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ASEMINAR REPORT ON

BIO-METRICS TECHNOLOGY(Worldwide interoperability for Bio-metrics)

available at www.mindstien.net

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Contents:- page-no:-

1. Brief on Security System 1

2. Introduction to Bio-metrics 2

3. A Few Definition 3

4. History of Bio-metrics 4

5. International Bio-metrics society 55.1Purpose5.2Journal5.3 Meetings

5.3Biometrics Bulletin

6. Generic model of bio-metrics 66.1Data Acquisition:-6.2 Transmission: -

6.3Signal Processing:-6.4 Decision Making:-

6.5Data Storage:-

7. Phases of Bio-metrics 87.1Input7.2Process7.3Output

8. Bio-metrics Identification 108.1Voice Print8.2Finger Print8.3Iris Pattern8.4Face Print

8.5Hand Geometry8.6Retinal Scan8.7Keystroke Dynamics8.8Facial Recognition8.9Signature Recognition

9. Captured Using Web Cam and Microphone 19


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10.Comparison of Bio-metrics technique 20

10.1Uniqueness of biometric features

11.How well do Bio-metrics works? 2311.1False Accept Rates11.2False Reject Rates11.3Equal Error Rates11.4Validity of Test Data

12.Is DNA Bio-metrics ? 25

13.About Bio-metrics 26

13.1Will Bio-metrics solve all security concerns?13.2Which is the best identification technique?13.3Is Bio-metrics more securing then password?13.4Applications13.5New Opportunities13.6Future Technology13.7Benefits

14.Conclusion 30

15. Reference 31


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* WHAT SECURITY?* &

WHY SECURITY?*

From the beginning of the human culture, people are always trying to

secure their properties. Because some people are always eager to snatch

others properties.

Security refers to prohibit some unauthorized persons from someimportant data or from some precious assets.

To restrict this kind of theft human beings are making special systems thatcan prevent the thieves such systems are known as security systems.

We can consider the starting of these kinds of systems through lock andkey.

A Frenchman Alexander Fish has made a strong, fire proof safe in 1844.

And Linas Yel an American, has invented a Pin lock kind of lock. Boththese equipments are used to provide security to money, important

documents and jewellary. So this is the first step in the world of security

system.

At that point of time this arrangement for security was considered the best.

But as time passes it was found that any unauthorized person could accessthese through duplicate keys or using any technique. So as the world

progresses, the thieves become more intelligent to break the security.

Thus, we always need a new and strong security system to protect ourassets.

So, security system is ever developing field.

Today in the world of e-commerce and Internet this thing is becoming

more and more important because today the world is like village, fromanywhere, any time, any body can harm you.

e.g. :-If you are purchasing something from web and because of

lack of security someone come to know your bank accountnumber. Then that person will have all the information of your

bank account, which can perhaps put you in a big trouble!

Now a days, there are many security systems are available. But we shall

concentrate on BIO-METRICS.


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*INTRODUCTION*

BIO=Pertaining to biology; MATRICS=Science and art of measurement.

The term 'biometrics' is used to refer to any and all of a variety ofidentification techniques which are based on some physical and difficult-

to-alienate characteristic.

Today, the science of biometric technology refers to the "automated"methods used to recognize a person based upon physiological or

behavioral characteristics.

Biometric technologies are becoming the foundation of an extensive arrayof highly secure identification and personal verification solutions.

Biometrics is a modern technological field that focuses on identifying anindividual through his or her unique physical traits.

A biometric is a measurable, physical characteristic or personal behavioral

trait used to recognize the identity or verify the claimed identity of an

enrolled user.

Biometrics is automated methods of recognizing a person based on a

physiological or behavioral characteristic.

Physiological techniques include fingerprint recognition, retinal and iris

scanning, facial recognition, hand and finger geometry and DNA analysis.

Behavioral techniques include handwriting recognition, voice or speechrecognition, gait, and keystroke dynamics.

In all automated systems, the fundamental operational steps are:1. Capture: The biometric data is captured, digitized and entered into a database.2. Extraction: A template is created using this measurable unique data.

