biomass plants resources, opportunities, and constraints resources soil & water quality...
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Biomass Plants
Resources, Opportunities, and Constraints
Resources
Soil & Water Quality Improvement
Health Benefits
Potential Resources
Potential Resources
TAREK ALSHAAL
Biofuels
•First-generation biofuels:
'First-generation' or conventional biofuels are made from sugar, starch, or vegetable oil.
•Second-generation (advanced) biofuels:
Second-generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock. Many second-generation biofuels are under development such as Cellulosic ethanol, Algae fuel, biohydrogen and biomethanol
What is BIOMASS?
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material.
Categories of biomass materials
There are five basic categories of material: Virgin wood, from forestry, arboricultural activities or from wood processing Energy crops: high yield crops grown specifically for energy applications; - Short rotation energy crops - Grasses and non-woody energy crops - Agricultural energy crops - Aquatics (hydroponics) Agricultural residues: residues from agriculture harvesting or processing Food waste, from food and drink manufacture, preparation and processing, and post-consumer waste Industrial waste and co-products from manufacturing and industrial processes.
Advantages of Agriculturally-based Biomass Resources
Energyutilization of sustainable resources – sustainable energy balance
Environmentaldecreased CO2, SOx, and mercury emissionsimproved localized air qualityimproved water qualitypotential for carbon sequestration
Economicimprovement of foreign trade balance
Securitydecreased petroleum dependence
Environmental Advantages of Energy Crops
Rainfall and wind soil erosion reductionHerbaceous energy crops provide excellent
continuous cover significantly reducing surface rainfall impact and wind forces
Surface runoff reductionHerbaceous energy crops have extensive
root systems allowing for greater infiltration (decreased risk of flooding)
Nitrogen and agricultural chemical mitigationHerbaceous energy crops use less nitrogen,
phosphorus, and agricultural chemicals than
conventional commodity crops
Increased soil organic carbonExtensive root system of switchgrass allows for carbon sequestrationSwitchgrass for renewable energy purposes provides a “psuedo closed-carbon” loop → significant reduction in the greenhouse gas CO2
Restoration of marginal lands
Topsoil Completely Eroded from Rainfall Erosion
Marginal Lands in Need of Restoration
Perennial Biomass PlantsMany factors that disqualify land for annual cropping
may not apply to perennial crops!
Environmental Advantages of Perennial Biomass ProductionExposure to wind and water erosion occurs primarily during establishment of annual crops is minimized with perennials
Perennials can provide N fixation, decrease in rainfall erosion impact, and provide windbreaks
Perennial Biomasses could reduce NPS pollution while also providing a return to the landowner through alternative energy production (double-benefit)
Energetic Advantages of Perennial Biomass ProductionSince the living plant, instead of the processing plant, adds the energy benefit, the energy ratio (ER) will be higher
Castor (SW KS & TX)
Chinese Tallow Tree
Giant reed Miscanthus
ConstraintsAgricultural Biomass Resource & Production
Issues
Land Resourcearable versus non-arable – crops & production competing uses and cost/benefit
Environmental Concerns production versus soil quality (soil erosion)water quality water resourcesoil tilth & carbon cycle
Quantity of Sustainable Resource
Others?
Potential Renewable Energy and Environmental/Pollution Credit Markets
for Agriculturally-based Biomass Resources
Renewable Energy Credits and Environmental/Pollution Trading Markets
Sale of end-use energies derived from bioenergy
Air emission credits for CO2, SOx, NOx, mercury
Water quality/pollution trading (sediment, nutrient and chemical savings)
Example modeled cumulative, 24-year soil erosion (total tons) comparison between switchgrass and four conventional commodity crops on two major soil types in Pottawatomie county, Kansas.
