Biomolecules

Macromolecules

Bio 9.ACompare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

(READINESS STANDARD)

Poly – Many

Mono - One

Hydro - Water

Synthesis - to make or form

Lysis - loosen or break apart

Lipos – fat

Bio – life

Macro – very large in scale

Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots

Life as we know it is carbon based. 95% of all carbon compounds are organic.

A carbon atom can form chemical bonds with other carbon atoms in long chains or rings.

Carbon Compounds in living things include: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins (these are called macromolecules).

Carbon Compounds

Macromolecule Analogy

Many individual

small molecules are

known as monomers

Together, these same molecules can combine to form a polymer

POLYMER MONOMERCarbohydrates (Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Lipids (e.g. fats) Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Protein Amino Acids

Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

Polymers and Monomers

The chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off.

Dehydration Synthesis

The chemical breakdown of polymers into monomers through the addition of water; essentially the opposite of dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates are energy-rich compounds made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Cells use carbohydrates to get and store energy.

Carbohydrates are also called sugars or starches.

Carbohydrates

Plant cells store energy as starch.

Rice, potatoes, and wheat are plant starches.

Carbohydrates

FUNCTION Quick and short term energy

FOUND IN Breads, Pastas, Potatoes, Corn

STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO) Unique because they always have a 1:2:1 ratio

MONOSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

Glucose (C6H12O6)

DISACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

Lactose (milk sugar) Maltose (malt sugar-in grain), Sucrose (made of fructose & maltose combined-in sugar cane) (C12H22O11)

POLYSACCHARIDE EXAMPLES

100 to 1000 monosaccharides joined

Starch-how carbohydrates are stored in plantsGlycogen-how carbohydrates are stored in animalsCellulose-found in plant cell walls; animals cannot digest (Fiber)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

Lipids are made by cells to store energy for long periods of time.

Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes.

Can you think of examples of lipids in plants or animals?

Lipids

FUNCTION Long term energy storageInsulate against heat lossProtective cushion around organs

FOUND IN Fatty foods, butter, margarine, cooking oils

STUCTURE Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (on occasion other elements) Glycerol (backbone 3 Carbons with -OH groups) and fatty acid tail/sDon’t dissolve in water

FATS and OILS (Triglycerides)

One glycerol with 3 fatty acid tail

PHOSPHOLIPIDSMake up cell membranes contain C,H, O and phosphorus (2 fatty acid tails)

WAXESOnly 1 fatty acid tail with alcohol attached; protective coating on fruits etc.

STEROIDS Includes cholesterol, female and male sex hormone

Lipids

1 Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid tails.

GL

YC

ER

OL

BA

CK

BO

NE

Lipids

Dehydration Synthesis of Fats:

Fats are also known as triglycerides!!Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids all attached

by dehydration synthesis.

How many water molecules are made?

Saturated Fats:

Contain no double bonds between carbons!

Carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen.

SOLID at room temperature!!!

Ex: Butter, lard, shortening, bacon

No DOUBLE bonds!!! (saturated with hydrogen)

Nice and smooth and straight… so they pack tightly to form a solid!

Unsaturated fats!

Have double bonds between carbons!

Liquid at room temperature!

Ex: Oils

Double bonds make them crinkle and not pack as tightly!

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Lipids

Proteins are very large molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Protein molecules are made of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Proteins

FUNCTION Building blocks of living materials; compose structural parts such as keratin in hair and nails, antibodies, cartilage, bones, ligaments and enzymes (compounds that speed up reactions)

FOUND IN Meat, Eggs and Cheese

STUCTURE Much larger, more complex than carbohydrates and lipids . Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen.

BUILDING BLOCKS Amino Acids (There are 20 different amino acids)

PEPTIDE BONDS

Hold amino acids together (dipeptides, tripeptides, polypeptides)

DENATURATION

When proteins are exposed to extreme changes in pH, temperature etc. they lose their shape and can no longer function.

Proteins

Dehydration Synthesis

Hydrolysis

Proteins

Proteins - Amino AcidsR group makes each amino acid different

There are 20 different amino acids.

Polymers.Amino acids:joined by peptide bonds

(dehydration synthesis again!!)Dipeptide (two amino acids)Polypeptide (many amino acids)

What is made each time A.A. are joined?____Order of A.A. determines shape of protein

Shape determines FUNCTION!

Denaturing of a proteinDenatured = misshapen

Causes: temperature, pH, salt concentration, and other environmental factors

THINK about what happens when you grill a steak!! Or chicken! Or Fry an Egg! (or boil Egg)

Nucleic acids are compounds made of long, repeating chains called nucleotides.

DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins.

Nucleic Acid

FUNCTION Important for growth & reproduction of cells, contains the genetic code (what genes are made from)

FOUND IN Genes – 2 types DNA and RNA

STUCTURE Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate, nitrogen bases

BUILDING BLOCKS Nucleotides

ATP

A nucleic acid that is made in the cell’s mitochondria. Glucose is converted into ATP.

SHAPE

DNA is known for its twisted ladder shape

Nucleic Acid

Nucleic Acid

This is a polymer

Nucleotide of a polymer

This is a monomer

Some scientists refer to DNA as the “blueprints” for life.

What is a blueprint and why might scientists use this “analogy”?

Nucleic Acid - DNA

WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

NOTICE: C,H,O and the 2:1 ratio of H to O

NOTICE: the twisted shape of DNA

NOTICE: The Glycerol back bone and fatty acid tails

NOTICE: The amino acid monomers

CHROMOSOME

NOTICE: The phospate, sugar and base

NOTICE: The nitrogen and R-group