3. Comparison: The template is compared with a new sample.

4. Match/Non-Match: The existing template matches the new sample or it doesnot.

The goal of most automated biometric ID systems is one of twooutcomes:

1. Verification: Is the person who the they claim to be?

2. Identification or recognition: Who is this? Is the person already known to thesystem under a different identity?

Only biometrics can identify you as you [Not Password].


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*A FEW DEFINATIONS*

Biometrics Authentication

Person authentication or simply authentication is a task of confirming ordenying a persons claimed identity. Biometrics is a measurement using a

persons behavioural or physiological characteristics. Examples of thesecharacteristics are fingerprints, face, voice and signature. Biometric

authentication is a task of confirming or denying a persons claimed

identity using his behavioural or physiological characteristics.

Biometrics, Biometric or Biometry

Biometry refers to a much broader field involving application fromstatistics to biology and medicine. Biometrics is a noun and biometric is

an adjective.

Note the distinction between the terms biometrics and biometry. Biometryrefers to a much broader field involving application from statistics to

biology and medicine. Biometrics is a noun and biometric is an adjective.

Authentication versus Identification

According to [Jain, 1999], associating an identity with an individual is

called personal identification. This problem can be categorised into: (i)authentication and (ii) identification. Authentication refers to the problem

of confirming or denying a persons claimed identity while identificationrefers to the problem of establishing a subjects identity. The differences

between identification and authentication can be summarised in Table A.1.

Table A.1 Identification versus authentication

Identification Authentication

It determines the identity of the person. It determines whether the person is indeedwho he claims to be.

There is no identity claim from the user.

The system has to search through its recordto find the identity. This search is called a

many-to-one mapping. The cost of

computation in the identification taskincreases in proportion to the number of

record of users.

The user makes an identity claim. By using

the claim as a key, the system searches theusers record to compare. It is a one to one

mapping. The system uses the identity as a

key to call for the identitys record. Thecost of computation is not dependant on

the number of record of users.

It is often assumed that a captured The captured biometric signature comes


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5.2. Journal

Biometrics is published quarterly. Its general objectives are topromote and extend the use of mathematical and statistical methods in the

various subject-matter disciplines, by describing and exemplifying

developments in these methods and their application in a form readilyassimilable by experimenters and those concerned primarily with analysis of

data. The journal is a ready medium for publication of papers by both the

experimentalist and the statistician. The papers in the journal include statistical,authoritative expository or review articles, and analytical or methodological

papers contributing to the planning or analysis of experiments and surveys, orthe interpretation of data. Many of the papers in Biometrics contain actual

worked examples of the statistical analyses proposed.

5.3.Meeting

Encouragements is given the subject-matter experimenter byholding symposia dealing with applied statistics as a part of annual meetings of

the biological, chemical, engineering, and physical science societies. Such

symposia afford an opportunity for subject-matter specialists and statisticians to

discuss problems of mutual interest. At Regional meetings of the Society, amember is afforded an opportunity to present technical papers. This permits the

exchange of ideas and information through formal presentation and informal

contacts with fellow statisticians and experimentalists.

5.4. Biometric Bulletin

The International Biometric Society also publishes aninformal newsletter containing news about membership activities, letters to the

editor, and membership and editorial commentaries. It is a means for expressingideas on a wide range of statistical and biometrical matters and is also published

quarterly.


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*GENERIC MODEL OF BIO-METRICS*

6.1Data Acquisition:-

Data collection involves use of sensors to detect & measure an individuals

physiological or behavioral characteristics. The biometric feature must have the

following characteristics:-

(a)Universality, which means that every person should have the characteristic,(b) Uniqueness, two persons should not have the same term or measurement of

Characteristic,

(c) Permanence, the characteristic should be invariant with time,

(d) Measurability, the characteristic can be quantified that is the origin of theCameras used in biometric systems are generally either CCD (charge couple

device) or CMOS (combined metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors.CCD iscomparatively more costly than CMOS. The cost of CCD is nearly 2500 Rs. And

CMOS is about 800 to 1000 Rs. Price depends on the resolution which reflects the

accuracy of biometric system.


