-lutant of the automobile ex-haust is lead. Unleaded petrol

is free of lead. Biomass is a renewablesource of energy.

Ultra Violet rays are non-ionising radiations damagingto DNA.

Nuclear radiations maycausecataract, an eye disease.

Strontium-90 (Sr90) causes leukaemia (blood

cancer).

Radiation causes leukaemia(c- m_ p-Zw).

Miscellaneous Man is omnivorous.

Herbivores k k y-p- p-I Carnivores amwk `p- p-I Omnivores an{i - p pI (k k ym-l m-chpw

amwk hpwI gn- p- -h.)

The pig has the heaviest liver, but lightest heart.

There are 639 muscles in human body.

Muscles in the human body constitute nearly

40-50% of a persons body weight. Vertebrate skeletal muscles contain a red iron

containing pigment calledmyoglobin.

Lungs, liver and kidneys are the excretory or-

gans.

Neurons are the active units of the nervous

system.

Normal human body temperature is 98.4oF or

36.9oC. The fatal point in body temperature is

107oF or 41.7oC.

The strongest muscle in the human body is found

in the buttocks..

Oxygen is the most abundant element in humanbody.

a\ p-j y-i -co-c- n G hpwI qSp-X A S- n-b n-cn- p teml w I m yw.

The measure of water content in human body is

(a) 50% (b) 65%

(c) 75% (d) 80%

Ans: (b) 65%

Water is a universal solvent.

The digestion of food mainly takes place in small

intestine.

The body stores food in the form of fat in adi-pose tissue.

Length of small intestine in man is about 20 feet.

Internal ear maintains the body in equilibrium.

Human beings have two ears because two ears

help

(a) to judge the direction of sound

(b) to hear even a feeble sound

(c) to enjoy music better

(d) to distinguish between two kinds of sounds

arriving at the ears in the opposite directions.

Ans: (d)to distinguish between two kinds of

sounds arriving at the ears in the opposite di-

rections.

Dactyology - Communication by signs made with

fingers used by deafs.

Sunderlal BahugunaChipko Movement

Medha PatkarNarmada Bachao

Andolan


21/30

530

Medical SciencePharmacy Small poxwas the disease that led to the discov-

ery of first antiviral vaccine.

Small pox is the only disease totally eradicated in

1980 throughout the world by vaccination.

Tetracyclines (antibiotics) helps to cure tra-

choma, an eye disease.

Antibiotics are the drugs which are produced bybacteria and which act against other strains of

bacteria.e.g.penicillin,streptomycin, chloromycetin.

Antihistaminesare the substances that relieve

the symptoms of asthma, hay fever and other

allergies.

Antipyretics are the drugs used medically to

lower body temperature.

Leprosy is also known asHansen's disease.

The vaccine, triple antigen is given to children

to immunise them againstDiphtheria, Pertussis

(whooping cough)andTetanus.

Quinineis an alkaloid that cures malaria. Quinine is extracted from the tree Cinchona

officinalis.

Azidothymidine (AZT) is a drug used to combat

AIDS.

To prevent polio, two vaccines Sabin (oral) andSalk (injectable) Vaccine are offered.

A drug that prevents infection and decay is called

an antiseptic.

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucino-

genic drug.

Eldepyl is a new wonder drug to treat Parkinsons

disease (a neurodegenerative disease).

Aspirin (i.e.,Acetyl Salicylic Acid) is commonly

used as a pain reliever. The chief ingredient of the mosquito repellant

cream is derived from neem plant.

B.C.G. (Bacillus Calmette Guerine) Vaccine is ad-

ministered to preventtuberculosis.

Tranquillizersare drugs to calm the nervous sys-

tem and prevent tension and worry while seda-

tives are drugs used to induce sleep.

Shanvac-B is Indias first indigenous genetically

engineered Hepatitis - B vaccine

Viagra is a tablet for stimulating sex potential.

Morphine works as an analgesic drug and is clas-sified as narcotics.

An antibiotic is a substance produced by a liv-

ing organism, especially a bacterium or a fungus.

Penicillin is produced from fungus known as Peni-

cillium notatum.

