biomass venkat rev2 2003

8/6/2019 Biomass Venkat Rev2 2003

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BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE

ENERGY SOURCE

Presentation by

A.Venkatasami,

EEE,Einstein College of Engineering.

Courtesy: Prof.Renald



B E T T E R A V A I L A B I L I T Y

O F B I O M A S S !No Residue Availability

million tons / yCoal Equivalentmillion tons / y

1 Paddy Hay 100 602 Rice Husk 30 203 Jute Sticks 25 104 Wheat Straw

50 385 Cotton Stalks 20 176 Bagasse & Cane Trash 40 307 Coconut Husk & Shell 5 5

8 Saw Dust 10 109 Firewood ? ?

10 Others( Tapioca, Cotton etc.

)

25 20

Total 305 210



POWER GENERATION POTENTIAL FROM

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)



WASTE TO ENERGY ( WTE ) PROJECTS



WASTE TO ENERGY ( WTE ) TECHNOLOGIES



MNES: Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy M0A : Ministry of Agriculture &

MoEF : Ministry of Environment & Forest &Fisheries

Refuse Derived Fuel



End Products of Biomass

Energy

Ethanol

Bio-Gas

Bio-diesel

Other

plastics, glue, brake fluid, etc.



Ethanol

Ethanol is an alcoholthat is distilled fromcorn.

Mix ethanol withgasoline. It provides

a more efficientgasoline, producingless burning of fossilfuels in our car.

Shown in Fig 3.2; Aswith everything“The Carbon Cycle”is involved!

Figure 3.2

Source:www.eia.doe.gov



W H Y

B I O M A S S ??



Biomass is RenewableEnergy Source?

•Formation of Fossil Fuels takesmillions of Years – Long Term Carbon

Cycle

•Production of Biomass takes –

months to few years – Short TermCarbon Cycle



F U E L S U I T A B I L I T Y



F U E L S U I T A B I L I T Y F U E L S U I T A B I L I T Y

F O R P O W E R G E N E R A T I O NF O R P O W E R G E N E R A T I O N

Woody Biomass Fuel is always preferred

Category Biomass Suitability for PowerGeneration

1 Woody Biomass Excellent

2 Bagasse Good

3 Rice Husk Good

4 Other Industrial Biomass Acceptable

5 Biomass from Field Level Acceptable

6 Trash, Coirpith etc., Questionable



F O R B I O M A S S P O W E R G E N E R A T IF O R B I O M A S S P O W E R G E N E R A T I

O NO N

1 (a) Combustion

(b) Cogeneration

(c) Co-firing

2 Gasification

3 Pyrolysis

4 Biomethanation



B U R N I N G T H E

B I O M A S S

I N P L A C E O F

C O A L / F O S S I L F U E L

I N A B O I L E R

B I O M A S S C O M B U S T I O N

B I O M A S S B A S E D




I N D E P E N D E N T P O W E R P L A N T





I N D E P E N D E N T P O W E R P L A N T

10 MW Biomass based power plant Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu



E S T I M A T E D

P O W E R

G E N E R A T I O N

P O T E N T I A L ( MSW)

I O M A S S F O R P O W E R G E N E R A T I O

P O S S I B L E ? ? ?



Combustion

Processed Biomass is sent to the boiler. Steam is

produced that rotates the turbine and generates

electricity.

Source: http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/biomass.html



as of Mar 20036 MW at A.P

BIOMASS BASED INDEPENDENT POWER PLANT ( I P P )