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6.2 Transmission: -Not all the biometric systems process and store data on the measuring

device. Often measurement is made using relatively simple device to acomputer or server for processing and/or storage. Depending on the system, the

data may be relatively large and thus would need to be compressed for quick

transfer. The compression algorithm needs to be selected carefully; otherwise itmay introduce some artefacts that could impact the decision process.

In any image scanning Biometric system, JPEG compression is

preferred due to the block ness it produces at high compression ratios. The data

can also be transmitted to the database for storage as raw data.

6.3 Signal Processing:-The signal processing unit uses features extraction algorithms to extract

true biometric information from the sample in presence of noise introduced

during data collection and transmission. Additional measurements are made ifany flaw or corruption is noted, to ensure good quality.

Pattern matching involves comparing the feature sample to a storedsample. (The biometric data can be stored locally on the biometric data can be

stored locally on the biometric device, some central database/server, or on asmart card issued to users.) The result of the comparison is sent to the decision

system to determine the match.

6.4 Decision Making:-The final step is the decision to accept or reject user, and is based on a

security threshold. The threshold value is either a parameter of comparison

process itself, or the system compares the resulting match value with the

threshold value. If for example, in a system performing identity verification, the

match value is equal to or higher than the threshold value, the user is accepted.In an identification system, acceptance might require a match value that is both

higher than threshold value and higher than the second-best match by a specific

amount.

6.5 Data Storage:-After extracting the biometric features, the system stores and maintains

the new master template. Choosing proper discriminating characteristics for

categorizing records can facilitate future searches. The system stores the

templates in one of four locations: a card, a servers central database, aworkstation, or an authentication terminal. If privacy is a concern, a card is the

only choice because sensitive biometric data should not be stored (andpotentially misused) in a central database.


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* PHASE OF BIO-METRICS*

7.1 Input

Using appropriate input device it will collect the data of the persons

biological features. These features are known as the master key for

the computer.

Let us put in a simple manner.

For recording and converting biometric traits to usable computer data, one needsan appropriate sensor (see table). Of course, costs can greatly vary for different

sensors. However, we can't forget that many technical devices already have

sensors built in, and therefore, offer possibilities to measure biometric features

nearly free of cost.

Biometric Trait Sensor

Fingerprint (Minutia) capacitive, optic, thermal, acoustic, pressure

sensitive

Signature (dynamic) Tablet

Facial Structure Camera

Iris pattern Camera

Retina Camera

Hand geometry CameraFinger geometry Camera

Vein structure of the back of theHand

Camera

Ear form Camera

Voice (Timbre) Microphone

DNA Chemical Lab

Odor Chemical sensors

Keyboard Strokes Keyboard

Comparison: Password Keyboard

7.2 Process

Processes the input data. Here, computer takes the measurement ofinputted Biological features.


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No two persons have same finger print. So, computer joins the points of thatfinger print features and make the pattern of it and it will store that pattern into

its memory. Then computer compares this pattern against the master keys.

e.g.: - Putting the tracing paper on Indian map, if we join

Banglor, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Nagpur,Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Lukhnow drawing a line then by

chance the original map is lost. Now if we want to know thedistance between Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar for that we

require the original one, which is drawn with the same

measurement. But In this case, actual map is lost so we arehelpless. Similarly, the finger print used by the computer to

make its pattern is deliberately hidden. Thus, the security

system does not allow any unauthorized person.

7.3 Output

Testing of processed data and give the access rights to the person. Here,

When any person scanned his/her finger print , computer will

Store a Bio-logical featured pattern and compares it against the stored master-

Key in its memory. And if it is matched, then permission granted else not.

BIO-METRICS IDENTIFICATION

CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATIONARE.

1 VOICE PRINT

2 FINGER PRINT3 IRIS PATTERN

4 FACE PRINT

5 HAND GEOMETRY

6 RETINAL SCAN7 KEYSTROKE DYNAMICS

8 FACIAL RECOGNITION

9 SIGNATURE RECOGNITION

8.1 VOICE PRINT: -

In this world of bio-metrics the first invention is of voice print.

Voice recognition is very different to speech recognition.

Speech recognition detect words and sentences from an


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incoming audio signal whereas voice recognition tries to detectthe speaker given a voice sample.