CP-20-961Hcpate-dnb hmI vk n B Wv.

Diseases and Treatments

amc-I -amb ] n- -\ n vI mcWw G hn-b mC ^vf p-h k sshdk vB Wv.

Euthanasia means mercy killing. It was first

introduced legally inNetherlandsand in Belgium

second time.

Computer Axial Tomograph (CAT) scan is used

for photographing a selected plane of the human

body using X-rays for diagnosing the cause of a

disease.

ATP ...........................Aderiosine Tri Phosphate

ADH.............................. Anti Diuretic Hormone

BHC............................... Benzene Hexa Chloride

BMR ................................ Basal Metabolic RateDDT ............Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane

ECG ....................................Electro Cardio Gram

EEG...............................Electro Encephalo Gram

BOD ........................Biological Oxygen Demand

Few Abbreviations

WHO .......................World Health Organisation

RBC ................................Red Blood Corpuscles

WBC............................. White Blood Corpscles

DNA ............................Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid

RNA .....................................Ribo Nucleic Acid

FAD...................... Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

TMV ...............................Tobacco Mosaic Virus


22/30

531

CAT Scan is also known as CT Scan.

CAT scanner was invented by Godfrey

Hounsfield.

MRI-Scan means Magnetic Resonance ImagingScan.

PET Scan is Positron Emission Tomography scan.

It is used for studying brain.

Otoscope is an instrument used for examining

the outer ear and ear drum.

Physiotherapy is the treatment of diseases or dis-

abilities by massaging and exercise.

A biopsy is done in order to detect the presence

of cancer.

Biopsy means examination of tissue cut from liv-

ing body.

Lithotripter is the machine used to break up kid-ney stones by ultra sound waves.

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) is useful in com-

bating cholera, dysentery and gastroenteritis.

In medicine, radioactive isotopes are used as trac-

ers for diagnostic purposes.

Arsenic - 74 is used to detect tumours.

Sodium - 24 is incorporated into salt (NaCl) and

used to detect the presence of blood clots in the

circulatory system.

Cobalt-60 is used in treatment of cancer.

A I yp-] MvN (Acupuncture) F Nn-

I n mcoXn vt] cp-tI cmPy-amWvssN\ . Anaemia is the shortage of haemoglobin in blood.

The number one killer diseases in the world are

tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease respec-

tively.

Pneumonia, gonorrhoea, tuberculosis, tetanus (or

lockjaw), botulism, syphilis, typhoid, cholera, lep-

rosy, plague, whooping coughetcarebacterial

diseases.

Bacterial diseases are found in

(a) plants (b) animals

(c) humans (d) all the aboveAns: (d) all the above

Chickenpox, rubella (German measles), measles,

mumps, influenza, common cold, AIDS, hepati-

tis, polio and rabies areviral diseases.

Protozoanscause amoebic dysentery, malaria, Af-

rican sleeping sickness, Kala-azar etc..

Fungi causes atheletes foot and ringworm.

Haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia and Huntingtons

disease (i co-c-m-K- A \ n-m-] qwshn-shnNen- p ] mc--cy-tcm-K-am-WnXv) are congenialdiseases (ie, present at birth).

Diphtheria is a disease of throat.

D.P.T. Vaccine (Triple Vaccine)is used to pre-

vent diphtheria, pertusis or whooping cough and

tetanus.

Rubeola is the medical name of the disease

measles(a- ). Elephantiasis is caused by the nematoda

Wuchereria bancrofti.

The vector of the disease filariasis (elephantia-

sis) is culex mosquito.

Contagious diseasesare diseases which spread

from one person to another by physical contact.

Infectious diseasesare diseases caused by a spe-

cific organism and spread through air, water, food,

etc.

Muscles(t]inI) AbhnmXmIpXpsIm-p

mIp tcmKamWvParkinson's disease.Cwoj vk P-\ mb Pb nwk v] m n k B WvtcmKwIp-]nSnXv.

Malariais caused by Plasmodium vivax.

Malariais spread by female anopheles mosqui-toes and it affects the spleen.

