biomes pond · example the pond ecosystem the exam paper will refer to this case study in an exam...
TRANSCRIPT
KS4
Ho
mew
ork b
oo
klet
Small scale eco
systems –
The p
on
dLarge scale b
iom
es –Tro
pical rain
forest
in M
alaysiaN
ame __
____
____
____
____
___
Class __
____
____
____
____
____
All h
om
ewo
rk mu
st be
com
pleted
by
the d
ue d
ate given
Trop
ical rainfo
restsTh
e po
nd
Ecosystem - a natural system made up of plants, animals and the environment. Examples include a pond, a hedgerow or a tropical rainforest.
Biome – a global ecosystem. Examples include tropical rainforest or polar biomes
Biotic – Living things within an ecosystem. Examples include fish or insects. They rely on abiotic things to survive. Example. Fish need oxygen, Plants need sunlight
Abiotic – Non-living things within an ecosystem. Examples include sunlight, soil or water
Flora – Are plants (producers) within an ecosystem
Faura – Are animals (consumers) within an ecosystem
Habitat – Homes within an ecosystem where different flora and fauna live
Detritus – Dead and decaying plant and animal matter forming mud on the pond bottom
A Food chain shows how producers and consumers are linked in an ecosystem. Example – Algae, tadpole, newt, heron) The arrows show who eats who (or the direction of energy flow)
Producersconvert
sunlight into sugars in order
to grow. Example -
Reeds or algae in a pond.
Consumers either eat producers
(primary consumers) or
other consumers (secondary and
tertiary consumers)
Example - Heron
Decomposers break down dead
plant or animal matter and
return it to the soil or detritus.
Example – a worm.
Ecosystems are complicated. A food web shows
all the links between the
consumers and producers in an ecosystem like a
pond.
Producers also need nutrients from the soil or detritus on the bottom of a pond in order to grow. Nutrients are re-cycled. Dead plant and animal matter from the biomass falls to the soil layer, or pond bottom where it is decomposed to form litter or detritus, releasing nutrients, which are re-absorbed by the biomass through their roots or absorbed if dissolved in water. This is called the nutrient cycle.
Food webs are easily damaged. If the producers are removed, consumers higher up the chain lose their food
source and numbers drop. If tertiary consumers are removed their will be
an explosion of creatures further down the chain.
Different habitats in a pond contain different flora and fauna because of the different conditions.
The Detritus layer has little oxygen or light. Decomposers, scavengers and the larva of water insects live here. Example - Water worms or May fly larva.
Deeper water. Oxygen and protection from predators. Animals that breath through gills or skin live here. Examples - Perch, Stickleback, Great diving beetle.
Shallow water. Plenty of oxygen and sunlight. Producers grow here, rooting in the detritus. Insects and birds shelter here. Examples include Reeds, Dragon fly, Waterlily, Moorhen.
Water surface. Lots of light and oxygen. Producers and consumers. Examples pond algae, water boatman, water weed.
Pond banks – Fertile soil and sunlight. Water loving plants and trees. Example Willow tree.
Ecosystems are easily damaged naturally or by humans
Drought – The pond level drops and marginal plants dry up and die. The pond may become de-oxygenated and fish die.
Eutrophication – Farm fertilizers get into the water and cause algae to grow rapidly. Algae use up all the oxygen so fish die.
Drainage – Ponds are drained for farmland causing the whole ecosystem to collapse.
Industrial pollution - released into the water, killing fish and insects.
Hedgerows - cut down to increase the size of fields for farming, destroying the hedgerow ecosystem.
Ecosystems can be restored if they are
damaged. Lake beds can be cleared and
dredged to increase water depth and water
oxygenation, improving conditions for fish. Algae can be removed to increase oxygen levels. New,
shallow water habitatscan be planted to
encourage pond life and nesting water
birds.
Use th
e blan
k sheet o
n th
e next p
age for yo
ur an
swers
1.
Wh
at is a bio
me?
2.
Wh
at are bio
tic and
abio
tic features o
f an eco
system.