Here voice is recorded by microphones.

But as each & every person has got different voice patternthats why no two voice prints are matched.

Voice print is determined by many different factors: size of the

vocal cavities (throat, oral, nasal) as well as the characteristics

of the vocal chords themselves.

Your voice is further modified by the way you speak - the way

your mouth, lips, tongue, jaw and teeth move (these are calledarticulators). Therefore, the chances of two people have the

same vocal characteristics are minute.

But this technique is not 100% authentic because of the

following reasons.

Each and every persons voice changes as per themood.

All microphones, which are used to fetch the voice,may not work properly.

During the recording of voice if there is anybackground sound or noise then it will not be able to

give perfect result.

The computer converts the voice pattern into 0 & 1.After

taking the input that input is also converted into 0 & 1.If theboth code matches the person is authorized.

8.2 FINGER PRINT: -

In this technique, no two persons have the same


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Finger print, Francis Galton proves this after a long observation in1982

No ID card is as best as finger print because the possibility of

matching two persons finger print is 0%.

Finger print is also called finger scanning.

To scan the finger print, a special kind of scanner that can work

with optical rays is used.

When a person put his/her finger on the transparent glass of

scanner, CCD chip scans the biological features of finger.

It fetches the diagram of finger print & delivers it to the

computer where a special programme measures the distancebetween the special features & that print.

Here, those special features are core, split, island, end & delta.

The new sophisticated software of bio metrics scans the finger

as well as palm.

In this case, it takes the 90 types of measurement of palm &

matches that new digit against the stored digits in thecomputers memory as well as finger print is matched & then it

gives the access rights.

Hand technology is similar but surprisingly uses smaller

amount information. Hand technology is also susceptible to

injuries to hand and can be fairly expensive to install.

Most fingerprint data takes up around 250Kb.

Fingerprinting is a widely used and accepted technology withvery good accuracy rates.

Thus this technique is more authentic than the voice print.

The computer converts the finger pattern into 0 & 1.After

taking the input that input is also converted into 0 & 1.If theboth code matches the person is authorized.


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8.3 PATTERN OF IRIS: -

an iris has a mesh-like texture to it, with numerous overlaysand patterns. The iris is located behind the cornea of the eye,

but in front of the lens. Its only physiological purpose is to

control the amount of light that enters the eye through thepupil, but its construction from elastic connective tissue givesit a complex, fibrillous pattern.

Iris recognition is the epitome of biometric identification - the

Entire planet could be enrolled into an iris database and there

would still be a minute chance of false identification orrejection. In finger print technique there are only 90 special

features, but in iris pattern there are 266 special features.

In 1998, Dr. John Daugman. -inventor of Cambridge

University of Britain has compared the approx 3, 00, 00,000the iris but he couldnt find at least one similarity.


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In this technique CCD camera, which looks like smallcamcorders, scans the eyes iris pattern.

The iris pattern of a persons left and right eyes are different.

Here, CCD scan either left or right eyes iris pattern.

After scanning that pattern is delivered to the computers

processing unit.

Computer only considers the data of iris and removes otherdata and analyzes the total 266 features and assigns a particular

value to each feature.

The pattern of iris is converted into the total 4,096 bits of 0 &

1.

Then computer compares the new data of 0 & 1 to the iris print

stored as master key and if it is matches then gives the access

rights.

Iris has stable and distinctive features for personalidentification. That is because every iris has fine and unique

patterns and does not change over time since two or three years

after the birth, so it might be called as a kind of optical fingerprint

The Iris Code is so specialized that the chances of two iriseshaving the same code are 1 in 1052 !

SOME CURRENT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF IRISRECOGNITION:

Secure accesses to bank cash machine accounts:The banks of United, Diebold and Sensor have applied it.

After enrolling once (a 30second process), the customers

need only approach the ATM, follow the instruction to look at

the camera, and be recognized within 2-4 seconds. Theultimate aim is to provide safe and secure transactions.

Ticket less, document-free air travel:Passengers and airline employees will store digital

images of their irises on a database. After the image of your iris

is on the file, a video camera will be able to instantly verifyyour identity and clear you to board the aircraft.


