biomolecules - amazon s3 - attraction between molecules of the same substance adhesion- attraction...
TRANSCRIPT
Biomolecules Unit 3
Atoms
Elements
Compounds
Periodic Table
What are biomolecules?
Monomers vs Polymers
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Minerals
Vitamins
Enzymes
Triglycerides
Chemical Reactions
Water
Acids and Bases
Solutions & Suspensions
Atoms, Elements, and Compounds
Atoms- The smallest unit of matter
Proton (+) Electrons (-) and Neutrons (neutral)
Most atoms have the same number of Protons and Electrons
Elements-any material (such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, or oxygen) that cannot
be broken down into more fundamental substances
25 essential elements
C,H,O,N making up 96% of the human body
Compounds-a substance formed when two or more different elements are
chemically bonded together.
Periodic Table
Arrangement of elements
Atomic number (number of protons)
Atomic Mass (total number of protons and
neutrons)
Isotopes- Same number of protons different
number of neutrons
Minerals and Vitamins
Vitamin Organic
Acts as a coenzyme
Needed in small amounts
Mineral Inorganic
Building materials
Used in chemical reactions
Needed in small amounts
Chemical Reactions
Reactant (to the left of the yield sign)
Product (to the right of the yield sign)
Yield sign ( the arrow, think like an equal sign)
Water
Polar compound
Hydrogen bonding
Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same
substance
Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different
substances
Capillary action- the ability for absorbent material to rise
or fall as a result of surface tension.
Water Continued
Universal Solvent
it carries nutrients throughout the body
It removes waste from the body
Most abundant substance in the body
It does an excellent job of maintaining
homeostasis (balance in the body) (ex.
Temperature)
It is needed for digestion
Acids and Bases
pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is
0-14
Acids pH less then 7
High concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+)
Bases pH greater then 7
High concentration of hydroxide ions ions (OH-)
pH of 7 is neutral (water)
Solutions ans Suspensions
Mixture- Individual substances retains its own
property when mixed
Suspension- Mixture in which the materials do not
dissolve
Solution- Substances are evenly distributed
Solute (substance that dissolved)
Solvent (substance that the solute dissolved in)
What are Biomolecules?
Biomolecules are organic molecules made by
living organisms
These mostly consist of
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Organic Molecules?
Organic molecules are any molecule that contains
Carbon in it
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of how carbon
interacts with other elements
Organic molecules are considered to be the chemicals
of life
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are the most
common organic elements
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon in them
Monomers vs Polymers
Monomers- molecules that
react with similar molecules
to form a chain
Theses are usually one
unit
Polymers- A chain of many
monomers that are
chemically bonded together
Macromolecules- large
scale molecules
Synthesis of Polymers
How are Polymers formed and broken?
Dehydration synthesis or condensation- the process of
removing 1 H atom from one side of a monosaccharide
and and OH from one side of another
monosaccharide.
Removes a water molecule so that the
monosaccharides can join together
Hydrolysis - Reverses dehydration synthesis by adding
a water molecule to the polymer to separate it out into
its monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates
Includes sugars starches and cellulose
Simple Carbs = Monosaccharides
Disaccharides are “double sugars” or 2
monosaccharides joined together by a covalent
bond
Polysaccharides- multiple monosaccharides joined
together by covalent bonds
Carbohydrates Structure
Consist of Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio
(CH2O)n
Ring shaped
Fructose —>
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Major nutrients for cell
In cellular respiration cells
extract energy through a
series of reactions starting
with glucose molecules
The carbon skeleton is
also useful for helping
synthesize small organic
molecules such as amino
and fatty acids
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides
joined together by a
covalent bond
Polysaccharides:
Macromolecules consisting of a few hundred or thousand
monosaccharides joined together
Some serve as storage materials hydrolyzed as needed to
provide sugar for the cell (starches)
Others as building material for structures that protect the
cell or organism (cellulose in plants and glycogen in
animals)
Lipids
A large biological molecule that
does not include polymers not big
enough to be considered a
macromolecule
Mix poorly if at all in water
Most are hydrophobic (water
hating)
Waxes, Fats, Phospholipids, and
Steroids
Lipids
Long Term Energy Storage
Insulation
Phospholipids make cell membranes
Hormones
Fats/Fatty acids
Fats consist of Glycerol and
fatty acids
Fatty Acids have a long
carbon skeleton (16-18
carbon atoms long) with a
carboxyl group at one end
(COOH)
Making a Fat
3 Fatty acids have to bind to a glycerol by an ester
linkage this results in a fat or Triglyceride
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats
Have to do with the configuration of the fatty acid chain
and the Hydrocarbons on it
If there are no double bound carbons in the fatty acid
chain there are manny hydrogen atoms can bind to the
carbon skeleton
This is where the term Saturated and Unsaturated come
from
Saturated Fatty Acids- fatty acids all have single bonds.
