biomes of the world (part-iii) module 4: biomes of the world (part-iii)
TRANSCRIPT
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Module 4:
Biomes of the World(Part-III)
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Biodiversity Hotspots
http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/values/biodiversity/resources/coraltri_burdick.jpg
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Diversity rich areas in the world
Tropical rain forestsCoral reefsLarge tropical lakes…fishes…isolated
productive habitatDeep sea…..age and stability
Tropical shrublandsTropical grasslandsDesertsTemperate shrublands
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Marine systems contain 28 of 33 existing animal phyla
13 of these phyla are present only in marine environment
Diversity rich areas in the world
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Biodiversity Hotspots
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Biodiversity hotspots
The 34 biodiversity hotspots contain:• at least 150,000 plant species as
endemics, 50 percent of the world’s total.
• 29 percent of the world's freshwater fish species
In only 2.3 percent of the planet's land area
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What are these hotspots?
Qualifying factors for hotspot designation:1. Regions harbouring a great diversity of endemic
species– Must have at least 1,500 endemic species (0.5% of
the global total)
2. Significantly impacted and influenced by human activities– Must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat
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Why hotspots rich in endemism?1. Isolation over long period of geologic time
– Island
2. Benign environments– Tropical and Mediterranean
3. Topographically diverse – Mountains
Benign environments +
varied topography +
isolated for long geological time
Presence of species not present anywhere else
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Why hotspots rich in endemism?Isolation of hotspots:1. Tropical island archepelagos
– Caribbean island– Philippines
2. Large island– Caledonia
3. Combination of both – Sundaland
4. Continental islands– Isolation by surrounded deserts, mountains, seas– Indo-Burma, Western Ghats
5. Landlocked islands
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Threats to hotspots
1. Fragile ecosystems
2. Loss of habitat:1. Physical restriction of species
2. No other population of the same species…..global extinction
3. Species not prepared to compete with the exotics
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Hottest of the hotspots
1. Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands
2. Philippines
3. Sundaland
4. Atlantic Forest
5. Caribbean
6. Indo-Burma
7. Western Ghats & Sri Lanka
8. Eastern Arc Mountains & Coastal Forests
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Hotspot Endemic plants
Endemics as a Percentage
of World Total
Madagascar & Indian Ocean Islands
11,600 3.9
Philippines 6,091 2
Tropical Andes 15,000 5
Southwest Australia 2948 1
Mediterranean Basin 11,700 3.9
Indo-Burma 7,000 2.3
Western Ghats & Sri Lanka
3,049 1
Himalayas 3,160 1.1
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References• Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology, 4th Edition. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company, Inc., Menlo Park, California. http://www.worldbiomes.com/ • Large Marine Ecosystems of the World
http://www.lme.noaa.gov/LMEWeb/downloads/lme64.pdf • Ecoregions of the World by WWF
http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/item1847.html • Hotspots in Context • http://www.conservation.org/where/priority_areas/hotspots/Pages/
hotspots_in_context.aspx • Norman Myers, Russell A. Mittermeier, Cristina G. Mittermeier, Gustavo A. B. da
Fonseca & Jennifer Ken. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. NATURE | VOL 403 | 24 FEBRUARY 2000.
• Roberts, et al. 2002. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295, 1280-1284
• Maps and resources: • http://staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us/gfoster/standard/7seas.gif • World Atlas on Biodiversity http://archive.org/details/worldatlasofbiod02groo • World Mangrove Atlas http://archive.org/details/worldmangroveatl97spal
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-Which aspects of the biodiversity hotspot concept do you consider the most relevant for the conservation of marine and coastal sites? - Do you see any risk involved in using this concept for prioritizing conservation at global and national level?- Some areas harbor higher species richness than others – why is that so? Do you see ways of enhancing species richness in threatened or degraded areas?
Food for Thought
A difficult decision: imagine you were responsible for the management of your site: would you rather invest the restricted funds available in the maintenance / restoration of singular habitats and endemic species, or would you concentrate on broader conservation and outreach strategies? Think about your reasons – and potential strategies for covering both aspects.