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Computer login: the iris an living password.

National border controls: the iris as a living passport.

Premises access control (homes, office, and laboratory).

Credit card authentication.

Secure financial transactions.

Internet security.

8.4 FACE PRINT: -

Facial biometrics use various features of the face to recognize or

verify a user.

Fourth type of biometrics identification is of face print.

To capture face print of any person special kind of camera is used.

This vide camera delivers the capture image to compute

Computer makes a pattern of that image using software.

To make this pattern it will use approx 50 features of face like thedistance between two eyes, breath of nose, cheeks, area of

forehead, jaws etc.

These features are converted into digital form.

Though it is not necessary that a high tech and sophisticatedsoftware identify proper person.

The computer converts the face pattern into 0 & 1.After taking the

input that input is also converted into 0 & 1.If the both codematches the person is authorized.

Here are some possibilities.

To create a pattern of a persons face, the face of the personmust be within the range of 35 degrees.

A camera cannot recognize a person wearing goggles.

e.g.: During a testing at Palm Beach, America, the camerahas recognized simultaneously two persons as culprit. The

face of one of them is really stored into the computer


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software as culprit. For that person Bio-metrics technologyhas been proved 100% true. While according to plan other

person is eating a Jellybeans candy and he acts as if he is

blowing. By doing this face was looking quite similar to thefirst one. So, camera recognizes him as a culprit by ringing

an alarm.

Because of continuous movement of head camera cannotrecognize the face.

In short, in compare to finger print and iris pattern -faceprint is less authentic. In some circumstances this is very

useful like when we caught the culprit and make him/her tostand against the camera.

A software FaceIt can compare 6, 00, 00,000 photosagainst the face/minute.

In this process there is no chance of any error. But we

cannot relay on it completely. Because of Bio-metrics thehuman body is serving s mobile lock and key.


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8.5 Hand Geometry: -

Hand geometry is by far the most widely used

biometric system. The ID3D Hand key system from

Recognition Systems, Inc. is the most popular.Various methods are used to measure the hand; these

methods generally fall into one of two categories:

1. Mechanical

2. Image-edge detectionEither method produces estimates of certain person.

Key measurements of the hand (length of fingers and thumb,

widths, etc.); this data are used to "categorize" a person.

It works as follows:

The user first enters a PIN number on a keypad, and then

positions their hand on a plate using a set of guidance pins whichensures that the hand will be in generally the same position for every

measurement. Then a digital camera mounted above the plate, with

the aid of a mirror, takes a picture of the top and side views of thehand. The dimensions of the hand, such as finger length, width and

area, are extrapolated from the image and the magnification of the

camera. This system, however, is subject to an attack using a fake

hand modeled after that of an authorized user.

8.6 Retinal Scan: -

Retinal Scan technology is based on the blood vessel pattern in the retina

of the eye. A retinal scan can produce almost the same volume of data as a

fingerprint image analysis.It works as follows:

The user positions their head against a support, and a low power infrared

light is directed against the back of the retina. The image of the pattern of veins is

reflected back to a camera.


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8.7 Keystroke Dynamics: -

This method analyzes the way in which a user types at a computerkeyboard. The input is monitored thousands of times a second, and the durations

of keystrokes and the latencies between them are recorded.

The goal for keyboard dynamics is continual authentication of the userwhile at a computer; so that if an intruder user had access to the users sessionwhile they were away, the machine would eventually be able to recognize the

discrepancy. Even though typing patterns are behavioral characteristics, they are

very hard to mimic.

8.8 Facial Recognition: -

Facial recognition technology has recently developed into two areas of

study:

1. Facial metrics

2. Eigenfaces.

Facial metrics technology relies on the measurement of specific facial

features (e.g., the distance between the inside corners of the eyes, the distance

between the outside corners of the eyes and the outside corners of the mouth, etc.)and the relationship between these measurements. Within the past two years, an

investigation has been made into categorizing faces according to the degree of fit

with a set of "eigenfaces". It has been postulated that every face can be assigned a

"degree of fit" to each of 150 eigenfaces; further, only the template eigenfaceswith the 40 highest "degree of fit" scores are necessary to reconstruct a face with

over 99% accuracy. The difference between the eigenface method of facial

categorization and the police artist method of building a face from template partsis that the eigenface method is based upon an actual photo of the individual and

the "eigenface" information is derived from a computer-based analysis of the

digital image of the photo. Eigenfaces are (reportedly) highly repeatable and arenot affected by human subjectivity. Eigenface technology has some promise, but

it is a technique that is just in the infancy stage of development. Very little data

regarding eigenface error rates (false negative, false positive) exists at this point.

