Biology – The Building Biology – The Building Blocks of LifeBlocks of Life

Objective 2Objective 2

State and explain the State and explain the statements of The Cell statements of The Cell TheoryTheory

Cell TheoryCell Theory

1.1. All living things are made up All living things are made up of at least one cellof at least one cell

2.2. The cell is the smallest unit The cell is the smallest unit of structure and function in of structure and function in living thingsliving things

3.3. All cells come from pre-All cells come from pre-existing cellsexisting cells

Biology – The Building Biology – The Building Blocks of LifeBlocks of Life

Objective 4Objective 4

Identify the structure and Identify the structure and functions of cell functions of cell organellesorganelles

1: Cell Membrane / 1: Cell Membrane / Plasma MembranePlasma MembraneStructureStructure

– A bilayer (2 layers) of A bilayer (2 layers) of lipidlipid. The major . The major portion of the membrane. The fatty portion of the membrane. The fatty acids point inward and the glycerol are acids point inward and the glycerol are on the outside.on the outside.

– ProteinProtein molecules serve as channels molecules serve as channels and pumps to move molecules through and pumps to move molecules through the membranethe membrane

– CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are attached to the are attached to the proteins and act as the cell’s proteins and act as the cell’s identification card, which allows cells to identification card, which allows cells to recognize and interact with each otherrecognize and interact with each other

Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer

Protein

Carbohydrate

Lipid Layer

2nd Lipid Layer

Outside of the cell

Inside of the cell

1: Cell Membrane / 1: Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane (continued)(continued) Function Function

– regulates what regulates what EntersEnters and and LeavesLeaves the cellthe cell

– aids in the aids in the protectionprotection and and supportsupport of of the cellthe cell

– membranes membranes communicatecommunicate with other with other cellscells

2: Cytoplasm2: Cytoplasm

LiquidLiquid portion of the cell; mostly portion of the cell; mostly made of made of waterwater

holds the organelles, most holds the organelles, most chemical reactions take place chemical reactions take place here.here.

3: Nucleus3: Nucleus

Information center, control center of Information center, control center of the cellthe cell

ProkaryoteProkaryote - cells without a nucleus. - cells without a nucleus. All bacteriaAll bacteria

EukaryoteEukaryote - cells with a nucleus. All - cells with a nucleus. All other kingdoms of life.other kingdoms of life.

4: Nuclear Envelope / 4: Nuclear Envelope / Nuclear MembraneNuclear Membrane Membrane that surrounds the Membrane that surrounds the

nucleusnucleus– contains nuclear contains nuclear porespores that allow that allow

materials to pass into and out of the materials to pass into and out of the nucleusnucleus

5: Nucleolus5: Nucleolus

Dark portion in the nucleusDark portion in the nucleus– Made of Made of RNARNA and and ProteinProtein– Where Where RibosomesRibosomes are made are made

6: Chromosomes6: Chromosomes

Genetic material in the nucleusGenetic material in the nucleus– DNADNA are attached to special proteins are attached to special proteins

to form chromosomesto form chromosomes

7: Vacuoles7: Vacuoles

Cellular closetsCellular closets– StorageStorage of food, water, wastes, other of food, water, wastes, other

moleculesmolecules

8: Golgi Apparatus / 8: Golgi Apparatus / Golgi BodiesGolgi Bodies Cell shippingCell shipping

– flattened flattened MembranesMembranes– modifies, collects, packages, and modifies, collects, packages, and

distributes molecules distributes molecules to be shipped to be shipped out of the cellout of the cell

9: Endoplasmic 9: Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)Reticulum (E.R.) Moves materials Moves materials Inside the cellInside the cell RoughRough E.R. – covered with E.R. – covered with

ribosomesribosomes SmoothSmooth E.R. – has no E.R. – has no RibosomesRibosomes

Transport in the CellTransport in the Cell

NucleusGolgi Body

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vacoule

Ribosomes

10: Ribosomes10: Ribosomes

Where Where ProteinsProteins are made (the site are made (the site of of Protein Synthesis)Protein Synthesis)

Made of Made of RNARNA and and ProteinProtein

11: Mitochondria11: Mitochondria

PowerhousePowerhouse of the cell of the cell changes changes energyenergy from one form to from one form to

anotheranother CristaeCristae - folded membranes to - folded membranes to

increase surface areaincrease surface area

12: Cytoskeleton12: Cytoskeleton

MicrotubulesMicrotubules (small tubes) (small tubes)– SupportSupport and and ShapeShape– form centriolesform centrioles– cillia – cillia – Hair-likeHair-like projections in projections in

unicellular organismsunicellular organisms– flagella – flagella – Whip-likeWhip-like for movement in for movement in

unicellular organismsunicellular organisms MicrofibrilsMicrofibrils (small thin fibers) (small thin fibers)

– cytoplasmic streaming cytoplasmic streaming Moves cytoplasm and organelles around in Moves cytoplasm and organelles around in

the cellthe cell

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Biology – The Building Biology – The Building Blocks of LifeBlocks of Life

Objective 5Objective 5

Compare and contrast Compare and contrast plant and animal cellsplant and animal cells

1: Centrioles (Animal 1: Centrioles (Animal Only)Only) Located near the Located near the NucleusNucleus arranges arranges ChromosomesChromosomes for cell for cell

divisiondivision made of microtubulesmade of microtubules

2: Lysosomes (Animal 2: Lysosomes (Animal only)only) Cell clean up crewCell clean up crew special special VacuolesVacuoles with digestive with digestive

EnzymesEnzymes

1: Cell Wall (Plant Only)1: Cell Wall (Plant Only)

Surrounds the cell membrane in Surrounds the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria. plants, algae, and some bacteria. Made of three layers:Made of three layers:1: 1: PectinPectin gluey substance that holds gluey substance that holds cells cells togethertogether2: Primary cell wall2: Primary cell wall

Made of Made of CelluloseCellulose - elastic, cell - elastic, cell can can stretchstretch3: Secondary cell wall - Mostly made 3: Secondary cell wall - Mostly made of of LigninLignin - rigid structure - rigid structure

Cell Wall ArrangementCell Wall Arrangement

2: Plastids2: Plastids (Plant Only)(Plant Only)

Special Special VacuolesVacuoles to store to store PigmentPigment (color molecules)(color molecules)– chlorophyll - Greenchlorophyll - Green

ChloroplastsChloroplasts contains the chlorophyll contains the chlorophyll in plantsin plants

– Carotene - OrangeCarotene - Orange– xanthophylls – Yellowxanthophylls – Yellow– Phycobilin - RedPhycobilin - Red

Plastid Plastid Chloroplast Chloroplast

Other Plant/Animal Other Plant/Animal DifferencesDifferences Plants have a larger central water Plants have a larger central water

vacuolevacuole– Holds water to keep the plant Holds water to keep the plant

upright = “Turgor Pressure”upright = “Turgor Pressure”

ShapeShape– Cell wall makes plants more Cell wall makes plants more

rectangularrectangular