1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The Philippines is a tropical country that is abundant with nutritious and

refreshing fruits that Filipinos are fond of eating. Papaya and mango are two of the

most common fruits that could be found in some Filipino desserts. However, in the

process of consumption of these delectable fruits, the peelings that were acquired

are either wasted or thrown away. Brilliant minds have formulated a solution to

recycle these organic wastes and make them into something useful, a fuel briquette.

It is basically composed of organic materials and could be used like a charcoal.

Fuel is any material that can store energy and releases it through combustion.

The modern way of life is intimately dependent on the use of fossil fuels. However,

the increased consumption of nonrenewable resources may lead to the

overproduction of carbon dioxide, which is one of the major causes of global

warming. Excessive reliance on fossil fuels may cause it to be used up. The use of

fuel made from biodegradable wastes is ideal, since it recycles agricultural residues.

(Conserve Energy Future, 2008)

Fuel briquettes are used like coal, but are made from a combination of

organic wastes, shaped into blocks. Densification of fruit peelings and wood waste

into briquettes can provide a relatively high-quality alternative source of fuel, which

2

employ peelings of mango and papaya and sawdust. A high demand of firewood

would cause deforestation, and may affect the environment especially in the urban

areas. Fuel briquette is a block of compressed materials suitable for cooking.

The process of making charcoal briquettes from agricultural waste is not

new. Many institutions have experimented on different agricultural residues to find

out which raw materials are possible for charcoal making. The Nepal-based

Foundation for Sustainable Technologies is training people to make the briquettes,

thus enabling them to produce their own fuel. The Legacy Foundation and its

partners have tested the briquette making process in urban and rural areas such as

Malawi, Peru, Mali, Uganda, Haiti, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Nicaragua and the United

States. It is now being used in many places, such as Europe, Haiti, India and even

in the Philippines. (Foundation for Sustainable Technologies, 2007)

The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative fuel for heating. The

researchers decided to pursue this study because of the usefulness of the briquettes.

The idea that biodegradable wastes may actually be converted into useful fuel

briquettes aroused the interest of the researchers.

B. Statement of the Problem

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the papaya and mango peelings with

sawdust as a fuel briquette.

Sub-problems

1.) What are the resulting properties of the different samples of briquettes

in terms of:

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1) ash content

2) moisture content and

3) calorific value?

2) Is a significant difference in the physical properties of the briquettes?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of briquettes samples with

mango and papaya peelings. The study also aims to determine the calorific value,

ash content and moisture content of the briquettes, and compare with standard

values of wood, a commonly used fuel.

D. Hypothesis of the Study

There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and

moisture content of the briquettes.

E. Significance of the Study

If the hypothesis proven correct, the peelings that were acquired during the

consumption of mango and papaya during meals can be used, therefore reducing

excessive biodegradable waste while creating an alternative source of fuel for

cooking and heating. Farmers, fruit vendors, housewives, or anyone who has interest

in producing fuel briquettes will be provided with additional livelihood should they

decide to sell the briquettes. The fuel briquettes are also ideal for their personal use.

4

F. Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was limited to the utilization of the peelings of mango and papaya

and sawdust as components in briquettes. For the determination of the physical

characteristics of the briquettes, the study was limited to the determination of the

calorific value, ash content and moisture content of the briquettes. There was also a

limitation in the methods of determining the ash content and moisture content due to

lack of time. The heat of the sun was not enough to completely absorb the moisture

of the briquettes, and the use of an oven is more appropriate. In burning the

briquettes, the use of denatured alcohol was not enough to completely burn the

briquettes, and the use of a furnace is more appropriate. The determination of the

calorific value of the briquettes was done in COE with the use of a Parr 1108 oxygen

Bomb calorimeter. The experimentation was done during the school year 2011-2012.