3.
Wh
at three ab
iotic featu
res are mo
st imp
ortan
t to p
lants?
(con
sum
ers)
4.
Wh
at is a hab
itat?
5.
Describ
e the featu
res of d
eep w
ater that m
ake it suitab
le for
fish.
6.
Explain
wh
y Reed
s live in sh
allow
water.
7.
Wh
o lives in
the d
etritus layer?
8.
Nam
e a plan
t that lives o
n th
e po
nd
surface.
9.
Wh
at is a con
sum
er?
10
.W
hat is a p
rod
ucer?
11
.W
hat d
oes a d
ecom
po
ser do
?
12
.W
hat are th
e three n
utrien
t stores in
a nu
trient cycle?
13
.Exp
lain h
ow
the n
utrien
t cycle wo
rks in a p
on
d.
14
.W
hat d
o th
e arrow
s sho
w in
a foo
d ch
ain?
15
.D
escribe tw
o w
ays farmin
g can d
amage a p
on
d eco
system.
16
.W
hy d
o farm
ers often
cut d
ow
n h
edgero
ws?
17
.H
ow
do
es hed
gerow
cuttin
g destro
y bio
-diversity.
18
.D
escribe tw
o w
ays a dam
aged p
on
d eco
system can
be
restored
.
Wee
k 1 H
om
ewo
rk: Du
e date _
____
____
____
____
_
Use th
e first kno
wled
ge organ
iser to an
swer th
ese qu
estion
s
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Wee
k 1 H
om
ewo
rkan
swers __
____
____
____
____
ExampleThe pond ecosystem
The exam paper will refer to this case study in an exam question as;‘the features of a small scale ecosystem in the UK’
Key idea: The pond is a small scale ecosystem made up of producers (flora) and consumers (fauna) and the environment. There are complex relationships in the ecosystem between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non living) parts. The ecosystem functions through a series of food chains and webs and through the recycling of nutrients. There are a variety of habitats.
Pond nutrient cycleBiomass. This includes all living things in the pond. Producers use nutrients from the pond mud (detritus) and sunlight to photosynthesise and grow. Consumersfurther up the food chain live by eating the producers or other consumers.
Detritus. Biomass dies (especially in winter) and sinks to the bottom and is broken down by decomposers, forming the detritus layer. Producers then re-absorb these nutrients through their roots to grow. (especially in spring and summer)
Nutrients. Can also be added by rainwater runoff or weathered soil/rocks, or lost through leaching.
HabitatsPond margins/shallow water. Reeds grow in shallow water using nutrients from the detritus and sunlight. They form a habitat for insects, snails, frogs and water birds.
Pond bottom. Decomposers and insect lava live in the detritus for food and protection. e.g. worms and midge lava.
Deep water. Plenty of oxygen for fish or insects to absorb. Deep enough to offer protection from predators. Food is found on the pond surface or in water column.
Pond surface. Algae and pond weed float and photosynthesise. These form a habitat and food for insects, snails and water birds.
Damaging the ecosystem
Adding or removing species. If species are added, removed or die out they affect the food web. An increase in fish could cause a reduction in insects. A reduction could cause food shortages for Herons.
Drought. A lack of rainfall causes pond levels to drop. Pond margin plants dry up and die. Lower oxygen levels in the water may kill fish.
Drainage. Farmers may drain the pond to create extra farmland, totally destroying the ecosystem.
Eutrophication. Farm fertilizers are washed into the pond, causing algae to rapidly grow and use up all the oxygen in the water. Fish die through lack of oxygen.
Example exam question : For a small scale ecosystem you have studied explain the importance of the nutrient cycle in the functioning of the ecosystem.
The pond is a ____________ scale ecosystem. Made up of _____________ (flora) consumers ( ___________ ) and the environment. The living parts of the ecosystem are known as ___________ components. The non-living parts of the ecosystem are known as ____________ . Food chains and ___________ show us how living things rely on and are linked to each other, and show how ___________ is passed through the ecosystem when different organisms eat each other. Nutrients are also passed through the ecosystem and re-used. This is called nutrient ______________ .