D I F F E R E N T B I O M A S S E S



as of Mar 20030

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

5 5

9 3 7 3

1 0 7 1 4

5 5

9 3 7 3

5 5

9 3 7 3

5 5

9 3 7 3

4 0

9 4 2 0

4 0

9 4 2 0

1 5 0 6 2

1 5 0 6 2

7 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

7 5 8 6 4

7 5 8 6 4

1 0 7 1 4

1 0 7 1 4

2 2 5 1 8

2 2 5 1 8

7 0 0 0

1 0 7 1 4

D I F F E R E N T B I O M A S S E S

U S E D B Y A N I P P

Redgram Stalks

Greengram Stalks

Bengalgram Stalks

Sunflower Stalks

Safflower Stalks

Redgram Stalks from Storage

Blackgram Stalks from Storage

Average Fuel Required

B I O M A S S P O W E R P L A N T SB I O M A S S P O W E R P L A N T S



B I O M A S S P O W E R P L A N T SB I O M A S S P O W E R P L A N T S

I N I N D I AI N I N D I A

No State Biomass PowerMW

1 A n d h r a P r a d e s h 108.7

2 C h a t t i s g a r h 11.03 G u j a r a t 0.54 H a r y a n a 4.05 K a r n a t a k a 10.0

6 M a h a r a s h t r a 3.57 P u n j a b 10.08 T a m i l n a d u 16.5

T o t a l 164.2

E C O N O M I C SE C O N O M I C S




F O R A B I O M A S S P O W E R P LF O R A B I O M A S S P O W E R P LA N TA N T

P L F = 70 % O & M = 4 %

Banking & Wheeling = 4 % Wages = 2 %

Interest on Capital = 12 %

Maximum permissible Biomass Cost for 6 MW Power Plant

1822.9

1640.6

1457.4

1274.6

1092.7

910

500

1500

2500

10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000

Gross Calorific Value (kJ / k

B i o m a s

s C o s t

( R s /

t o n )

U N V I A B L E Z O N E

V I A B L E Z O N E



A Biomass System

Biomass Fired Energy SystemBiomass Fired Energy System

Combustion Chamber & Boiler

for Energy Production

Automatic Fuel

Handling

Automatic Ash

Handling

Fluegas & Emission

Control

Bi St ti i G li



http://www.eere.energy.gov/biopower/pictures/biopowerfacilities.htm

Biomass Station in Grayling,

MICHIGAN STATE.



S E Q U E N T I A LG E N E R A T I O N

O FS T E A M

&P O W E R

F R O M T H E S A M E F U E

C O G E N E R A T I O N ?



C O - G E N E R A T I O N P O T E N T I A L



No Type of Industry MW

1 Sugar 5200

2 Distilleries 2900

3 Rice Mills 1000

4 Paper & Pulp 850

5 Breweries 250 – 400

6 Solvent Extraction 220 – 350

7 Dairies 70

8 Plywood Industries 50

Total 10 820

C O G E N E R A T I O N P O T E N T I A L

I N A G R O I N D U S T R I E S

( V e r y C o n s e r v a t i v e E s t i m a t e )

Emphasis is on Sugar Mills for their better Potential



16.7 MW BagasseCogeneration

Project using 87 ata Boiler



C O G E N E R A T I O N

No State CogenerationMW

1 A n d r a P r a d e s h 35.35

2 K a r n a t a k a 99.383 M a h a r a s h t r a 21.004 P u n j a b

12.005 T a m i l n a d u 89.50

6 U t t a r P r a d e s h 46.50

Total 303.73

P O W E R U T I L I Z A T I O N P AT T E R NP O W E R U T I L I Z A T I O N P AT T E R N



P O W E R U T I L I Z A T I O N P AT T E R NP O W E R U T I L I Z A T I O N P AT T E R N

I NI N

S U G A R M I L LS U G A R M I L L

Inhouse Use

36 %

Export

64 % Inhouse Use

10 %

Export

90 %

O F FS E A S O N

S E A S O N

90 % of Power Generated can be exported.

An attractive option indeed.