G. Definition of Terms

Ash Content The grayish-white to black, soft solid residue of

combustion (The Grolier International

Dictionary 1988)

Calorific Value This is the amount of heat liberated by the

complete combustion of unit mass of a fuel

briquette (Dictionary of Physics, 1991)

5

Fuel Briquette An organic block of a flammable material that is

the output of this study.

Mango Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit belonging to the

genus Mangnifera that is a main component in

the production of the briquettes.

Moisture Content The diffuse wetness that can be felt as condensed

liquid of the briquettes. (The Grolier

International Dictionary 1988)

Papaya Peeling It is the peeling of the fruit Carica papaya that is

a main component in the production of the

briquettes.

6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Yearly, huge amounts of agricultural residues and forest waste are produced. But

these are either wasted or burnt inefficiently in their loose form causing air pollution.

Faulty use of these biodegradable wastes may cause certain pollutions in the atmosphere.

Fortunately, these can be utilized for the production of fuel briquettes.

Fuel briquettes could be used as an alternative energy source for household use.

These are made from a combination of organic materials such as grass, leaves, saw dust,

rice husk or any type of paper. These materials are then compressed in a fuel briquette

press. The fuel briquette produced is environment-friendly since it utilized waste

materials. In comparison with fossil fuels, the briquettes are easier to produce because it

is a renewable source of energy. (Shrestha n.d.)

Fuel briquettes are useful and can be used as an alternative substitute to coal and

charcoal. The briquettes are mostly composed of organic waste and other materials that

are biodegradable, and are commonly used as heat and cooking fuel. The composition of

the briquettes may vary due to the availability of the raw materials in an area. These

materials are compressed and made into briquettes. The briquettes are different from

charcoal because they do not possess large concentrations of carbonaceous substances. In

comparison to fossil fuels, the briquettes produce low net total greenhouse gas emissions

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because the materials used are already a part of the carbon cycle. Environmentally, the

use of briquettes produces less greenhouse gases. (Wikipedia, 2011)

Wood is has been an important source of fuel for mankind throughout the ages.

From the earliest times, mankind has added coal to his fuel resources, and much later,

gases manufactured from coal and mineral oils. The common fuels differ much in the

heat which they give out when burned. While many factors are concerned in the value of

a fuel, the chief one is its heat of combustion, or calorific value. The calorific value of a

solid or liquid fuel is the heat given off in the combustion of one gram of the fuel.

(McPherson, 1942)

What should govern the choice of fuel? The ideal fuel should not be expensive,

and it should kindle readily and should have a respectable amount of heat content. There

must be little or no ash, and no waste products that would become a nuisance. Few if any

fuels meet all these conditions. Local conditions and personal taste influence the

consumer in his choice of fuel. (Dull, 1958)

Wood used as fuel briquette is not new. The concept of making briquettes from

fine timber wastes dates back to the turn of 19th and 20th centuries. The use of sawdust

by converting it into heat is economically justified. The calorific value of sawdust

briquettes is comparable to that of lower quality class coal. Heat value or calorific value

determines the energy content of a fuel. It is the property that depends on its chemical

composition and moisture content. The calorific value is the most important fuel

property. (Aina, 2009)

Using wood and crop residues as an energy source will reduce consumption of

fossil fuels, and in the process, reduces the emission of greenhouse gases to the

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environment. In other countries, the interest in pellet burners is starting to increase.

Biomass may be utilized as energy carriers (charcoal, oil, or gas). Combustion is the most

developed and most frequently applied process used for solid biomass fuels because of its

low costs and high reliability (Gravalos, 2010).

Few people realize the degree to which energy systems affect the environment,

although many of us are becoming more aware of damage from specific activities.

Converting fossil and nuclear fuels into energy leads to air pollution, water pollution,

creation of solid wastes, land disruption, and aesthetic degradation. (The New Book of

Popular Science 1978)

Briquettes have various uses from household to industrial. With the increasing

prices of fuel, practical consumers are finding cheaper alternative sources of heat that

may be usable for cooking, heating water and productive processes, firing ceramics, fuel

for gasifiers to generated electricity and for powering boilers to generate steam.