Pond nutrient cycle
All living things in the ecosystem are known as the ___________ .
Plants are called _____________ . They use nutrients from the pond mud ( __________ )and energy from ___________ to ______________ and grow. Further up the food chain ___________ live by eating the producers or other __________ .
Detritus is the mud at the bottom of the _______ . It is formed when ____________ dies especially in __________ . It and is broken down by ______________ . Producers then ___________ these nutrients through their _______ . This happens especially in _________ and summer.
Nutrients can also be added by ___________ or by weathered _____________ . Nutrients can be lost by being washed out by rainwater. This is called ______________ .
Pond Habitats
In shallow water plants like ____________ grow. They use nutrients from the ___________ and ___________ to grow. They form a __________ for insects, frogs, snails and water birds.
On the pond ____________ decomposers and insect _________ live in the detritus. They use it for ________ and ____________ . Examples are _________ and midge lava.
In deep water there is plenty of ____________ for fish to absorb. The water is also deep enough to offer protection from ___________ . Food e.g. insects is also found on the ___________ or in the water ________
On the pond surface _________ and pond weed float and use sunlight to _____________ . The weeds form a habitat and __________ source for insects, snails and water __________ .
Damaging the pond ecosystem
If species are added or removed they affect the food ___________ . An increase in fish could cause a decrease in __________ . A reduction in insects could cause fish to die and could cause food shortage for _________ .
A lack of rainfall is called ___________ . This causes pond levels to ___________ . Plants in the pond _________ may dry up and die. Lower __________ levels in the water could cause fish to die.
Farmers often drain ponds to make extra ____________ . This totally destroys the __________ .
Farm fertilisers designed to make crops grow better can be washed in to the pond by ____________ . This causes _________ to grow rapidly which use up all the pond __________ . This process is called ______________ . This will then cause species like __________ to die through lack of oxygen.
Week 2 Homework: Due date __________________The pond ecosystem
Wee
k 2 H
om
ewo
rk–
Key wo
rds
Use research
and
you
r ow
n kn
ow
ledge to
defin
e th
ese key terms
ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS
VEGETATION ADAPTATIONS
Location Rainforests are located along the equator (0° latitude). Examples: South America (Brazil), Asia (Indonesia), Africa (Congo).
Climate Hot and wet (humid). No seasonsTemperature range: 20-30°C (due to direct sunlight from the sun)Precipitation range: 160 – 330mm/month or 2000mm per year
Vegetation Very dense and varied (e.g. banana and rubber trees).
Animals Very dense and varied (e.g. apes, parrots, jaguars, insects)
Soil Not very fertile, as heavy rainfall washes nutrients away. This is known as leaching.Most nutrients are in the top layer of the soil due to nutrient cycling from the decayed leaves. As a result most trees have a shallow root system.
People Tribes have lived in rainforests for a long time (sustainable). New groups of people and companies have arrived more recently, trying to make money from the rainforests through logging, energy, mining…etc(unsustainable)
Biodiversity The variety of organisms living in a particular area (plants and animals)
Biodiversity in the rainforest
Deserts have very high biodiversity. Rainforests contain around 50% of the world’s plants, animals and insect species.
Threats to the rainforest
Deforestation is causing a loss of biodiversity in the rainforest, as many animals and plants become endangered or extinct.
KS4 – The Geography Knowledge – THE LIVING WORLD (part 4)
All parts of the rainforest ecosystem are linked together (climate, soil, water, animals, plants and people). If one of them changes, everything else is affected.
The humid climate = dead plants and animals decompose quickly by decomposers (fungi and bacteria) on the forest floor = the nutrients from the decaying plants/animals makes the top layer of the soil very nutrient rich = lots of plants can grow.
Plants pass on their nutrients when they are eaten by animals. There is a lot of vegetation = lots of animals.
People remove trees (deforestation) = less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere = more greenhouse gases = more climate change.