8.9 Signature Recognition: -

Signature recognition is based on the dynamics of making the signature,i.e., acceleration rates, directions, pressure, stroke length, etc., rather than a direct

comparison of the signature after it has been written. The problems withsignature recognition lie in the means of obtaining the measurements used in the

recognition process and the repeatability of the signature. The instrumentation


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cannot consistently measure the dynamics of the signature. Also, a person doesnot make a signature in a fixed manner; therefore, the data obtained from any one

signature from an individual has to allow for a range of possibilities.

Signature recognition has the same problem with match discrimination(i.e., finding a match in a large database) as does hand geometry.

*Biometrics Captured Using Web Cam and Microphone*

Figure 1 is made up of images of 320240 pixels. Figure 1(a) is the typicalupright front image that we captured before processing it. At 50mm, the shortest

depth-of-field, we can capture eye at a resolution of 320240, as shown in Figure1(b). By visual judgement, this is quite promising for the authentication purpose,

when lighting and reflection can be controlled. Since all eyes are round, colour

analysis becomes an important property for extraction.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)

Figure 1: Biometrics captured by the Webcam in this project

Figure 1(c) shows an ear. An ear has more structure thus creates differentshading. Segmenting ear can be very challenging. However, if ear can be

segmented reliably and represented in a canonical image space, it is possible to

extract ear shape information. The same goes to fist as shown in Figure 1(d). Wetried to capture thumb too in the hope that fingerprints might be observed.

However, at such resolution, fingerprints are partially captured and are not clear.


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By visual judgement, we have decided to use face biometrics, over eye

biometrics, ear and fist in decreasing order of priority.

*COMPARISON OF BIO-METRICS TECHNIQUE*

10.1 Uniqueness of biometric features

Table shows the cross accuracy of different biometrics.

Table: Comparison of Biometrics Techniques [Ruggles, 1998]

Biometrics Crossover Accuracy

Retinal Scan 1:10,000,000+

Iris Scan 1:131,000

Fingerprints 1:500

Hand Geometry 1:500

SignatureDynamiques

1:50

Voice Dynamiques 1:50

Crossover accuracy is the ratio of the crossover frequency as compared tothe whole population of test data. The smaller the crossover accuracy, the more

unique the biometrics is. It should be noted that comparison across biometrics isby no means measurable. Even the quality of same biometrics is difficult to judge

unless the results are tested on the same data set. [OGorman, 1999]. Therefore,

sufficient bias is expected from the readers as well.

From Table 2, Retinal scan, after [Daugman, 1995], appears to have the highest crossover accuracy. Eventhough Iris scan has high cross over accuracy, its user acceptability is low. Fingerprints and hand geometries are equally

unique.

Signature dynamics and voice dynamics have the lowest accuracy ratesaccording to [Ruggles, 1998]. In addition, these two techniques rely on

behavioural measurements as opposed to physical measurements. In general,

behavioural biometrics is less reliable than physical biometrics.


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Retinal scan has high accuracy but also has a high data collection errorrate and low user acceptability. For this reason, retinal scan exists only in science

fiction movies but not in real life applications!

The fingerprint biometric has a low data collection error rate and high user

acceptability. Further, fingerprint technology has had the most research anddevelopment money applied to both identification and authentication problem.

Finally, fingerprint biometrics has the highest acceptance in the identificationcommunity and virtually every large biometrics system in operation today uses

fingerprint biometrics. Notwithstanding its association with "criminal"

applications, fingerprint biometrics is generally accepted by clients.