Briquettes are most commonly produced using briquette presses, but when it is not

available, briquettes may also be mold by hand. However, using briquette presses add

value to the product and can increase the amount of briquettes produced in a day. (Grover

1996)

One of the most important characteristics of a fuel is its calorific value, that is the

amount of energy per kg it gives off when burnt.  The calorific value can thus be used to

calculate the competitiveness of a processed fuel in a given market situation. There is a

range of other factors, such as ease of handling, burning characteristics etc., which also

influence the market value, but calorific value is probably the most important factor and

9

should be recognized when selecting the raw material input. (Lehra Fuel Tech Pvt. Ltd.,

2012)

Common components of fuel briquettes are from wastes of organic materials like

plants. For this study the organic material in focused are the mango peelings and papaya

peelings.

The papaya peeling has various uses. It is the best when it comes to skin care,

since it is a good source of Vitamin A, which acts as an anti-oxidant and papain, which

breaks down inactive proteins and removes dead skin cells. Papaya peelings, thus can act

as a natural exfoliator. (Perfect Skin Care for You, 2010)

The use for mango peelings ranges from food applications to medical purposes.

Mango peelings can be consumed with proper preparations, though its acidity may be

toxic for some people. Mango peelings are abundant in calcium, vitamin B6 and

antioxidants and are a good source of fiber. It may also be used as an ingredient to give

dishes some fruity acidity as it cooks. According to the researchers the Central Food

Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India, mango peel provides high quality

pectin, which makes the skin of the fruit and ideal thickening agent for making jams and

jellies. Mango peel may also be used as a digestive aid for treating gastritis. The skin of

the mango is mashed and boiled to extract its oils. (Cicione, n.d.)

A study on the feasibility of biomass fuel briquettes from banana plant waste

examined the issues with making fuel briquettes from banana plant waste. Several

mixture/blend formulations were prepared which included materials such as sawdust,

paper pulp, leaves, banana fronds and plant bark, peanut shells, composted hostas plants,

peanut shells, wood chips. Briquettes were made using the micro compound lever press

10

with mold diameter of three inches and a center hole of one inches. Alternative

briquettes were made using a caulking gun press or hand-made ball briquettes. Some

formulations were over dried at 300°F for two hours and some five hours. Tests

performed were moisture test and burn test.

Results showed that any formulation made from the trunk of a wood tree (paper

pulp, wood chips or sawdust) can dry to about six percent moisture in 36 hours in Ohio

sun. However adding leaves to the mixture doubles the drying time to 72 hours. Adding

banana fibers to a formulation significantly lengthened the drying time. At the end of the

first 24 hours, the briquettes rapidly absorbed moisture to above ten percent by weight.

Most briquettes released some moisture when it stopped raining. Furthermore, the rate at

which the water temperature increased was dependent on the available BTU from the

briquettes, the mass of the three selected test briquettes, moisture content and air supply

to briquette material.

Conclusions and recommendations includes the following: that to prevent

clogging the wet process with long fibers, both the green and dry material need to be cut

into small lengths (under three inches). No natural biomass binding properties exist

within the chopped green or dry material. Self binding was possible after the green

material had been softened via a composting like process and then mashed into a sludge

using a mortar and pestle. The natural antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of the

banana plant worked against the composting process used to help expose the fibers. The

chunks of banana waste turned brown and softened but never decayed after months in the

composting process. The binding of dry fonds was only possible after cutting to lengths

of less than three inches and grinding to expose the available fibers, then mixing with a

