biomaterials...10 covered topics 1. introduction and overview 2. properties of materials 3. metals...
TRANSCRIPT
Ming Li, Ph.D.
Professor of Materials Science and Engineering
Central South University
E-mail:[email protected]
Office: Room 308, Chemistry Building, Main Campus
BIOMATERIALS
Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview
Sept. 09, 2019
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Biography:
• Now, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering
• Postdoctoral:
Johns Hopkins University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Notre Dame
• PhD: West Virginia University
Our Research
Group website: www.ming-group.com
1. To explore novel materials, metamaterials: light-matter
interactions, plasmonics, fluorescence, surface-enhanced
Raman scattering, …
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2. To develop biosensors and non-invasive techniques for in
vitro diagnostics of early stage disease (i.e., cancer)
• blood
• urine• breath analysis
• saliva
What biomarkers?How many?
❖ Our Research
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• Wearable biosensors
Pregnancy test is in principle a lateral flow immunoassay
• Take-at-home diagnostics
❖ Our Research
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3. To develop theranostic (combined diagnostics with
therapy) solutions to diseases (i.e., cancers)
multifunctional
materials (i.e., drug, hyperthermia)
Biosensing
Bioimaging
Fluorescence
Surface-enhanced
Raman scattering
SPR, …
❖ Our Research
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BIOMATERIALS
Goals:
❑ Differentiate the class of biomaterials and understand
their intrinsic properties;
❑ Understand the principles of biomaterials design and
development;
❑ Have a broad knowledge of biomaterials including
metallic, polymeric, ceramic and composite and their use
in typical devices and clinical applications;
❑ Have a basic understanding of the human anatomy,
human histology, cell and genes in the context for the
design requirements of biomedical devices;
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❑Understand the responses of living tissues to implanted
biomaterials;
❑Be familiar with various evaluation techniques and
biomaterials and their medical devices;
❑Appreciate basic medical concepts and communicate
effectively with medical community;
❑Be familiar with methods of assessing the
biocompatibility;
❑Design and use biosensors and medical devices for
biomedical applications;
❑Understand regulations and ethical responsibilities in the
process of developing biomaterials and medical devices
Goals (contd.):
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Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to
Materials in Medicine (3rd Edition, 2013),
edited by B. Ratner, A. Hoffman, F. Schoen,
and J. Lemons, Elsevier Academic Press
ISBN: 978-0-12-374626-9
Textbook:
Free electronic version of this
book is available on-line!
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780123746269
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Covered Topics
1. Introduction and Overview
2. Properties of Materials
3. Metals as Biomaterials
4. Ceramics, glasses, and Glass-Ceramics
5. Carbon Biomaterials
6. Microparticles and Nanoparticles-1
7. Microparticles and Nanoparticles-2
8. Polymers as Biomaterials
9. Hydrogels
10. Porous Biomaterials and Composites
11. Cell Biology and Function, and Cell-Biomaterial Interaction
12. Tissue Engineering and Several Cases of Applications of
Biomaterials
13. Inflammation, Would Healing and the Foreign-Body Response
Dr. Vinh X Truong
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering
Monash University, Australia
Oct. 14-Nov. 01, 2019
one more class/week
What time?
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14. Biological Testing of Biomaterials-1
15. Biological Testing of Biomaterials-2
16. Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications of Biomaterials-1
17. Drug Delivery and Therapeutic Applications of Biomaterials-2
18. Biomaterials for in vivo Bioimaging
19. Surface Properties of Biomaterials
20. Surface Characterization of Biomaterials
21. Surface Modification and Surface-Protein Interactions
22. Surface Patterning
23. Medical Devices
24. Introduction to Biosensors
25. Optical Biosensors-1
26. Optical Biosensors-2
27. Bioelectrodes and Wearable Medical Devices
28. Cancer and Cancer Biology
29. Diagnostic Applications of Biomaterials
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Grading
❑ Biomaterials: 4 credit hours
20% class attendance
20% quiz&homework
60% exam
❑ Final grade:
❑ Weeks 3-18
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• Two class absences in total will be allowed without
excuse.
• Permission for class absence is needed with approval at
least 24 hours before class (e.g., emergency, sick, …).
• 30 min late will be treated as absence
Note
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• Turn off
• Airplane mode
No phone
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Slides can be downloaded from my website
after class:
www.ming-group.com
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BIOMATERIALS:
Introduction and Overview
Biomaterials Science: A Multidisciplinary Endeavor
❑ Biomaterials science addresses both therapeutics and
diagnostics. It encompasses basic sciences (biology, chemistry,
physics), and engineering and medicine.
❑ The translation of biomaterials science to clinically important
medical devices is dependent on:
a) sound engineering design;
b) testing in vitro, in animals and in humans;
c) clinical realities;
d) the involvement of industry permitting product
development and commercialization.
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The path from the basic science of biomaterials, to a
medical device, to clinical application:
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Definition of Biomaterials:
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical
device, intended to interact with biological systems.
—Williams, 1987
Definition of Biocompatibility:
“Biocompatibility” is the ability of a material to perform with an
appropriate host response in a specific application.
