Biology Warm-Ups

Biology 2012-2013Ms. Chabot

• Add the Florida Biology Standard to the top of the page.

• Write out and answer the question.

• Each Friday I will check your Composition Book for the Warm-Ups done during the week.

Standard #1• Students will be able to define a problem by:– Posing questions about the natural world.– Conduct observations.– Plan investigations.– Use tools to gather data.– Evaluate others’ investigations.

Question #1:Scientists begin all investigations/experiments by making observations.What is the term used to describe the statement generated by using inferences and prior knowledge?

Hypothesis

Standard 2• Student will compare and

contrast different types of microscopes.

Question 2:Describe the following types of microscopes:•Compound microscope: uses 2 mirrors and a light source to magnify images.•Dissecting microscope: Uses 2 mirrors and a light source with LOW magnification to view dissections.•Scanning electron: passes electron over the surface of DEAD specimens to view very small structures.•Transmission electron: Passes electrons through DEAD specimens to view very small structures.

Standard 3

• Student will compare and contrast different types of microscopes.

Question 3:What type of microscope is most commonly used in a high school science lab?Compound Light Microscope

What kind of microscope is used to study viruses?ANY Electron Microscope

Standard 4

• Students will accurately place the order of events that occur in a scientific investigation.

Question 4:Place the following events in order according to the Scientific Method.Make observations, Generate hypothesis, Design an experiment, Collect data, Draw conclusions

Question 5An osmosis investigation was conducted using chicken eggs to represent a cell’s semipermeable membrane. The mass of each egg was measured to determine how much water moved into or out of the eggs. Each egg was placed into a different solution for 24 hours. The table below shows the results of the investigation.

Solution Mass before soaking

Mass after soaking

Difference in Mass

Percent change

Vinegar (95% water)

71.2 98.6 27.4 +38.5

Corn syrup(5% water)

98.6 64.5 34.1 -34.6

Distilled water(100 % water)

64.5 105.3 40.8 +63.3

Based on this experiment, which of the following should be inferred abut cells with semipermeable membranes?A)Substances other than water may also cross the cell membrane.B)Water enters the cell when placed in environments of high water concentrations.C)Water enters the cell when placed in environments of low water concentrations.

Standard 5• Students will explain the

properties of water, including:

DESCRIBE– Adhesion: allows water to

stick to other substances.– Cohesion: attraction between

water molecules– Ability to moderate

temperature: keeps temperature constant

– Expansion upon freezing– Universal solvent: dissolves

many substances

Question 6What property of water allows it to stick to other water molecules? COHESION

Standard 6• Students will explain how

the properties make water essential for life on Earth.

Question 7What property of water allows for a meniscus to form in a graduated cylinder? COHESION and ADHESION

Why is this property of water important to organisms? Allows water to move through bloodstream.

Standard 7• Students will identify

and describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 8What type of macromolecule is composed of chains of amino acids that are joined together by peptide bonds? PROTEINS

What are the functions of this macromolecule? Structure, enzymes, antibodies.

Standard 8• Students will explain

how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy.

Question 9What is the name of the region where a reactant binds to an enzyme? ACTIVE SITE

SKETCH THIS GRAPH!

Question 10A change in pH can change the shape of a protein.

What is this change (in protein shape) due to heat and pH called? DENATURE/UNRAVEL

Why might a change in pH stop an enzyme from working? Loss of ACTIVE SITE, Loss of SHAPE.

Standard 9• Students will describe

and explain the cell theory.

• New investigations in science influenced the development of the modern cell theory.

QUESTION 11•What are the 3 statements that summarize the modern cell theory?

– all living things are made of cells.

– Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

– New cells are produced from existing cells.

•What common misconception was disproved by the cell theory?

– Spontaneous generation

Standard 10

Students will understand the science behind the development of the cell theory.

Question 12•What inventions and discoveries were necessary for the cell theory to be accepted?– Disprove spontaneous

generation (Pasteur and Redi).

– Invention of microscope (Leeuwonhoek).– Discovery and ID of cells

(Hooke).

Standard 11

Students will compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

Question 13Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?A.LysosomeB.MitochondriaC.Nucleus

D.Ribosome

PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

Complete to Compare Plant and Animal Cells

Compare and ContrastHypothesis and Theory

Hypothesis Theory• Can be

revised• Used by

scientists• Well-tested• Combines

hypothesis and observations

• Possible explanation for events

• Based on observations and inferences

Match the following biology-related words with their correct descriptions.

WORDS

• Homeostasis

• Evolution

• Interdependence

• Cellular basis for life

• Biology

• Metabolism

DESCRIPTIONS• Organisms change over time• All chemical reactions that

occur in living things.• Internal environment remains

steady.• The study of LIFE• All form of life on Earth are

connected.• Living things are made of

cells.

Construct a pH chart and label with the following items:

• Numbers to represent the pH of a substance.

• Acid• Base• Neutral• Weak acid• Weak base• Strong acid• Strong base

Answer the following questions about Organic Macromolecules.