11

large amount of mashed dead banana skins and mashed banana fruit. This process was

difficult to press because of the sticky mixture. In addition, it required an excessive

amount of dead banana skins and fruit to bind a small amount of fronds. Air-drying a

banana biomass briquette was nearly impossible. Unobstructed by other surrounding

material the banana fiber normally releases its moisture quickly. When pressed into a

briquette the release of the moisture was very slow, even when oven dried. When

surrounded with other biomass to enhance binding or burning, release of the fiber

moisture was difficult to achieve even in an oven at 300°F. Complete burn using an air-

dried briquette containing banana fibers was not successful because of excessive smoke

from the burn. Perhaps the briquette would burn better in a forced air stove like a

gasifier. Packing the briquette mold with the fibrous material was difficult, tedious and

time consuming. The fibers were interwoven with other fibers and did not pour well.

Hand packing worked better. Softening by freezing was tested but not included in this

report. A batch of fresh green chopped stalks was exposed to a single freeze/thaw cycle

as a softening methodology. While that process did significantly hasten and enhance the

softening process, it was not considered a practical solution for a tropical climate. In the

researchers’ opinion producing a biomass fuel briquette from the waste of the banana

plant is not worth the effort. It may be more practical to harvest and use the fibers from

the stalk for commercial purposes. If one could find an adequate process to emulate the

wet grinding accomplished by using a food blender, then a small amount of those fibers

(around 10% to 15%) could be effective as a binder for sawdust. (Hite, Smith, 2011)

12

Some local studies conducted on fuel briquettes include the use of waste papers

and sawdust as components other than organic materials. Several studies are mentioned

below.

Borja (2007) conducted a study on pineapple and banana peeling as component in

fuel briquette. The reported average approximate ash content of pineapple and banana

peelings fuel briquette was 55.01%. The average approximate ash content of charcoal

was also determined and the result was 35.49%. The statistical calculation showed that

fuel briquettes have more ash content compared to charcoal, which implies that charcoal

can supply more energy compared to the fuel briquettes.

Mag-usara (n.d.) conducted a study on dried banana leaves and waste paper as

fuel briquettes. Kneaded 200 g waste papers were mixed with 100g dried banana leaves

with 100g of cassava starch. The dried leaves act as the starter in the building of fire

using fuel briquettes, this one reason why fuel briquettes ignite for seconds and the

boiling period is 10 minutes lesser than the palwa wood. Data obtained on the moisture

weight content of two fuels were subjected to mean value, analysis of variance leading to

T-test computation. The computed value of T is -0.04 lesser than P value, 1.943 at 0.05

level of significance with 6 degrees of freedom. This means that there is no significant

difference between the palwa fuel and the fuel briquettes made out of dried banana leaves

and waste paper.

13

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

The calorific value was determined by using the bomb calorimeter. The

approximate ash content and moisture content was also determined. The approximate ash

content was determined by weighing the briquettes before and after burning using

denatured alcohol, and the approximate moisture content was determined by weighing the

50g briquettes after it is dried. The briquettes were produced from mango and papaya

peelings with sawdust. The study utilized the randomized complete block design (RCBD)

since there were two different treatments that were grouped into blocks. The treatments

were varied so the results may be compared. There were two treatments and in each

treatment there were three samples. The researchers determined if there was a significant

difference in the calorific values and the ash content of the briquettes. The study used a T

test for testing the difference between two means with small independent samples.

B. Materials and Equipment

Materials

Chopping Board

Knife / Kitchen Scissors

Measuring Cup

Papaya Peelings

Mango Peelings

Sawdust

14

15

Equipments

Analytical Balance

Bomb Calorimeter

Blender

C. Experimental Set-Up

Table 2. Experimental SetupCOMPONENT TREATMENT A TREATMENT BMango Peelings (g) 25 0Papaya Peelings (g) 0 25Sawdust (g) 25 25

D. General Procedure

Mango peelings, papaya peelings and sawdust were collected from sources like

various fruit vendors in Iligan City. Knife or kitchen scissors was to cut the peelings into

smaller pieces. The peelings were placed in a blender and a strainer was used to remove

the excess liquid. The raw materials were weighed with the indicated weights. They were

combined with the specified treatments, and was molded into briquettes using a

measuring cup.