O F A C O G E N E R A T I O N P L A N TO F A C O G E N E R A T I O N P L A N T

• Mill capacity - 5 000 tpd

• Cane Crushing Period - 210 days / year

• Non Crushing Period - 140 days / year

• Maintenance Schedule - 15 days / year

• Hence Bagasse produced- ( 5 000 x 210 x 0.3 )= 3 15 000 tons / year

• Steam Generation - ( 3 15 000 x 2 )

= 6 30 000 tons / year

• Power Production Possiblethrough cogen scheme - 1 26 000 MWh / year( back pressure turbine ) ( 5 tons / h ≡ 1 MW )



• Cost realization - ( 1 26 000 MWh x Rs 4 500 /

MWh )

= Rs 56.7 crores

• Sugar Production - ( 5 000 x 210 x 0.10 )

= 1 05 000 tons

• Cost realization

@ Rs 11 000 / ton - ( 1 05 000 x 11 000 )

= Rs 105 crores

Overall Cost realization = Rs ( 56.7 + 105 ) crores

= Rs 161.7 crores

S

E

A

SO

N

• Power Generation - Rs 25.3 crores / y



Power Generation Rs 25.3 crores / y( after accounting for fuel cost )

• Cost realization through

Sugar Production - Nil

Overall Cost realization = Rs 25.3 crores

Total Inflow = Rs ( 161.7 + 25.3 ) crores

= Rs 187 crores / y( Rs 105 crores from Sugar

Rs 82 crores from Power )

Power

4 3 %

Sugar

5 7%

O F F

S E A S O N



C O F I R I N G



BURNING TWO OR MOREFUELS

FOR THE SAME APPLICATION

C O F I R I N G

• Coal + Rice Husk

• Coal + Refuse Derived Fuel

( RDF )

B E N E F I T S



B E N E F I T S

Reduced dependence on Fossil Fuels

Related Environmental Benefits

Effective & Economical in the presentfuel crisis

Will become a Popular Interim

Measure for Pollution Mitigation

Marginal Variation in Boiler



B I O M A S S

G A S I F I C A T I O N

A Two Step Endothermic Process

Thermo Chemical Conversion of

Biomass into a Low or Medium

Calorific Value Gas.

Solid Fuel Gaseous Fuel

A P P L I C A T I O N



A P P L I C A T I O N& A D V A N T A G E S

T h e r m a l

E l e c t r i c a l

T W O

F O L D Better Conversion Efficiency

Fuel Flexibility

Low Maintenance

Decentralized Energy Generation



T H E R M A LT H E R M A L

A P P L I C A T I O N SA P P L I C A T I O N S



DOSA BURNER KNIFE TYPE



DOSA BURNER – KNIFE TYPET V S SRICHAKRA, MADURAI



SAMBAR & RASAM PREPARATION

Circular Burner T V S SRICHAKRA, MADURAI

E C O N O M I C S



Quantum of Diesel Consumed for Cooking = 6 500 lit / month

Landed Cost of Diesel = Rs 16.17 / lit

LPG Consumption for Cooking = 80 cyl. / month

(each 17 kg / cyl)

Landed Cost of LPG = Rs 390 / cylinder

Total Fuel Cost for Cooking

before modification = Rs 1 36 305

Capacity of Gasifier recommended for

replacing Diesel & LPG based Cooking = 2 50 000 kcal / h

Biomass Requirement / month = 28.3 tons

( Coconut Shell )

Landed Cost of Coconut Shell = Rs 2 050 / ton

E C O N O M I C S



Total Fuel Cost for Cooking

after modification = Rs 58 015 / month

Savings achieved by Biomass Gasfn = Rs 78 290 / month

Investment Required

(inclusive of Gasifier, Burner, Biomass = Rs 10.1 lakhs

Conveyors & Instrumentation)

Simple Payback = ( 10 10 000 / 9 39 480 )

= 13 months (without CFA)

E C O N O M I C S



Case Study 2 : T E X T I L E I N D U S T R I E S

• Typical operating Thermal Efficiency of a wood

based dyeing unit is low ( 15 - 25 % ).