Plagueis spread by rat fleas.

Dengue fever is spread by Aedes aegypti mos-

quitoes.

Tuberculosis, Smallpoxand influenzaare dis-

eases that spreads through air.

Tuberculosis is known as 'White Plague.'

Tetanus can cause lock jaw.

Cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhoea are

water borne diseases.

Exophthalmic goitre is known as graves disease.

Disease causing microorganisms are calledpathogens.

The virus which attack bacteria is called bacterioph-

age.

Arthritis and rheumatism affect the joints.

Hydrophobia is a disease caused by the bite of a


23/30

532

mad dog. It is commonly known as rabies. It can

be prevented by injections discovered by Louis

Pasteur. Injections are known as ARV ( Anti-Ra-

bies Venom).

Rabies is caused by a virus, and it affects the

nerve cells of the brain.

Alzheimers diseasein human beings is charac-

terized by the degeneration of nerve cells.

Kesari Dal (Lathyrus sativus) causes gradual loss

of movement of lower limbs or paralysis.

Trypanosomiasis is transmitted from animal to

man by the tse-tse fly and causes the dreadeddisease sleeping sickness. Kala-azar (Leishma-

niasis) is transmitted by sandflies.

Hypothermia is the loss of body heat (below

31.70C).

People living in hilly areas suffer from goitre be-cause of the lack of iodine in diet and drinkingwater.

Minamata disease resulting from mercury poison-

ing causes brain damage, birth defects and death.

temI -t -hpwI qSp-X B f p-I -sf _ m[ n- ptcmK-amb Pe-tZm-j - n\ vI mcWwsshd-k m-Wv.

Odd man out

(a) Tuberculosis (b) Cholera

(c) Leprosy (d) Chicken pox

Ans: (d) Chicken pox

Others are bacterial diseases.

AIDS AIDS means Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syn-

drome

It was first detected in USA in 1981.

Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ( HIV) is thevirus affects T-cells of blood which leads to AIDS.

LUC Montagnier is the first isolated HIV.

World AIDS day is observed every year on

(a) December 4 (b) October 3(c) December 1 (d) January 15

Ans: (c) December 1

World AIDS Day has been observed on December 1since 1988.

ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay)and Western Blot test help us to detect the pres-ence of the AIDS virus.

The spread of AIDS disease is promoted by 'ho-mosexuality' (-k z-h-c-Xn), immoral way of lifeand use of infected needles in blood transfusion.

"Pohn qPohn- m A \ p-h-Zn q' F -XmWv2002-se AIDSZn\ ap{Zm-hm-I yw. ('Live and let live.')

Miscellaneous Antigen is a substance which stimulates the for-

mation of antibodies.

A colour-blind person has difficulty in distin-guishing between green and red colour. This dis-ease mainly affects males.

Hookworm enters the intestine by penetratingthrough the skin.

Amnesia is related to the loss of memory.

Helium is preferred over nitrogen to be mixed withoxygen in the cylinders carried by divers becausenitrogen forms bubble in veins and causes pain.

UV radiation also give us a sun tan. But an ex-cess is harmful and can cause skin cancer anddamage to retina.

Ultraviolet radiation is frequently used to kill bac-teria.

Test tube baby refers to the phenomenon, whenthe fertilization is external and development isinternal.

World's first test tube baby Louise Brown was

born on 25th July 1978. World health day is observed on April 7th.

All of the following diseases are caused by virusexcept

(a) jaundice (b) influenza

(c) typhoid (d) mumps

And : (c) typhoid

In certain diseases antibiotics are administered to,

(a) stimulate production of white blood cells forfighting the diseases.