Unsaturated Fatty Acids- in which there is one or more
double bond in the fatty acid chain
Saturated Fatty Acids
Most animal fats (lard and butter)
Solids at room temp
To many Saturated Fatty Acids in the diet can lead to a
disease called atherosclerosis (fat building up in your
arteries)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids- contains one double
bond
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids- contains more than one
double bond
In fish and plants and usually a liquid at room
temperature (fish oil and olive oil)
Phospholipids
These make up the Cell membrane without this the
Cell will have no structure or support
Phospholipids- a lipid containing a phosphate (PO4)
group in its molecule
Glycerol is attached to 2 fatty acid chains opposed to
3
Hydrophilic (water loving) head
2 Hydrophobic (water hating) Tail
Phospholipids
Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospholipid Bilayer- characterized ny 2 layers of lipids
with their heads to the outside of the membrane and its
tails inside the membrane
Steroids
Steroids- lipids
characterized by a carbon
skeleton consisted of 4
fused rings
Cholesterol
Proteins
Protein- a biologically functional molecule that consist
of one or more peptides, each folded and coiled into
a specific 3D structure
proteins account for over 50% of the dry mass of
most cells
They are involved in almost everything an organism
does
Speed up chemical reaction, Defend the body, Aid in
storage, Cellular transport and communication, and
Add structural support to the cell and body
Proteins
Subunit- Amino acids
Amino acids are connected via peptide
bonds
Very large molecules
Globular or structural
Consist of: Amino Acids, Enzymes,
Polypeptides, and much more
Amino Acids
Amino Acids- a simple
organic compound containing
both a carboxyl (COOH) and
an amino (NH2) group
The side chain R can be
replaced with any group or
chain
20 common amino acids
Amino Acids Polymers
Amino acids are used to build
proteins
The Polymer of an amino acid
is the Polypeptide
A covalent bond between 2
amino acids is called a
Peptide bond
Repeating peptide bonds
create polypeptides
Enzymes
Enzymes- specialized macromolecules that speed up
chemical reactions
Catalyst- a chemical agent that speeds app a reactions
without being consumed by the reaction
Enzymes are the bodies catalyst
Activation energy- the amount of energy required to start a
reaction
The activation energy is the amount of energy it takes to
push a substance up “a hill” so that it can start the downward
portion of “the hill” by itself
What do Enzymes do?
They lower the activation energy needed for a
reaction!
How Does the Enzyme do that?
Substrate- the substance the enzyme acts on
The enzyme binds to the substrate to form an enzyme-
substrate complex
While the enzyme is bound to the substrate the energy
stored up in the enzyme-substrate complex makes the
activation energy lower.
Think about a lock an key in a door. You have a locked door
there is not a lot of air going through that door. Once you
put the key in the door is able to be unlocked/opened and
there can be lots of air flowing though.
Enzyme Active Sites
Enzymes will only allow certain substrates to bind to
it
Enzymes are very specific
Active site- a pocket or grove on the surface of the
enzyme that allows the substrate to bind thus
starting get catalyst
The substrate must match to active site perfectly
otherwise the enzyme wont bind to it.
Once bound the enzyme will temporarily change its
shape
Other Enzyme Effectors
There is an optimal pH and Temperature
If the pH or temp is to high or low the enzymes
wont perform as effectively or at all
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids- are polymers mad of monomers
called nucleotides
2 Types that allow the ability of reproduction
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Function of Nucleic Acids
Storage and retrieval of
information
Gene expression
Genetic Code
Nucleic Acids Structure
Nucleotides ar ether
subunit
5 Carbon sugar
(pentose) (This
determine RNA or
DNA)
Nitrogen Base (these
determine the specific
nucleic acid0
1 + Phosphate groups
DNA vs RNA
DNA
Double stranded Helix
Used in gene expression in most
organisms
RNA
Single stranded
Used solely in gene expression mainly
in bacteria
Aids in making the double stranded
DNA