Collecting the Raw Materials

The raw materials were gathered from various fruit vendors that disposes their

fruit peelings. Personal consumption of papaya and mango fruits also contributed to the

quantity of the raw materials. Sawdust was collected from a construction supplier.

Preparation of Raw Materials

The peelings of mango and papaya were removed using a knife then was placed in

a blender. Sawdust was collected. The raw materials were weighed using an analytical

balance.

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Making the Fuel Briquettes

The raw materials were weighed and combined with the specified treatments. The

liquid were separated using a strainer. The resulting briquettes were molded then dried

under the heat of the sun.

Calorific Value

To determine its calorific value, a bomb calorimeter (Parr 1108 Oxygen

Combustion Bomb) was used where a sample is burned under an oxygen atmosphere in a

closed vessel, which is surrounded by water, under controlled conditions. Three samples

are taken for each of the treatments.

One gram of sample of the briquette was measured using a digital analytical

balance into a crucible and placed inside a stainless steel container (decomposition

vessel) filled with 30 bar of oxygen (Quality: technical oxygen 99.98%). Then the

sample was ignited through a cotton thread connected to an ignition wire inside the

decomposition vessel and burned.

During the combustion the core temperature in the crucible can go up to 1000°C

(1800°F), and the pressure rises for milliseconds to approximately 200 bar (2900 PSI).

All organic matter is burned under these conditions, and oxidized. Even inorganic matter

will be oxidized to some extent.

To measure the temperature inside the water, very sensitive, high-resolution

sensors were used. The decomposition vessel was previously calibrated to know how

much heat is necessary to heat up the water by one degree Celsius. After all the briquette

sample was burned, the calorific value was displayed in units of kJ/kg.

17

Approximate Ash Content

The briquettes were weighed before it will be burned. The resulting weight of the

briquette sample was weighed into an analytical balance. The briquette was burned using

denatured alcohol, until it turns into ash. The ash was weighed.

The ash content will be determined with the formula:

% Ash=(W F

W i) x100

where:

Wf = final weight of the fuels after being burn inside

Wi = initial weight of the briquette after drying

Approximate Moisture Content

Fifty grams of the sample was weighed into a weighing scale. The samples were

dried under the heat of the sun. The dry briquettes are weighed in an analytical balance

and the moisture content was determined with the formula above.

M n=(W w−W d

W w) x100

where:Mn = moisture content (%) of material nWw = wet weight of the sample, andWd = weight of the sample after drying.

E. Statistical Tools for Data Analysis

In determining the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the

heating value of the briquettes, approximate ash content and moisture content, a t-Test for

testing the difference between two means with small independent samples was used

18

where:x̅ = sample meanμo = population means = standard deviationn = number of values

19

Figure 1. Chart in Preparation of Mango and Papaya Peelings as a Fuel Briquette

TESTING THE PRODUCT

CALORIFIC VALUE

Mango Peelings and Sawdust

Papaya Peelings and Sawdust

APPROX. ASH

CONTENT

APPROX. MOISTURE CONTENT

BRIQUETTE MAKING

COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

20

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results in tabular form and the discussion of results. The

t-Test is most commonly used to evaluate the differences between two groups. For

comparison purposed, there were two treatments. There were three samples for each

treatment and were evaluated for their calorific value, approximate moisture content and

ash content.

In this study, the researchers compared the moisture content, ash content and

calorific value of the briquettes.

Table 3. Mean Values of Characteristics of Briquette Samples

PARAMETER PAPAYA + SAWDUST

MANGO + SAWDUST

STANDARDVALUES

Approx. Ash Content (%) 10.14 10.48 3.3-11.7 Approx. Moisture Content (%) 69.00 74.00 2.2 - 15.9 Calorific Value(kJ/kg) 14, 150 15,088 14,400 - 17,400

Table 3 shows that the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of

Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) both fall in the

standard values. The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly

greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous

coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common

fuel.