(b) stimulate the production of antibodies

(c) inhibit the growth of bacteria

(d) produce toxins against bacteriaAns : (c) inhibit the growth of bacteria

The artificial kidney operates on the principle of

(a) diffusion (b) osmosis

(c) dialysis (d) active transport

Ans : (c) dialysis


24/30

533

According to WHO, the disease which causes

the death of the largest number of people

today is

(a) Malaria (b) Ebola(c) AIDS (d) Tuberculosis

Ans: (d) Tuberculosis

The Science that deals with the internal structure

of animals, plants or human body is called

(a) anthropology (b) anatomy

(c) biophysics (d) alchemy

Ans: (b) anatomy

Rheumatic heart patients are specially advised

against taking

(a) fats (b) salt

(c) carbohydrates (d) proteinsAns : (b) salt

A colour blind person commonly has difficulty

in seeing

(a) all colours (b) red only

(c) red, green and pale tints (d) violet and blue

Ans : (c) red, green and pale tints

Famous Biologists Aristotle is the 'Father of Biology.' He was the

first to classify animals on a scientific basis.

Father of 'Modern Biology'

(a) Aristotle (b) Darwin

(c) Robert Hooke (d) Versalius

Ans : (a)Aristotle

J .C. Bose is associated with the measurement ofgrowth in plants by the use ofcrescograph.

Sigmund Freud(Austria) is known as the Fatherof Psychology.

He wroteThe Interpretation of Dreams.

The theory of organic evolution was discoveredbyCharles Darwin.

His well known books are The Origin of Spe-cies and The Descent of Man.

Charles Darwingave the theory of the Survivalof the fittest and the theory of the Natural Se-lection.

He travelled in the ship called 'H.M.S. Beagle' to

collect proof for this theory.

Laws of heredity were discovered by GregorMendel and he form the basis of modern genet-ics. So Mendel is considered as the 'Father of Ge-netics.'

Binomial Nomenclature was developed byCarolus L innaeus.

Melvin Kalvinwas awarded Nobel Prize for hiswork on photosynthesis.

Vaccine for small pox was developed byEdwardJ enner.

Circulation of blood was discovered byWilliamHarveyin 1628.

Gene was first synthesized in laboratory byArthur Kornberg.

A pure culture of bacteria was first obtained byRobert Koch.

Bacteria was discovered by Anton vanLeeuwenhock in 1683.

Vaccination was discovered byEdward J ennerin 1796.

Rabies vaccine was discovered by Louis Pas-teur in 1860. He also discovered a vaccine againstanthrax in 1881. He introduced pasteurization in1856 and in 1863 Pasteur discovered that themicroorganisms are responsible for fermentation.

Louis Pasteur prepared the first cholera vaccinein 1880.

Louis Pasteur is called the father of Microbiology.

Aspirin was discovered byDreser in 1889.

Insulin for diabetes was discovered byBanting& Best in 1921.

Penicilin was discovered byAlexander Flemingin 1928.

TB vaccine (BCG) was discovered by AlbertCalmetteandCamille Guerinin 1922.

Polio vaccine (injectable) was discovered byJ onas E. Salk.

Polio vaccine (Oral) was discovered byAlbertSabin.

Scientist who discovered X-rays wasWilhelm.K. Rontgenin 1895.

Henry Swandeveloped cryosurgery.

The 'Father of Homeopathy' isDr. Hahnemann(Germany)


25/30

534

Hippocrates(Greece) is the 'Father of Medicine.'

An oath named after him is administered to the

medical fraternity even today.

In which field 'Charakan' famous for?(a) Medicine (b) Dance

(c) Kathakali (d) Sanskrit

Ans: (a) Medicine

Charaka Samhitawas written by Charakan.

Susruthais considered the 'Father of Plastic Sur-

gery.' Susrutha performed the first cataract surgery.

The 'Father of Ayurveda' isArtreya.

Vagbhata wrote Ashtanga Hridaya a treatise on

Indian medicine.

Hua Tu( China) was the first surgeon to use ana-

esthesia.

Patanjali wrote Yoga Sutra a treatise on Indian

yoga.

Hugo de Vries is credited with the Mutation

Theory.

Dr. Hargobind Khurana, the Indian - born Ameri-

can scientist, received a Nobel Prize for creating

an artificial gene in a test tube.

Dr. Ronald Rossdiscovered the malarial parasite.

Tubercle bacillus was discovered by Robert

Koch.

A. J effery (England) developed the technique of

DNA fingerprinting. Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist discovered

vitamins in 1912.