The chosen biometrics in this project, i.e., face and voice, are based onuser acceptability and another important factor, the availability of resources in the

laboratory. Once the system is established, moving into other biometrics would be

easier.

Table 3: Comparison of biometrics technologies based on perception of three

biometrics experts according to [Jain, 1999]


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*HOW WELL DO BIOMETRICS WORK?*

11.1 FALSE ACCEPT RATES

11.2 FALSE REJECT RATES11.3 EQUAL ERROR RATES

11.4 VALIDITY OF TEST DATA

Biometric devices can be adjusted to favor security or user convenience. How

well do Biometrics work? Is depending on four points.

11.1 False Accept Rates

The probability that a biometric device will allow anunauthorized person is called the "False Accept Rate.

False Accept Rates claimed for today's biometric accesssystems range from 0.0001% to 0.1%.

It's important to remember that the only way an unauthorized

person can get access is if a unauthorized person tries. Thus, theFalse Accept Rate must be multiplied by the number of


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attempts by unauthorized person to determine the number ofpossible occurrences.

11.2 False Reject Rates

The probability that a biometric device won't recognize anauthorized person is called the "False Reject Rate.

The False Reject Rates quoted for current biometric systemsrange from 0.00066% to 1.0%.

A low False Reject Rate is very important for mostapplications, since users will become extremely frustrated if

they're denied access by a device that has previously

recognized them.

11.3 Equal Error Rates

The point where false accept and false reject curves cross is

called the "Equal Error Rate.

Error curves give a patternical representation of a biometric

device's "personality."

The Equal Error Rate provides a good indicator of the unit's

performance. The smaller the Equal Error Rate, the better.

11.4 Validity of Test Data

Here, it checks for validity of the processed data and decides

whether the person is authorized or not.

Testing biometrics is difficult, because of the extremely low

error rates involved. To attain any confidence in the statisticalresults, thousands of transactions must be examined.

It's important to remember that error rates are statistical: theyare derived from a series of transactions by a population of

users.

In general, the larger the population and the greater the number

of transactions, the greater the confidence level in the accuracyof the results.


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If the reported error rate is 1:10, then a sample of 100transactions may provide a sufficient confidence level.

Conversely, a 100-transaction sample would be too small if the

error rate was reported as 1:100,000.

Biometric devices are extremely secure, thanks to the combination of low FalseAccept Rates at moderate sensitivity settings, combined with a short user keypadcode.

At the same time, biometrics is extremely convenient and error-

free, thanks to low False Reject Rates.

*IS DNA A BIOMETRIC?*

DNA differs from standard biometrics in several ways:DNA requires a tangible physical.

DNA matching is not done in real-time, and currently not all stages of

comparison are automated.DNA matching does not employ templates or feature extraction, but

rather represents the comparison of actual samples.

Regardless of these basic differences, DNA is a type of biometricinasmuch as it is the use of a physiological characteristic to verify or

determine identity.

*ABOUT BIO-METRICS*

13.1 WILL BIO-METRICS SOLVE ALL SECURITY CONCERNS?

13.2 WHICH IS THE BEST IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE?13.3 IS BIO-METRICS MORE SECURE THEN PASSWORD?

13.4 APPLICATION

13.5 NEW OPPORTUNITIES

13.6 FUTURE TECHNOLOGY13.7 BENEFITS


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13.1 Will Biometric Solve All Security Concerns?

No System Can be 100% Safe

Biometric Measures Can be Very Successful in Fighting Today's SecurityConcerns

Major Drawback in Adopting Biometric Systems is that Concerned personNeed to be Physically Present

13.2 Which is the best technique among above?

Accordingly, the pattern of iris is the best one to recognize a person.

Because the possibility of two persons having the same iris pattern is 1 per 1000million, the population of earth is 6 million so eyes are 12 million and that is why

probability is not at least 1%.

13.3 Is Bio-metrics more "secure" than passwords?

This question at least poses two problems: biometrics is notequal to biometrics, and the term "secure" is in fact commonly used, but it is not

exactly defined. However, we can try to collect pros and cons in order to find at

least an intuitive answer.