—Williams, 1987
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Biological Response to Contact with Materials
A study of the molecular and cellular events that follow
contact with biological fluids or tissues whether in vitro or
in vivo from initial contact to the eventual culmination of the
response.
1. Thrombosis
2. Hemolysis
3. Inflammation
4. Infection and Sterilization
5. Carcinogenesis
6. Hypersensitivity
7. Systemic Effects
…
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Biocompatible:
A general term meaning that a biomaterial, device or
construct can be brought into direct contact with living
tissue without:
• causing a harmful tissue reaction (pain, swelling or
necrosis) that could compromise function;
• causing a systemic toxic reaction; or
• having tumorigenic potential.
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Biocompatibility testing include procedures
designed to evaluate:
• cytotoxicity;
• acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity;
• irritation to skin, eyes, and mucosal surfaces;
• sensitization;
• hemocompatibility;
• short-term implantation effects;
• genotoxicity;
• carcinogenicity; and effects on reproduction,
including developmental effects.
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Key Applications of Synthetic Materials and Modified Natural Materials
in Medicine
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Biomaterials Market: Global Forecast to 2024
Biomaterials Market, by Region (USD Billion)
Source: Marketsandmarkets Analysis
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The Evolution of the Biomaterials Science
& Technology
▪ 1st generation (since 1950s)
Goal: Biointerness
▪ 2nd generation (since 1980s)
Goal: Bioactivity
▪ 3rd generation (since 2000s)
Goal: Regenerate functional
tissue
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Logic of Materials Science
Properties
• Physical
• Biological
Performance/Application
Structure
Synthesis
+processing
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Biomaterials include:
• Metals
• Polymers
• Ceramics
• Biocomposites;
• Biologically derived
biomaterials;
…
Metals(titanium, stainless steel)
Polymers(UHMWPE, PMMA)
Ceramics(alumina, bioglass);
Biological biomaterials(chitin nacre)
What is the similarity between all these
widely different materials?
They all have uncontrolled interfacial proteins!
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Some application of biomaterials
❑ In medical applications, biomaterials are rarely used as
isolated materials, but are more commonly integrated into
devices or implants.
❑Biomaterials are integrated into biomedical devices to
improve quality of life.
i.e. biomaterials keep the legs moving, heart beating, ears
hearing, blood flowing, eyes seeing.
Prosthetic heart valves. hip prosthesis
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Some application of biomaterials (contd.)
Dental root form implants
Multipiece intraocular lenses Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)
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Characteristics of Biomaterials
Science
Biomaterials science:
• multidisciplinary;
• multi-material;
• clinical need-driven;
• substantial market;
• risk–benefit issues.
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Sutures
(linen,
catgut)
Gold in
dentistry
Nacre
tooth
implant
Pumps
and
cell
culture
Intra
ocular
lenses
Hip
prostheses
Vascular
prostheses
Artificial
heart,
kidney
30, 000 B.C. 600 B.C. 1940s 1950s
History of biomaterials
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• More than 2000 years ago, Romans, Chinese, and Aztec’s used gold
in dentistry.
• Late 18th-19th century, various metal devices to fix bone fracture: wire
and pins from Iron, gold, silver and platinum;
• 1860-1870 aseptic surgical units (the use of biomaterials did not
become practical until the advent of an aseptic surgical technique
develop by Dr. J. Lister;
• Early 1900 bone plates were introduced to aid in fixation of long bone
fracture. However, many of these early plates broke due to
unsophisticated mechanical design;
-too thin
-had stress concentrating corners
-corrode rapidly in the body
until Introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloys
History of biomaterials (contd.)
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• 1930s introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium
alloys
• 1937 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in
dentistry.
• 1958, Pob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to
fabricate an arterial prosthetic.
History of Biomaterials (contd.)
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Current status of the biomaterials field
• Today, the biomaterials market is expected to reach $207
Billion in 2024 from $105 Billion in 2018, growing at a
CAGR of 14.5%.
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• Cardiovascular area:
approximately 10, 000 replacement heart valves and 300, 000
vascular graft implanted per year in United States;
• Artificial joint replacements:
Over 500, 000 artificial joint replacements, such as knee or
hip, are implanted yearly in United States.
Current status of the biomaterials field (contd.)
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Future Direction
• Starting 1960s-1970s
a) The 1st generation of biomaterials was designed to be inert, or not
reactive with the body;
b) Decreasing the potential for negative immune response to the implant.
• In 1990s until now
a) Materials designed to be bioactive, interacting in positive manner with
the body to promote localized healing.
b) Development of “smart” material which can help guide the biological
response in the implant area.
c) Design of injectable materials that can be applied locally and with
minimal pain to the patient.
d) New set of nano-structured biomaterials for nano-scale objects as
reinforcing agents.
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Reading Materials:
Book: Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials
in Medicine (3rd Edition, 2013)
• Introduction-Biomaterials Science: An Evolving
Multidisciplinary Endeavor
• History of Biomaterials
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Lecture 2: Properties of Materials
On Wednesday, Sept. 11 , 2019
Next Lecture