Iron Lung is an artificial respiration device in-

vented byDr. P. Drinker.

J oseph Lister for the first time emphasized the

role of antiseptics.

Father of Cloning

(a) Gerhard Fischer (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut

(c) Dr. Hargobind Khorana (d) Mendel

Ans: (b) Dr. Ian Wilmut

Dolly is the first cloned sheep.

The first effective vaccine against polio was pre-

pared by

(a) John Gibbon (b) Jonas E. Salk

(c) Louis Pasteur (d) Edward Jenner

Ans: (b) J onas E. Salk

Agriculture(I mj nI w) The chemical contained in tobacco is nicotine.

Quinine, Tannin and Cinnamon are obtained fromthebarkof the tree.

Tea leaves contain 18% tannin.

T x D and D x T are high yielding hybrid varietiesof coconut.

Hybrid is an animal or plant that has been bredfrom two different types of animals or plants.

HYV means High Yielding Varieties.

Foot and Mouth disease occurs in cattle, sheepand pigs.

Cocoon stage of silkworm produces silk.

Silk worms are reared on mulberry.

The most important stimulant in coffee leaves iscaffine.

Opium is extracted from the immature fruits of theplant poppy(Papaver somniferum).

Paper is chemically cellulose.

Sunflower oil has the maximum polyunsaturatedfatty acids.

Mint is propagated throughrhizomes.

For safe storage, the moisture contents offoodgrains should be less than 14%.

anepwA gp-I nb k k y-] -Zm - -f psS hnL -S\ waqewcq] w-sI m- p ] Zm - -f n-epwA S- n-b n-cn- p B k n-U mWvl yqanI vB k n-U v.

A fertile soil, suitable for growing common crops,is likely to have a pH value of

(a) three (b) four

(c) six or seven (d) nine to ten

Ans : (c) six or seven

Seedless fruits are developed by the technique of

(a) tissue culture (b) hybridisation

(c) clonal selection (d) pure-line selection

Ans : (c) clonal selection

RR-21 is high yielding variety of

(a) rice (b) wheat(c) gram (d) sugarcane

Ans : (b) wheat

RH - 10 is a new variety of rice.

Rotation of crops is for

(a) increasing fertility of soil


26/30

535

(b) decreasing fertility of soil

(c) increasing acidity of soil

(d) all of these

Ans : (a) increasing fertility of soil Maximum yield of milk is obtained from------

variety of cows:

(a) Red Sindhi (b) Kamadhenu

(c) Jersey (d) Kapila

Ans : (a) Red Sindhi

Which is a tropical food crop requiring a tem-perature of 27

0and a rainfall more tha 100 cm?

(a) wheat (b) maize

(c) rice (d) barley

Ans: (c) rice

Highest fat content is found in the milk of

buffalo. The name associated with Green Revolution is

(a) Jai Prakash Narayan (b) Russi Modi(c) M.S. Swaminathan (d) V. Kurian

Ans : (c) M.S. Swaminathan

Cultivations Sericulture is rearing of silk worms.

Horticultureis the cultivation of flowers, fruitsand ornamental plants.

Piscicultureis the art of rearing fishes.

Silviculture is forest planting. Apiculturemeans honey making.

Viticulture is grape cultivation.

Vermiculture is breeding of worms useful tofarmers.

Floriculture is cultivation of flowering plants. Arboriculture means cultivation of tree and

vegetables.

Fertilizers

Azolla acts as biofertilizer in association with theblue-green algae. It is used in the cultivation of rice.

N.P.K. mixtures are fertilizers with the mixtures ofnitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Nitrogen helps in greening of plants and theirrapid growth.

Phosphoroushelps in flowering of plants.

Potassiumhelps in the fruit forming stage inplants.

Salinity of soil can be neutralized by using pyriteand gypsum.

Iron is an essential micro-nutrient required for

the development of plants.

Blue-Green algae works as a bio-fertilizer.

Pesticides Pesticides include insecticides, fungicides,

nematicides, rodenticides and herbicides. D.D.T and Parathion pesticides are banned in

most of the developed countries. Major draw-back of D.D.T as a pesticide is that it is not easilyand rapidly degraded in nature.