• Gasification - best viable alternative

P E R F O R M A N C E S O B S E R V E D A F T E R R



No Parameter Unit Existing SystemGasifier Coupled

System

1 Time taken by Hot Water Bath for attaining the required dyeing temp

min100 30

2 Temperature Maintainability Difficult Relatively Easier

3 Drop in bath temp during dipping C 5 1

4 Flame Initiator Dried Coconut Leaves,

Paper, Cart board etc., Charcoal (200 gms)

5 Flame initiation time min 20 5

6 Fuel Wood Wood Chips

7 Flame DescriptionFlame propagates

beyond the vessel

Flame is contained

within the vessel

8 Process time h 7 5.25

9 Wood Consumption kg 103 80

10 Workers Experience

Troublesome due to

smoke & more timeconsuming Easier to dye

11 Dyeing Master’s Comment

Smoky, Breakage of

Stove, Quality

degradation due to non-

uniform temperature

Smokeless, Better

Controllability

12 Owner’s Comment Drawbacks are thereCapital Investment is

on the higher side

E T R O F I T T I N G W I T H B I O M A S S G A S I F I E

R

Contd…



• Standard Energy Cost reduced by : 5 0 %

• Productivity increased by : 1 6 %

• Payback < 1 year



P o w e rG e n e r a t i o n

P O W E R G E N E R A T I O N



G A S I F I E R



B A S E D P O W E R S Y S T E M

Comprises1 Gasifier

2 Engine

3 Alternator

4 Substation

Among these 1 & 2 are important

as the Power Generation depends

entirely on these

A N T A G E S & E C O N O M I C S



Diesel Generator Sets uses Producer Gas instead of Diesel

100 % Gas Engines are available

Power Generation Cost

Diesel Mode alone - 350 ml / kWh i.e., @ Rs 7.7 / kWh

Gasifier Mode - 1.25 kg of wood / kWh

( 100 % Gas Engine ) i.e., @ Rs 1.25 / kWh

Savings per unit - Rs 6.5 / kWh

( Conservative Estimate ) Technically Viable & Economically Feasible

A N T A G E S & E C O N O M I C S



B I O M E T H A N A T I O N - P R O C E SS



• Organic fraction of the wastes are digested /

decomposed

• Methanogenic bacteria influences the process

• Biogas and Organic Sludge / Slurry are

generated

• Generated Biogas comprises

Methane - 64 %

CO2 - 40 %

NH3 & H2S - traces

Calorific Value - 5000 kcal / m3

S



2 MW power generation project utilizing Sago industry liquid

waste at Ms. Varalakshmi Company, Salem, Tamil Nadu

P O W E R F R O M S A GP O W E R F R O M S A GOO



OO

Sago, the common edible starch, processed

from the tubers of tapioca, is a major industryin the Salem district of Tamil Nadu state inSouth India.

Processing of tapioca requires 20,000-30,000 lof water per ton of Sago;

Besides it produces equal quantity of wastewater,

P O W E R F R O M S A GP O W E R F R O M S A GOO



OO

Tube

rSkinPeelin

g

T

uber

InnerS

kin

-

ManualPe e

ling

SagoE

fflue

nt

Biome

thana t

ion

ofSago

Case Study :



Case Study :

• 850 Tapioca Processing Industries in Salem,

Attur Belt of Tamilnadu alone.

• Average Crushing Capacity = 80 tpd

• Energy Share = Thermal 6 7 %

Electrical 3 3 %

• Energy Cost Share = Thermal 0 8 %

Electrical 9 2 %

• Enhanced Fuel Utilization Technology :

Anaerobic Treatment of Effluent Water for

Power Generation





• Production Capacity = 500 tpd of Sago

• Connected Power Load = 280 kW

• Technology Adopted = High Rate Biomethanation of

Effluent Water

• Daily Effluent Generation = 625 m3

• Biogas Generation = 5875 m3 / day ( 50 – 60 % Methane )

• Project Cost = Rs 140 lakhs

• Savings Expected = Rs 60 lakhs / y

• Simple Payback Period = 28 months

A D V A N T A G E SA D V A N T A G E S



O F E F F L U E N T U T I L I Z A T I OO F E F F L U E N T U T I L I Z A T I ONN

• Solves completely the pollution problem

• Avoids the consumption of both Firewood and Electricity

• Produces high quality of Biogas – Smokeless Atmosphere

• Economically Attractive (Payback Period is Low)