Trees absorb water = this water travels through the tree to the leaves = transpiration evaporates water from the trees’ leaves to the atmosphere = condensation in the atmosphere creates clouds = precipitation. The trees are one of the main reasons there is so much rainfall in the rainforest.
9
Layers The rainforest has four layers (emergent, upper canopy, lower canopy and shrub & ground layer). Vegetation adapts to each layer.
Trees(height, buttressroots, bark)
The trees can grow to over 40 meters high in order to find sunlight.
To help support their height, they have buttress roots. These are large root systems above the ground that act as an anchor and support the tall trees.
Trees have a smooth, thin bark = helps water to run off easily.
Lianas Woody vines that use trees to climb up to the upper canopy where they spread from tree to tree to get as much light as possible.
Leaves On the shrub and ground layer, it is very dark due to the canopy. As a result, their leaves have a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible.
Many leaves have drip tips and a waxy coating. This help shed water easily.
Some plants, e.g. the fan palm, have large fan-shaped leaves which are segmented so that excess water drains away easily.
Spider monkey Have long, strong arms and tails so they can swing between the trees in the upper canopy. Some animals spend their entire lives in the upper canopy.
Leaf-tailedgecko & chameleon
Are camouflaged so can blend into their surroundings to hide from predators
Jaguar Can swim due to high rainfalls and many rivers.
Red-eyed tree frog
Have suction cups on their feet and hands to help them climb up trees and leaves.
Anteater Some animals have adapted to the low light levels in the shrub and ground layer. Have a sharp sense of smell and hearing so they an detect predators without seeing them. This helps themsurvive in the low light levels in the shrub & ground layer.
Use th
e blan
k sheet o
n th
e next p
age for yo
ur an
swers
1.
Describ
e the lo
cation
of th
e rainfo
rests, inclu
din
g con
tinen
ts
2.
Describ
e the clim
ate of th
e rainfo
rest usin
g data
3.
Wh
y do
plan
ts grow
all year rou
nd
?
4.
Wh
at is leachin
g?
5.
Wh
y do
mo
st trees have a sh
allow
roo
t system?
6.
Wh
at percen
tage of th
e wo
rld’s sp
ecies live in rain
forests?
7.
Nam
e three sp
ecies of an
imal fo
un
d in
rainfo
rests.
8.
Wh
y do
dead
plan
ts deco
mp
ose q
uickly?
9.
Wh
y is the rain
forest th
reatened
by h
um
ans?
10
.H
ow
do
es defo
restation
increase clim
ate chan
ge?
11
.Exp
lain h
ow
rainfo
rest trees can cau
se mu
ch o
f the rain
fall in
forests.
12
.W
hat are th
e fou
r layers of th
e rainfo
rest?
13
.H
ow
high
can rain
forest trees gro
w?
14
.In
wh
at layer of th
e rainfo
rest are the tallest trees fo
un
d?
15
.W
hy d
o trees h
ave smo
oth
, thin
bark?
16
.W
hat is a b
uttress ro
ot?
17
.W
hat are lian
as?
18
.Exp
lain tw
o ad
aptio
ns o
f leaves in th
e shru
b layer th
at allow
them
to live in
dark, d
amp
con
ditio
ns.
Wee
k 3 H
om
ewo
rk: Du
e date _
____
____
____
____
_
Use th
e kno
wled
ge organ
iser to co
mp
lete these tasks
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wee
k 3 H
om
ewo
rkan
swers __
____
____
____
____
Case StudyDeforestation
Malaysia
The examiner will call it ‘Using an example you have studied
Key idea: There are economic and environmental arguments for either leaving the Malaysian Rainforest intact (protecting it), or exploiting it (deforestation). Malaysia needs to use its rainforest it in order to create jobs, income and to develop as a country into a HIC, but
destroying it may have negative longer term impacts. It is possible to use rainforests more sustainably and still develop as a country.