Biological control of insects means control of in-sect population in exploitation of natural prey-predator relationship.

D.D.T. (an insecticide) has a tendency to remainstable in environment for long periods.

Bordeux mixture consist of(a) copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide(b) copper sulphate and calcium carbonate(c) copper sulphate and calcium hydroxide(d) all of these

Ans : (c) copper sulphate andcalcium hydroxide

Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide(] q- \ mi n-\ n). BHC is Benzene Hexa Chloride. Loss of agricultural productivity due to pests and

diseases is about 30%.

Sporeineis a bio insecticide. Sporeine was thefirst bio insecticide to be developed on a com-mercial scale.

Natural insecticide 'azadiractum' is obtained fromNeem(th - v).

The pesticide used in foundations of buildings

for preventing, termite (NnX ) attack is 'Aldrin.'

Forestry Social Forestry Programme was started in theyear 1976. An important role is played by forests in reduc-

ing atmospheric pollution by absorbing

carbondioxide.

Planting of trees for aesthetic purposes in urbanareas is termed Urban forestry.

Percentage of land covered by forests in India isabout 20.55 %.

Deforestation will decrease rainfall and increase

soil erosion(a-sm-en- v).


27/30

536

The species which are in the danger of exinction

are known asendangered. The social forestry programmes should be made

popular among the rural people with the aim of

planting and protecting forest trees. Grazing (I - p-I mentab v ) should be con-

trolled as part of the forest conservation action. The loss of fertile top soil is known as soil erosion. Crop rotation is an effective method to control

soil erosion. Fertility of soil is maintained in the field by rota-

tion of crops. Removal of the soil by the action of wind and

water is known aserosion. The pH value of a fertile soil is usually around 6-7. Annual rings(hmj nI he-b - ) in the cross

section of a tree helps to determine its age. Which one is connected with conservation of forests?

(a) Silent valley (b) Bharatpur(c) Kaziranga (d) None of these

Ans : (a) Silent valley In a National Park, protection is given to

(a) Flora only (b) Fauna only(c) Flora and Fauna (d) Entire ecosystem

Ans: (d) Entire ecosystem Tropical rain forests occur in

(a) Assam (b) Tamil Nadu(c) Himachal Pradesh(d) Orissa

Ans: (a) Assam Turpentine oil is obtained from pinus tree. ] pI -b n-e-b n A S- n-b n-cn- p hnj B -

temb vU v \ nt m-n ] d- n-am-hns P -tZi w {_ k o Sweet potato is a modification of adventitious

roots(A -] - m-\ nI th cp-I ). Plants and animals living in a given area form a

community. Rain forests occur in Western Ghat and Eastern

Himalayas. 1950--emWvh\ -a-tl m- hwB cw-n- -Xv. A herbaceous plant which dies back each winter,

but grows again from underground parts inspring is called Perennial (_ -l p-hj n-I ).

Blanching ( m j n-Mv) is a technique used inthe preservation of fresh vegetables and fruits.

Textile fibres such as flax, hemp and Jute areknown as a soft fibre. Cotton is the greatest industrial crop of the world. Cotton is 90% of cellulose. Chipko movement is connected with plant con-

servation.kpem _lp-KpWbmWvNn]vtIm{] m-\ - ns D] - m-Xm-hv.

Microwave oven is a major source of harmful ra-

diations in the house rather than colour T.V,tubelight, heater etc.

Botanical Survey of India (BSI) with its head of-fice in Kolkotta came into existence in 1890.

National Botanical Garden (or National BotanicalResearch Institute, NBRI) is situated in Lucknow.

Most rapidly growing plants are bamboos. In European countries paper is mainly manufac-

tured from soft wood conifers. Herbariumis a collection of 'preserved plants.' The 'Great Banyan Tree' is in Indian Botanical

Garden Sibpur, Kolkatta. The father of Indian Botany - William Roxburgh. Father of Botany - Theophrastus Father of Biology - Aristotle Wild Life Protection Act was enacted in India in 1972. The threat of extinction of tigers forced the India gov-

ernment to initiate the 'Project Tiger' on April 1, 1973. In India, paper is mainly manufactured from

Bamboos. Mango, Papaya, Banana, Guava, Pineapple,

Mangosteens etc are included in tropical fruits.