It is a matter of fact that the security of password protectedvalues in particular depends on the user. If the user has to memorize too many

passwords, he will to use the same passwords for as many applications aspossible. If this is not possible, he will go to construct very simple passwords. If

this will also fail (e.g., if the construction rules are too complex), the next fall-

back stage is to notify the password on paper. This would transform "secret

knowledge" into "personal possession". Of course, not every user will react thisway. Rather the personal motivation plays an important role: is he aware of the

potential loss caused by careless handling of the password? It is easy if the user is

the owner. But often foreign possession (e.g., that of the employer) has to beguarded, whose value one often can hardly estimate. If motivation is missing, any

password primarily tends to be felt bothersome. In this case, and that seems to bethe normal case, it is assumed that biometrics has considerable advantages.

Contrariwise, passwords feature unbeatable theoretic

protection ability: an eight-digit password which is allowed to contain any symbol

from an 8-bit alphabet offers 1020 possible combinations! This is a real challenge

for any biometric feature. The requirements are obvious: such a password ismaximally difficult to learn, it must not be written down, it must not be passed to


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anyone, the input must take place absolutely secret, it must not be extorted, andthe technical implementations must be perfect. This leads us to the practical

aspects: the implementation must be protected against replay attacks, keyboard

dummies (e.g., false ATMs), wiretapping etc. Even biometric features have tocope with such problems. However, it can be assumed that the protection of

biometric feature acquisition is not easier than the acquisition of the password,provided the implementation expense is comparable!

13.4 Where BIO-METRICS is used?

For Security

Protect Sensitive Data

High degree of identity certainty in transactions

Create databases with singular identities

For Accountability

Improve auditing / reporting / record keeping

Time keeping

For Efficiency

Reduce password-related problems

It is also used in following areas.

Enterprise-wide network security infrastructures

Secure electronic banking, investing and other financialtransactions

Retail sales

Law enforcement

Health & Social services

13.5 The New Opportunities for Biometrics

The unfortunate events of September 11, 2001 have placed the recentfocus on creating new systems and installations employing biometrics.

Examples include facial recognition at airports and fingerprint and irisscanning solutions at new government facilities.


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Combination of Biometrics with smart cards

Smart cards, when combined with biometrics, offer a number of benefits.

o Smart cards provide a portable storage mechanism for thebiometric template. This means template management iseliminated across the biometric reader network. Enrolled users

present their smart card to the biometric reader at any location

where the card is valid. The biometric template stored on the card(which is usually encrypted) is compared to the live biometric. If

the two match, the system grants the user access.

o Another benefit of combining biometrics with smart cards pertainsto dual-technology cards that are embedded with a smart chip.

These combination cards function as both smart cards andproximity cards. This grouping permits organizations currently

using proximity-based access control to incorporate biometric

security and limit card issuance to users who are permitted accessto the biometrically secured area.

Lastly, since the biometric templates are stored on individual cards, the number ofusers for any particular biometric reader is unlimited. This scenario differs from

biometric readers that store

o the template, thereby limiting the template capacity to the reader'sstorage capacity.

13.6 Near Future Technologies

In near future every person having a Bio-chip in the body.

This Bio-chip concept is recently used in an African Safaris to trap theactivities and diseases of animals. For this every animal has a Bio-chip in

its body.

For Bio-chip in human we will store identification information.

So, in future it may not require to ask What is your name? just make ashake hand and allow the Bio-chips to interact and will know the personsIdentification.


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We dont know, But Bio-metrics identification may include brainChemistry because every one has got different brain chemistries.

Nowadays, a Bio-Processor-chip is available which can recognize thebacteria that can cause diseases- spread through blood, saliva

And urine in few minutes instead of hours.

13.7 Benefits of Adopting Biometrics

No Need to Remember Passwords:As it uses our biometry we are not supposed to give any

password. Because where ever we go our finger print, iris pattern, our

face, voice definitely with us!

Unauthorized Access to Personal Data Can be Prevented:It is a one type of security system that no one can hack it

because they do not have our fingerprint, iris, voice, face etc. So, itprevents the data from an unauthorized person.

Fraudulent Use of ATMs, Credit Cards Can be Prevented:None can use our ATM just by knowing our PIN. Because no

number or password is there.

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