21

The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced by its combustion

(burnt). The calorific value can thus be used to calculate the competitiveness of a

processed fuel in a given market situation. The standard calorific value of wood is

14,400 - 17,400 kJ/kg. The mean calorific value of the Treatment A (mango + sawdust)

is 15,088 kJ/kg which is comparable to the typical calorific value of coal which ranges

from 15,000 - 27,000. On the other hand, the mean calorific value of Treatment B

(papaya + sawdust) is 14,150 kJ/kg is lower compared to the typical calorific value of

coal. Hence, based on calorific value Treatment A (mango + sawdust) has better potential

as fuel briquette over Treatment B (papaya + sawdust).

The ash content of both briquettes in the two treatments is also comparable to the

typical ash content of bituminous coal which ranges from 3.3% to 11.7%.

The approximate moisture content of Treatment A and Treatment B are 69.00%

and 74.00%, respectively. The approximate moisture content of the briquettes in both

treatments, however, is higher than the typical moisture content of bituminous coal,

which ranges from 2.2% to 15.9%.

Table 4. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Ash ContentTREATMENT MANGO + SAWDUST PAPAYA + SAWDUST

Mean 10.48% 10.14%St. Dev. 0.006115826 0.003365Hypothesized Difference 0Difference 0.00343P-value (two-tailed at α=0.05) 0.4423

Table 4 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of approximate ash

content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data gathered shows that

there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P-value (0.4423) is

22

greater than the level of significance (0.05) hence null hypothesis is not rejected. This

implies that the approximate ash contents of Treatment A (mango + sawdust) and

Treatment B (papaya + sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is

probably because the ash contents measured were just approximation since the method

performed were not very reliable due to lack of time.

Table 5. Statistical Test for Results in Approximate Moisture ContentTREATMENT MANGO + SAWDUST PAPAYA + SAWDUST

Mean 74.00% 69%St. Dev. 0.04 0.070238Hypothesized Difference 0Difference 0.04667P-value (two-tailed at α=0.05) 0.3739

Table 5 shows the result of the t-test performed on the values of approximate

moisture content of fuel briquettes for each treatment. The statistical data gathered shows

that there is no significant difference between the two treatments since P-value (0.3739)

is greater than the level of significance (0.05). This implies that the approximate

moisture content of Treatment A (mango + sawdust) and Treatment B (papaya +

sawdust) fuel briquettes are statistically the same. This is probably because the moisture

contents measured were just approximation since the method performed were not very

reliable due to lack of time.

23

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary

This study was conducted to produce an effective fuel briquette. There were two

treatments and three sample produce and each has its own proportion of mango and

papaya peelings and sawdust. Treatment A has the combination of mango peelings and

sawdust, while the treatment B has the combination of papaya peelings and sawdust. The

treatments made, have good result in terms of moisture content, ash content and calorific

value.

Results showed that the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of

Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and Treatment B (mango + sawdust) both fall in the

standard values. The mean approximate moisture content, however, is significantly

greater than the standard values. The standard ash and moisture content of bituminous

coal and standard calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common

fuel.

B. Conclusion

1.) The approximate ash content of Treatment A (papaya + sawdust) and

Treatment B (mango + sawdust) are 10.14 % and 10.48%, respectively.

24

The approximate moisture contents are 69.00% and 74.00%, respectively.

While the calorific value are 14,150 kJ/kg and 15,000 kJ/kg, respectively.

Both the mean calorific value and approximate ash content of Treatment A

and B are within the standard values. The mean approximate moisture

content, however, is significantly greater than the standard values. The

standard ash and moisture content of bituminous coal and standard

calorific value of wood was used in this table since it is a very common

fuel.