Fisheries Acquarium : places where fishes are kept. Blue Revolution : Development of fishing. Pisciculture : Rearing of fish. Aquaculture: Method of utilising any body of

water for rearing aquatic animals and cultivatingaquatic plants of commercial importance.

Ichthyology is the study of fishes.

Father of Ichthyology is Aristotle. Devonian period is the 'golden age' of fishes. Fishes are the first jawed vertebrates. The fish commonly called sea horse-(I S p-Xn-c)

is Hippocampus. Fish male of Hippocampus(I -S p-Xn-c) shows

parental care. Cat fishes(] q- -a- yw) having possess sensory

barbls around the mouth. Fish uses gills(sN-I n-f )to obtain oxygen from water. Pe- n eb n vtN HmI vk n-P-\ mWva y-

i zk n- p- -Xv. A -co- - nse HmI vk n-Ps\ t\ cnvi zk n- m a y- m-hn-.

A t I z-dn-b - nse sh - n-te vhmb pI S- n-

hn-Sp- XvA Xn-ep HmI vk n-Ps\ Pe- n ebn- n- m-\ m-Wv.

Xnanw-Ke w i zk n- p- XvA -co- - nseHmI vk n-P-s\ -bm-Wv.

Ghpwhenb k k vX\ n(mammal):\ oe- n-anw-Kew i co-c- n tcmam-h-c-W-an-m k k vX\ nb pw

Xnanw-K-e-am-Wv.


28/30

537

G hpwhenb I S a yw Xnanw-K-e-{k mhv a\ p-j y-\ p-amb n\ -t] mse CW- p k k vX-\ n-

bmWvtU m^n . G hpwhenb Pohn \ oe Xnanw-Kew(Blue Whale) ap-bn-Sp- -Xn\ vk ap-{Z- n tZi m- cw\ S- p

a y-amWvCu . FpsIm-m-Wv Xnanw-K-e-{km-hns\m

] Xn- -S vhen- -ap \ oe-Xn-anw-K-ew G hpwhenb a y-am-bn-. I mcWwhf sc ef n-Xw. \ oe-Xn-anw-Ke w Hcp a y-a-. A XvHcp k k vX\Pohn-b m-Wv.

Xmsg- -d-bp- -h-b n H-bm G Xv?(a) Silver fish (b) Jelly fish(c) Star fish (d) Prawn (e) HerringD cw:Herring(Nmf ) CsXm-gn vap- h H pwa y- -f -. Hmt m-f q. sNo (prawn) Hcpa y-a-.

ay Cm Pemi-b-aptm?Dtm. Dead sea(Nm-hp-I -S ). CXn\ vI mcWwA Xnse Pe- ns h n-X-amb A f -hm-Wv.Poh D -hn- XvF hn-sS-bmWv?(F ) I S (_ n) I c(k n) B I mi w (U n) qan-b psS D nD cw: (F ) I S

Fishes are good sources of B vitamins and io-dine and the fatty fish livers are good sources ofA and D vitamins.

Codliver oil is rich in Vitamin D. The oldest living fish iscoelacanth. Electric ray is also known as torpedo fish. Young one of a fish is calledfry. Heart of fishes is two chambered. Only internal ear occurs in the body of fish. In fishes, the locomotion is due to paired fins. In fishes the jaws are adapted for defence, grasp-

ing, manipulating objects. Sharks and Rays are studied under the science

calledTorpedology. Gambusia (am\ - p-I -n) is one of the fishes

used as a natural enemy of mosquito for the con-trol of malaria.

In India the best aquarium is located at Tarapur,Mumbay.

The scales of sharks is known as placoids. Star fish, Jelly fish and Cuttle fish arenot fishes. Cray fish is a bony fish(A - n-a- yw). Herring(Nm-f -a- yw)is known as poor man's fish. Herring pond

biology sae

Documents