Causes of Deforestation Include:
Mining for tin. Rainforests are cleared for mining and for new roads to access the mine. Drilling for oil & gas is now also happening in Borneo (Malaysia). This creates jobs, profits and tax for Government to spend.
Logging. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of tropical hardwood . This is a valuable export. Clear felling meant the total destruction of forests.
Commercial Farming. Malaysia is the largest exporter of Palm Oil. This is called monoculture. Rainforests are cleared and Oil Palm plantations planted providing jobs but destroying habitats e.g. Orang utan.
Population Pressure. In the past poor urban people were encouraged by the government to move into the rainforestsand start Palm Oil plantations to make a living. 15,000 hectares was lost (1956-1980).
Energy Development. The Bakun Dam flooded 7000km2 of forest. This supplies industrialised areas with electricity.
Impacts of Deforestation Include
Loss of Biodiversity. Rainforests have the largest variety of plants and animals in the world. Deforestation destroys habitats, endangering species. The Malaysian Rainforest has a very high biodiversity, with over 600 species. Undiscovered plants that may help cure diseases and may be worth billions of dollars could be destroyed.
Contribution to Climate Change. Trees are a carbon sink. They absorb Carbon Dioxide and produce Oxygen. With less trees there is more carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas causing climate change. A warmer climate means sea level rise and more cyclones. Increased coastal flooding and major storm damage may cost Malaysia billions for flood defences andrepairing damage in the long term.
Economic Development. Deforestation leads to short-term economic gains from company profits, job creation, and tax to the Government who spend it improving healthcare and education. This raises standard of living and quality of life. However less rainforest reduces eco-tourism, so Malaysia’s tourism economy may suffer in the long term.
Sustainable Solutions to using Tropical Rainforests
National strategies in MalaysiaSelective Logging and Replanting. Instead of clear felling and deforesting every tree in the area, trees that are mature (fully grown) are identified and logged. A license is required to do this. Trees are then replanted . The forest can then be re-used again in the future.
Conservation and Education. Rainforests are protected and managed as National Parks or Reserves for education, scientific research and to attract eco-tourism. This creates jobs and boosts the economy whilst protecting bio-diversity.
International Agreements. The FSC encourages sustainable forestry e.g. selective logging by only promoting wood from sustainable sources. Many businesses in different countries will not buy wood that does not have the FSC stamp of approval.
Debt for nature agreements - some HIC’s have reducedthe debt owed to them by LIC’s or NEE’s (for development projects) in return for rainforest to be protected.
Example exam question : “The rainforest is more valuable when left intact than when destroyed”. Using an example, support or challenge this view”.
Case Study Deforestation Malaysia
There are economic and environmental reasons for ________________ the Malaysian rainforest, and there are also reasons for exploiting it by ______________________ . (cutting down trees for economic reasons) . Malaysia needs to use its rainforest in order to create ________ , ___________ and to develop as a country and become a ___________ . Destroying the forest may have negative _________ term impacts.It is possible to use the rainforest in a more ___________________ way and still develop as a country.
Reasons for deforestation
Mining for ___________ and drilling for _______ and __________ . This means clearing forest for mines and access _________ . Mining creates ______ , ________ and ________ to the Government for development.
Malaysia is the worlds largest exporter of tropical __________ . This is a valuable _________ . Clear ________ trees means total destruction of rainforest.
Malaysia is also the worlds largest exporter of _______ oil. This is called mono _________ . Habitats are destroyed e.g. _____________ when _____________ are created on cleared areas of forest.
Poor _________ people have been encouraged to move to rainforests and start Palm oil plantations.Between 1956 and 1980 ___________ hectares of forest were lost to plantations.
The _________ dam, a hydroelectricity plant provides electricity to industry, but flooded _______ Km2 of forest.
Negative Impacts of deforestationLoss of ______________ . Deforestation destroys __________ endangering species. The Malaysian rainforest has over _________ different species of plants. Undiscovered plants may help cure __________ and be worth __________ .
