1. TERRESTRIAL

2. AQUATIC !

BIOMES

Deserts-1/5 of terrestrial environments: less than 10 in rainDesertification-transition to dry arid land, climate changes, anthropogenic!- reduced productive capacity1. Over grazing (cultivation) 2. Fires 3. Deforestation 4. Water reduction

Tundra

PermafrostAlpine (trees-soil draining)Arctic (desert-like)

Chaparral

Shrubs, coastal area, hot summer, rainy winters

CA/Mediterranean/chile/coastal australia

Taiga

Coniferous Forest/Boreal ForestLargest Land BiomeLow in Biodiversity/Low PercipitationOpen Woodlands/Dense Forests-

DEFORESTATION

Temperate Deciduous Forest

4 seasons1. Ground Layer 2. Herb Layer 3. Shrub

Layer 4. Sapling 5. Tree Stratum

Grassland

Tropical-SavannaTemperate-Prairies-US!Anthropogenic-grazing

Tropical Rain Forest

Aquatic: Freshwater Marsh vs. Swamp

MARSH:Low Lying-No treesMouth of Rivers

SWAMPHeavily forestedLow DO water-anoxia

Mangrove Swamps: Harsh Conditions Anoxia Coastal Saline Ecosystem Protect coast: Erosion/Hurricanes/tsunamis

Euphotic Zone: Sun-Primary Producers Phytoplankton=DO!Littoral Zone-Intertidal =Land and Sea Meet: high O/Salinity

Esturaries

Temperature/pH/DODissolved Oxygen: high cold/rapids/biodiversity

Saltwater: OceanUPWELLING: wind circulation of water: bring nutrient rich colder water to the top=bring in high NPP, good for fishing

PhytoplanktonZooplanktonFilter FeedersPredatory Fish

Saltwater: Kelp Forests

Very high NPP/biodiversityHigh AlgaeTemperate/Arctic Waters

Coral Reefs: Hard/Soft

Calcium Carbonate: LimestoneSurrounded by low nutrient oceansSensitive! Temp/acidification/runoff

(increases too much nutrients-algae growth)

(usually at least 3 layers)

O Horizon-(ORGANIC) Humus: Leaf Litter (varying stages of less decomposition)

P Horizon- (ORGANIC) Peats: Distinct from O Horizons in that they form under waterlogged conditions. This layer accumulates iron, clay, aluminum and organic compounds, a process referred to as eluviations.

A Horizon- (TOPSOIL):Darker in color than deeper layers and contain more organic material, or they may be lighter but contain less clay . Most biological activity-biomantle for soil organisms usually near roots.

E Horizon- (Eluviated): Leached of mineral/organics, leaving pale layer of silicates. Present only in older, well-developed soils.

B Horizon-(Subsoil)-Mineral Layers: Clay , Iron or Aluminum, or organic material which get there by leaching. “Zone of accumulation“, stronger color, roots penetrate.

C Horizon-(named b/c after A and B): This layer is little affected by soil forming processes (weathering). May contain lumps of unweathered rock. Contains the most parent material.

R Horizon- (bedrock):partially weathered rock that cannot be excavated by hand.