Soil Type Switchgrass Corn Soybeans Wheat Grain Sorghum
Pawnee 0.34 30.28 33.42 11.21 33.54 Clime 0.77 68.87 76.98 27.86 76.93
1.071.081.041.101.091.13After
0.980.981.001.001.021.02Before
K2O (%)
0.0870.0880.0850.0910.0780.067After
0.0380.0380.0390.0390.0410.041Before
P2O5 (%)
0.2180.2070.2120.2240.1960.235After
0.1800.1800.1750.1750.1700.170Before
N (%)
3.023.033.003.052.973.28After
2.972.972.802.802.682.68Before
Carbon (%)
4.024.013.984.013.954.00After
4.014.014.004.003.913.91Before
pH
Guinea 3 Trichanthera gigantea
Guinea 2Sugar CGuinea 1Flemingia macrophylla
Parameters
Nutrient status of soil before planting biomass crops and 20 months later
Nguyen et al., 2000:Workshop-seminar "Making better use of local feed resources" SAREC-UAF, January , 2000
Switchgrass grown for bioenergy:Soil carbon storage in 5 years: 0-30 cm
Phytoremediation
• Phytoremediation is the use of plants, trees and herbaceous species to eliminate or degrade contaminants or reduce their bioavailability in both water and soil.
• Many chemical species that can be treated with phytoremediation techniques, which comprise– heavy metals– organic compounds such as pesticides,
solvents, and other persistent pollutants (PCB´s)
PHYTOEXTRACTION OF HEAVY METALS
The most common heavy metals are:Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn
Are often very toxic to living organisms over a certain concentration threshold
HYPERACCUMULATOR SPECIESRepresent <0,2% of all angiosperms
~400 species are hyperaccumulators
HYPERACCUMULATION THRESHOLDS: Zn, Mn: 10 000 mG/KG
Co, Cu, Ni, Se: 1 000 mG/KG Cd: 100 mG/KG
These thresholds are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in normal plant species
WHICH PLANT SPECIES FOR PHYTOEXTRACTION?
Alyssum serpyllifolium
Brassica juncea
Liriodendron tulipifera
Pteris vittata
Thlaspi caerulescens
HYPERACCUMULATOR SPECIES &
PHYTOREMEDIATION PLANTS
Pteris vittata
* nd : Nt Determine
Soils IDCd Cd Pb Pb
Before Nem Autok. Autoc. Before Nem Autok. Autok.
DGS 0,12 0,06 0,04 4,50 0,60 0,66
DAS 0,12 0,00 0,04 3,86 0,64 0,70
KNS 0,22 0,04 0,06 1,46 0,56 0,50
KCS 0,18 0,00 0,04 1,06 0,36 0,38
KIS 0,28 0,06 0,08 3,44 0,52 0,44
KNS+KIS nd 0,06 0,02 nd 0,36 0,38
Available concentrations of soil heavy metals after Arundo donax planting (mg/kg)
Soil
Soils IDFe Fe Ni Ni
Before Nem Autok. Autok. Before Nem Autok. Autok.
DGS 58,00 7,82 7,38 1,84 0,40 0,50
DAS 32,00 6,70 3,92 1,08 0,42 0,42
KNS 52,00 9,84 6,98 1,20 0,46 0,32
KCS 36,00 8,32 8,40 0,84 0,28 0,22
KIS 74,00 14,14 9,90 0,50 0,32 0,26
KNS+KIS nd 10,08 8,06 nd 0,38 0,30
Advantages of Phytoremediation
• Cost effective when compared to other more
conventional methods.• “nature” method, more aesthetically pleasing.• minimal land disturbance.• reduces potential for transport of contaminants by wind, reduces soil erosion• hyperaccumulaters of contaminants mean a much smaller volume of toxic waste.• multiple contaminants can be removed with the same plant.
Economic potential
Based on Kruger et al., 1997, non-bio-based remediation technology cost:
in situ: $10 to $100 / m3 ex situ: $30 to $300 / m3
Specialized techniques such as in situ vitrification can easily surpass $1000/m3.
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Raskin and Ensley, 2000
Raskin and Ensley, 2000
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