• Which type of macromolecule is composed of chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds?

• Which class of macromolecule is used as a rapidly available energy source?

• What is the role of the following nucleic acids in living things?– DNA :– RNA :– ATP :

Enzymes and Lock and Key Mechanism

Describe how a lock and key mimic how an enzyme functions in the body.

The enzyme acts like a lock, with a specific bonding site called the ACTVIE SITE. The chemical is the key that will fit specifically into the ACTIVE SITE to catalyze (speed up) the chemical reaction.

Review Question #6

• What 3 subatomic particle make up an atom?– PROTONS + charge / in nucleus– NEUTRONS no charge /

in nucleus– ELECTRONS - charge /

surrounds nucleusSKETCH THE ATOM ABOVE IN YOUR

STANDARD NOTEBOOK

Review Question #7• What is an ION? A charged atom, # Protons does not

= # Electrons.• What is an ISOTOPE? An atom with a different Mass

Number/Atomic Weight so a different # of Neutrons.• Complete the table below.

ELEMENT SYMBOL ATOMIC NUMBER

MASS NUMBER

PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS NEUTRAL/ ION/ ISOTOPE

Hydrogen

H 1 1 1 0 0 +1 Ion

Carbon C 6 12 6 6 6 Neutral

Carbon C 6 14 6 8 6 ISOTOPE

Chlorine Cl 17 35 17 18 18 -1 Ion

Review Question #8• What are the 2 main types of chemical bonds?– IONIC BOND transfers electron(s) from one atom to

another.– COVALENT BOND shares electrons between atoms.

SKETCH EACH EXAMPLE BELOW AND LABEL PROPERLY

Review Question #9

• What are the main elements of all macromolecules and all living things?– Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur,

Nitrogen

• What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?– Bonds are made and broken to transform one set

of chemicals into another.

Review Question #10

Complete the following sentences concerning chemical reactions:

•Chemical reactions that RELEASE energy often occur on their own/spontaneously.

•Chemical reactions that ABSORB energy will not occur without a source of energy.

Go Back and Review Standard 9

Students will describe and explain the cell theory.

QUESTION 11•What are the 3 statements that summarize the modern cell theory?

– all living things are made of cells.

– Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

– New cells are produced from existing cells.

•What common misconception was disproved by the cell theory?

– Spontaneous generation

Go Back and Review Standard 10

Students will understand the science behind the development of the cell theory.

Question 12•What inventions and discoveries were necessary for the cell theory to be accepted?– Disprove spontaneous

generation (Pasteur and Redi).

– Invention of microscope (Leeuwonhoek).– Discovery and ID of cells

(Hooke).

Go Back and Review Standard 11

Students will compare and contrast Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells.

Question 13Which of the following is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?A.LysosomeB.MitochondriaC.Nucleus

D.Ribosome

Standard 12• Students will compare and contrast the

organelles found in plant and animal cells that allow them to perform specific functions.

Standard 12Students will describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell.

Cell Membrane– AKA Plasma Membrane– Selectively permeable

• Controls what enters/exits the cell

– Made of LIPIDS/fats– Contains protein channels

that allow large substances and water to pass through

Cell Membrane– AKA Plasma Membrane– Provides support and shape to the

cell.– Selectively permeable– Made of LIPIDS/fats– Contains protein channels that

allow large substances and water to pass through

QUESTION:What does HYDROPHILIC mean? Water-lovingWhat does HYDROPHOBIC mean? Water-fearing

Standard 12Students will describe how structures in cells are directly related to their function in the cell.

Membrane Proteins– Embedded in the phospholipid

bilayer of the cell membrane.– SOME allow substances to pass

through that are:– SOME act as membrane

markers/FLAGS for cell ID.

QUESTION:What substances must use a membrane protein embedded in the cell membrane to move into and out of the cell? Water and Large molecules like glucose

Standard 13Students will explain the role of the cell membrane during active and PASSIVE transport

• Passive transport means to move substances into and out of the cell without consuming the cell’s energy, ATP.

QUESTION;Describe each type of PASSIVE transport below:•Diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.•Osmosis: movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.•Facilitated Diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a membrane protein.

Standard 13

QUESTION:What happens to cell size in the following situations:•ISOTONIC: concentration is the same so cell does not change size.•HYPOTONIC: solute concentration is lower in solution than the cell, water moves in and cell SWELLS.•HYPERTONIC: solute concentration is higher in solution than the cell, water leaves the cell and cell SHRINKS.

Concentration Gradients, ISOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, and HYPOTONIC

A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT is the difference of dissolved SOLUTES present on either side of a cell membrane.

Standard 13Students will explain the role of the cell membrane during ACTIVE and passive transport

• Active transport means that substances moving across the cell membrane must be FORCED, using cell’s energy, ATP.

• Examples of ACTIVE transport are:– Solute Pumping– Vesicular Transport

QUESTION;Describe each type of ACTIVE transport below:•SOLUTE PUMP:

•VESICULAR TRANSPORT: