biomass for district heating 14 october 2016 · 10/8/2016 · pre-insulated pipe, buried circa...
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Biomass for District Heating – 14th October 2016Paul WoodsHead of Energy Partnerships – East [email protected]
ENGIE Urban Energy Largest DE Business in the UK
2
£2.5bn revenue stream over the
concessions
77,000 tonnes CO2 saved
per annum
270 GWh energy sales
per annum
London
Olympic Park & Stratford City
ExCeL Exhibition Centre
Bloomsbury Heat and Power
Southampton Geothermal
Eastleigh
South Coast
Leicester District Energy
Birmingham District Energy
Coventry District Energy
Midlands
The Committee on Climate Change verdict on the buildings sector (report to Parliament 2015)
Page 3
Energy transport options
Page 4
Building or
industrial Heat
Demand
Fuel Source:
gas, biomass
Boiler
CHP
Electricity Source:
gas, nuclear,
renewable
Direct
Heat Pump
Heat Sources: CHP,
biomass,heat pump,geothermal,
solar
District Heating Network
Solar
What is District Energy?
5
Piped heating or cooling services to buildings
Pre-insulated pipe, buried circa 1-1.5m below ground in the highway
Pipe can be plastic (PEX, PB) or steel with polyurethane or PE foam insulation and
an HDPE outer casing
Heat losses generally < 0.5°C per km, 10% - 15% annual heat losses
Reliability ~ 100% (e.g. 99.99% for Birmingham since scheme start)
Networks last for 30-50 years
Energy density is key, i.e. Size of heat load and distance from network
Why use district heating?
Wider range of low carbon, low cost heat sources e.g. heat from power stations, industry
Higher efficiencies for heat production plant than at building scale
Economies of scale at central heat production plant – capex and opex
Lower impact on the environment – e.g. heat from remote power stations
Bulk purchase of fuel
Diversity of demand improves load factor on central plant – longer operating hours
Flexible operation with multiple heat sources – contribution to managing the electricity
grid
More cost-effective heat storage
Space saving in buildings
BUT – all of the above benefits are needed to offset the costs of installing the
heat network!
Page 6
www.cibse.org/CP1
Policy support for heat networks/district heating
Local: Planning policies promote connections to heat
networks
National: Heat Networks Delivery Unit formed in DECC –
providing grants for feasibility studies, RHI supports some
technologies
EU: Energy Efficiency Directive requires national
assessment of the potential for heat networks and policies
to deliver heat networks where appropriate. Also promotes
use of heat meters in heat networks
What is the UK potential for Heat Networks?
UK heat demand for building is 540TWh: 410TWh domestic, 130TWh non-domestic
2% of market is supplied from heat networks
Page 8
Source HN Potential
(TWh)
% of heat
demand
BRE/PB Power,
2003
114 21%
Defra, 2007 (at
3.5% discount rate)
230 42%
Poyry/Faber
Maunsell 2009
76 14%
Delta-EE (housing
study only) 2012
139 34%
ETI, 2012 232 43%
What is required for a successful DH heat source?
Low cost – to finance cost of heat network
Low carbon – and lower than can be achieved at building scale
Low technical and commercial risk
Low impact on the environment
Flexibility and responsiveness
Compatible with temperatures needed for DH – typically 70C to 95C
Page 9
Available Heat Sources for DH
Primary
Gas-engine CHP
Biomass boiler
Extraction of heat from thermal power
plant (waste, biomass, gas CCGT)
Fuel cell CHP (renewable derived
hydrogen)
Heat pump (river, marine, minewater,
low grade industrial waste heat)
Deep geothermal
Supporting
Solar
Industrial waste heat
Electrode boiler
Gas boiler
Page 10
Decentralised Energy Generation – Combined Heat & Power
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Electricity generated locally –
instead of at power stations -
avoiding transmission power losses
The “waste” heat is used for space
heating and hot water - instead of
being rejected to atmosphere at
power stations
Local, low-carbon energy
generation and consumption
Decentralised Energy Generation – Combined Heat & Power
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Biomass – Woodchip Boiler Plant
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Sustainably sourced woodchip
Renewable heat
Support from RHI
Space implications
Useful Energy as
Heat
Carbon
Cycle
CO2
Comparison of DH heat sources
Page 14
DH Source Cost (excl
incentives)
Carbon Risk Environment/
Sustainability
Flexibility
Gas-engine CHP?
Biomass boiler
Extraction from
power station
(incl biomass)
?
Fuel cell CHP,
hydrogen
Heat pump?
Deep
geothermal
Solar
Industrial waste
heat ?Electrode boiler
?
Comparison of heat sources
Page 15
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400 500
CO
2 c
on
ten
t o
f h
eat
(g/
kWh
)
Electricity emission factor (g/kWh)
CO2 content of heat
Gas boiler 85%
CHP 37%/40%
Heat Pump - CoP =3
Electrode boiler
Power station extraction
2050Gas
CCGT
Biomass woodchip
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park & Stratford City District Energy Scheme
Sustainability Credentials
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Carbon Savings (Core Consumers):
~11,700 tonnes p.a.
~ 60% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to conventional gas boilers
Energy is provided at a similar price to conventional high carbon systems
Chillers use ammonia as refrigerant with zero global warming potential
Core Customers
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Main Stadium Aquatic Centre
Westfield StratfordVelodrome
Athletes’ Village / East Village
Energy Centre(s)
Off Park Developments
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Hackney Wick
• 4MW – 8MW Peak heat
demand
Chobham Farm
• 2MW – 4MW Peak heat
demand
Stratford Island
• 8MW – 14MW Peak heat
demand
Carpenters
Estate
• 9MW – 31MW Peak heat
demand
Genesis
Heating & Cooling Networks
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16 km of pipe installed across
the site providing heat &
chilled water.
The Kings Yard Energy Centre
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Kings Yard (Olympic Park)
3.1 MWe CHP
4.0 MW Absorption Chiller
3.5 MW biomass boiler
40 MW conventional boilers
14 MW VC Chillers
Kings Yard Energy Centre
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Biomass BoilerChillers
Gas Fired CHP
Gas Boilers
Operating biomass and CHP – July 2016
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Summary of biomass for DH
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Advantages
Renewable, lowest carbon source available
Economic with RHI
Less sensitive to return temperatures
Reliable – ideal for baseload
Disadvantages
Space required for boiler and stores
Requirements
Consistent fuel supply, moisture content,
contamination and size all to be within limits
Sustainably sourced and minimise transport
energy
Price