2.) There is no significant difference in the calorific value, ash content and

moisture content of the briquettes between treatments.

C. Recommendation

Future researchers are recommended to:

1. Use other biodegradable wastes that are abundant and easy to find. Such

biodegradable wastes could be coconut husks, dry leaves, and sawdust. It

must also be noted that the biodegradable waste be dry and be easily

burned. Biomass residues and by products are available in abundance at:

Agro-processing centers (rice husks, bagasse, molasses, coconut shells,

groundnut shells, maize cobs, potato waste, coffee waste), farms (rice

straw, cotton stalks, jute sticks) forests (bark, chips, shavings, sawdust,

thinning and logging wastes).

2. Use an effective binder such as cornstarch for a more compact briquette.

3. To add more parameters like density of the briquettes.

25

4. Improve the methods of determining the ash content and moisture

content.

5. Use an oven to determine the moisture content and a furnace to determine

the ash content, instead of just sun drying the briquettes. Such equipments

could be found in the CSM laboratory.

26

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Unpublished PaperBorja, Ruby Jane E. (2007). Banana and Pineapple Peelings for Fuel Briquette .

Integrated Developmental School, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. A research paper

Mag-usara, Liberti P (n.d.). Fuel Briquettes from Dried Banana Leaves and Waste Paper. Zamboanga del Sur National High School. Pagadian City. Retrieved April 28, 2012 from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:5_9WsgxNpK4J:119.123/resourcematerials/ACADEME/list%2520of%2520abstracts%2520of%2520investigatory%

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APPENDIX A

DOCUMENTATION

Figure2. Blending fruits Figure3. Extracting Liquid

Figure4. Weighing fruit peelings

Figure5. Molding Briquettes Using Plastic Cups.

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Figur 6. Drying briquettes Figure7. Briquettes after burning

for ash content

Figure8. Determining calorific value using bomb calorimeter.

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APPENDIX B

DATA GATHERED

Table6. Sample Computation of Mango Sawdust

Component Mass Before Sun-Drying

Mass After Sun-Drying

Ash Weight

Ash Content

Moisture Content

Mango + Sawdust 1 50g 11g 1.135 10.32% 78%

Mango + Sawdust 2 50g 13g 1.451 11.16% 74%

Mango + Sawdust 3 50g 15g 1.4956 9.97% 70%

Table7. Sample Computation of Papaya Sawdust

Component Mass Before Sun-Drying

Mass After Sun-Drying

Ash Weight

Ash Content

Moisture Content

Papaya + Sawdust 1 50g 19g 1.9045 10.02% 62%

Papaya + Sawdust 2 50g 15g 1.4822 9.88% 70%

Papaya + Sawdust 3 50g 12g 1.1571 10.52% 76%

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Allysah Ameenah Macakiling Ismael Nickname: Alisa, Ly, Date of Birth: June 11, 1996Place of Birth: Iligan CityHome Adress: Erlinda Ville del Carmen, Iligan CityFather’s Name: Bangki Bao IsmaelOccupation: BusinessmanMother’s Name: Hafsah Macakiling IsmaelOccupation: Government EmployeeSiblings:Brothers’ Names:

Ali Najib Macakiling IsmaelAnwaar Nabil Macakiling Ismael

Sisters’ Names:Amerah Fatmah Macakiling IsmaelJehan Macakiling Ismael

Educational Background:Elementary: Iligan City East Central SchoolHigh school: Iligan Developmental School

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Michelle Mae Serate Roque Nickname: MichDate of Birth: 1996Place of Birth: Iligan CityHome Adress: Serate Cmpd. Tibanga Iligan CityFather’s Name: Pablo Caina RoqueOccupation: EngineerMother’s Name: Miriam Danette Serate RoqueOccupation: Government EmployeeBrother’s Name: Michael Paul Serate RoqueEducational Background: Elementary: Mary Infant Jesus SchoolHigh school: Iligan Developmental School

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