Contribution to ___________ change. Trees are a carbon _________ . They absorb ________________ reducing global warming. Deforestation may lead to a warmer climate, affecting Malaysia because of _______ _______ rise causing expensive coastal ___________ . More powerful __________ will also cause greater damage costing billions to repair.
Deforestation may affect the ______ tourism economy as there are less forests for people to visit.
Positive impacts of deforestationDeforestation leads to ________ term economic gains from ___________ , __________ and ________ to the Government to spend on development raising __________ of living and __________ of life.
Sustainable methods of using rainforests
National strategies in Malaysia
_____________ logging is about only felling ________ (fully grown) trees then __________ the forest. This means it can be _________ in the future.
Conservation is when rainforests are ___________ as ___________ parks or __________ and used for education or ___________ research. This also attracts eco __________ , creating ________ whilst protecting bio___________ .
International agreements
The __________ encourages sustainable _________ by encouraging _____________ logging. Many businesses in other ________ will not buy wood that does not have the FSC _________ of approval.
__________ for nature agreements. _____ ‘s have reduced _______ owed to them by _____ ‘s and ______ ‘s in return for rainforests to be ___________
Week 4 Homework: Due date __________________
To w
hat exten
d d
oes exp
loitin
g the rain
forest h
ave econ
om
ic ben
efits? U
se an exam
ple an
d yo
ur o
wn
kno
wled
ge
Explo
iting th
e rainfo
rest in M
alaysia has b
oth
econ
om
ic ben
efits and
losses
Malaysia h
as econ
om
ic ben
efits becau
se explo
iting th
e rainfo
rest creates ________________________
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On
e way u
sing th
e rainfo
rest ben
efits Malaysia is _______________
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_Fo
r examp
le ___________________
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For M
alaysia this m
eans ________________
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An
oth
er way u
sing th
e rainfo
rest ben
efits Malaysia is ________________
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For exam
ple ________________
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_Fo
r Malaysia th
is mean
s ___________________
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Malaysia also
has eco
no
mic lo
sses from
defo
resting th
e rainfo
rest
On
e way d
eforestatio
n can
cause eco
no
mic lo
sses for M
alaysia is _______________________________
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For exam
ple ________________
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For M
alaysia this m
eans ________________
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An
oth
er way u
sing th
e rainfo
rest can cau
se econ
om
ic losses fo
r Malaysia is
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For exam
ple ________________
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_Fo
r Malaysia th
is mean
s ___________________
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Wee
k 4 h
om
ewo
rk: Du
e date __
____
____
____
_
Use th
e defo
restation
in M
alaysia case stud
y card to
answ
er this q
uestio
n
These uses of the rainforest have a number of positive and negative impacts.
People use the Amazon Rainforest in a number of ways.
Cattle farming Clear land for massive, commercial cattle farms. This causes 70% of deforestation in the rainforest.
Logging Cutting down hardwood trees to sell. This causes 3% of deforestation in the rainforest.
Hydro-electric energy Build dam and reservoir to create and sell hydro-electric energy. (e.g. Belo Monte dam in Brazil)
Mining Digging to extract iron ore, aluminum, copper, tin and gold to sell. (e.g. The Carajas Mine in Brazil)
Building roads Logging companies, cattle ranches, farms, mines need roads to reach them and transport products to the coast to export = roads built.
Urban growth Increasing population = increasing urban areas. (e.g. Manaus’ pop. Grew 22% between 2000 – 2010 reaching 1.7million)
Subsistence farming Local famers clear the land using slash and burn and grow only enough food for their family to eat. This causes 20% of deforestation in the rainforest.
SUSTAINABILITY IN THE RAINFOREST: Allow people get what they need today, without stopping people in the future getting what they need.
KS4 – The Geography Knowledge – THE LIVING WORLD (part 5)
POSITIVE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS NEGATIVE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on
There are no positive environmental impacts from human use of the rainforest.
The Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest on earth, covering 8 million km2 of land. Since 1978, 750 000km2 of land has been deforested. This is three times the size of the UK!
10
Economic Some famers (e.g. rubber tappers) have lost their job due to deforestation of rubber trees.