• Reduces Deforestation

• Produces Treated Water for Irrigation

• Avoids Chemical Sludge Production through Aerobic

Digestion and on the contrary produces Bio-fertilizers

N I G H T S O I L B I O G A S P L A N TS



S



N I G H T S O I L B I O G A S P L A N T



S

Night Soil

Human Excreta 0.5 kg / day / person

Human Urine 1 kg / day / person

Night Soil Solids Liquid Total

gm / day / person

Excreta 100 400 500

Urine 4 996 1000

Total 104 1396 1500

B I O G A S P R O D U C T I O N

F R O M V A R I O U S F E E D S T O C K S



F R O M V A R I O U S F E E D S T O C K S

No Feed Stock Gas Production

Rate m3 / kg

1 Pig Excreta 0.08

2 Human Excreta 0.07

3 Chicken 0.062

4 Camel Dung 0.056

5 Horse Dung 0.045

6 Sheep Dung 0.042

7 Cow Dung 0.036

8 Buffalo Dung 0.036

B E N E F I T S



B E N E F I T S

1 Hygienic disposal human waste2 Provides rich organic manure

3 Water from plant ( treated ) can be used for Gardening

( i.e ) Water Conservation

4 Reduces / eliminates the energy consumption for sewage

treatment / transferring the waste

5 Least recurring maintenance cost than conventional sewerage

methods

Saves the LPG Consumption for

Thermal Application

E C O N O M I C S



• Strength = 500 students

• LPG Requirement = ( 500 persons x 70 gm of LPG / person / day )

= 35 kg of LPG / day

• Biogas Generation = ( 500 persons x 0.028 m3 / person / day )

= 14 m3 of Biogas / day

≈ 6.3 kg of LPG / day

• Cost Savings = ( 6.3 kg of LPG / day x Rs 30 / kg of LPG

x 365 day / y )

= Rs 68 985 / year

≈ Rs 69 000 / year

• Investment Required

for 14 m3 Biogas Plant = Rs 2 00 000

• Simple Payback Period = ( 2 00 000 / 69 000 )

< 3 years



(The decomposition of a material due toheat

in the absence of oxygen or any otherreagents)

P Y R O L Y S I SP Y R O L Y S I S



Thermal Decomposition of Organic Matter under Vacuum or inert

atmospheric conditions

Partial Combustion

Involves Complex Series & Parallel Reactions resulting in the following

three products :

Solid - Char

Liquid - Tar & Pyroligneous Acid

Gas - Mixture of CO, CO2, H2, N2…



1 Traditional Charcoal Making

Vapour & Gases are not collected



P Y R O L Y T I C Y I E L DP Y R O L Y T I C Y I E L D( 1000 kg of Firewood )( 1000 kg of Firewood )



Charcoal 300 kg

Gas 140 m3

Methyl Alcohol 14 lts

Acetic Acid 53 lts

Esters 8 lts

Acetone 3 lts

Wood Oil & Light Tar 76 lts

Creosote Oil 12 lts

Pitch 30 kg

( 1000 kg of Firewood )( 1000 kg of Firewood )

Economical for Charcoal Production

Cost of Input ( Firewood ) = Rs 1 000

Cost of Charcoal Produced = Rs 1 200

( @ Rs 4 000 / ton )`

ADVANTAGES



OF

BIOMASS UTILIZATION FOR ENERGY GENERATION

1 Biomass Burning is Quite Easy

2 Availability is ensured in almost all geographical locations

3 Long Term assured Energy Supply

4 Energy Produced is Cheaper

5 Higher energy capacity is possible (from a few kW to several MW)

6 Low Capital Investment & Low Gestation Period

7 Amenable to Storage

Contd..

ADVANTAGES



8 CO2 Neutral

9 Environmental Improvements Achieved

10 Generates Rural Employment

OF

BIOMASS UTILIZATION FOR ENERGY GENERATION



Financial Analysis of MSW WTE Facility(Capacity: 150 TPD)



( p y )




( p y )

Wish you to



y

get INVOLVED in any form on

BIOMASS POWER GENERATION

Let’s do our bit for our Nation

biomass venkat rev2 2003

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