Environmental • Habitat loss – many animals live in the tree canopy. If the trees are cut down their habitats are lost.• Loss of animal biodiversity – plants and animals are endangered or becoming extinct as trees are deforested. • Climate change – trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. If there are less trees, less CO2 is
removed = more greenhouse gases in atmosphere. The Amazon Rainforest stores 100 billion tons of carbon.• Climate change – large cattle ranches contain lots of cattle. These release a lot of methane when they fart and poo).• Soil erosion – deforested trees cannot hold the soil together. As a result heavy rains wash away the soil (erosion).
Economic • Jobs – mines, farms, power stations, construction. In Peru the Buenaventura mining company employs 3100 people.
• Development. Money from companies is used to develop Brazil. In 2008 Brazil made $6.9 billion from selling cattle.
• Improved transportation make trading faster and easier = more is exported.
Selective logging Only some trees are cut down (usually the older ones), rather than cutting down all the trees in an area. As a result the rainforest canopy is saved where many of the animals live.
Afforestation Afforestation is when new trees are planted as others are cut down. In some countries it is law to replant trees.
International: debt relief
HICs reduce the amount of debt LICs owe them so that they do not have to use their rainforest resources (trees, mining, cattle farming) to pay back the debt, which all cause deforestation. Unfortunately there is no guarantee the money saved, will be spent on conservation/protection instead. It is therefore better to make a conservation swap that guarantees this. • e.g. In 2008 the USA reduced the debt that Peru owed them by $25 million. In exchange Peru had to conserve/look after part of their rainforest.
International: carbon sinks
Trees remove carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and are therefore known as carbon sinks. Rainforests are protected due to their role in reducing global warming.• e.g. The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone (Africa) is protected for its role in reducing global warming, using money from the European Commission, French Government and NGOs.
National parks Areas are protected from development and deforestation. It is difficult to police these areas through. As a result, illegal logging still occurs. • e.g. The Tumucumaque National park in Brazil is the largest in the world. It protects over 38,000 square kilometres of rainforest.
Promoting responsible management
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Rainforest Alliance are organisations that put their logo on hardwood trees that have been deforested in a sustainable way. Therefore consumers can choose products that are not contributing to unsustainable deforestation.
Ecotourism –sustainable tourism
Tourist resorts that use sustainable practices to reduce their impact. In Costa Rica eco-tourism is the largest source of income. It protects 21% of the country from development. • e.g. reduce negative environmental impacts: renewable energies, water tanks, grey water, • e.g. improve social impacts: local employees, use local produce and materials. Money goes into local economy. If locals have a job, they do not need to illegally log.
1.
Explain
ho
w d
eforestatio
n can
con
tribu
te to clim
ate chan
ge
2.
Explain
ho
w d
eforestatio
n cau
ses soil ero
sion
3.
Explain
ho
w d
eforestatio
n red
uces b
io-d
iversity
4.
Ho
w d
oes selective lo
gging red
uce th
e loss o
f bio
-diversity?
5.
Wh
at is afforestatio
n?
6.
Wh
at is deb
t relief
7.
Give an
examp
le of d
ebt relief
8.
Wh
at is a carbo
n sin
k?
9.
Wh
at is a Natio
nal Park?
10
.W
hy d
oes d
eforestatio
n still o
ccur in
Natio
nal Parks?
11
.W
ho
are the Fo
rest Steward
ship
Co
un
cil?
12
.H
ow
do
es this h
elp to
redu
ce un
sustain
able fo
restry?
13
.W
hat is eco
-tou
rism?
14
.W
hy is eco
-tou
rism go
od
for lo
cal peo
ple an
d th
e econ
om
y?
15
.H
ow
do
es eco-to
urism
stop
illegal loggin
g?
Wee
k 5 H
om
ewo
rk: Du
e date _
____
____
____
____
_
Use th
e first kno
wled
ge organ
iser to an
swer th
ese qu
estion
s
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Wee
k 5H
om
ewo
rkan
swers __
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____
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