bionic body

8/8/2019 Bionic Body

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Department of C.S.E, MeRITS, Udayagiri.

ABSTRACT

In digital era it is not necessary to human being for intractable

pain and incontinence, this is possible by a bionic body . Bionics seeks to

transcend our biological nature by replacing biological parts with artificial parts

("deflesh"), or by translating the human mind into information in a

computer(Uploading). These processes are naturally highly speculative so far,

since we are still far from this technological level.

However, in the field of connecting artificial limbs and other

systems to nerves, some promising advances have already happened or seem

probable in the near future. The transfer of technology between life forms and

synthetic constructs is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces

natural systems to become highly optimized and efficient. In the field of computer

science, the study of bionics has produced cybernetics, artificial neurons, artificial

neural networks, and swarm intelligence. .

Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but it

took the idea further by simulating evolution in silicon and producing well-

optimized solutions that had never appeared in nature. In this paper our aim is

to highlight the artificial organs through bionic body.

Keywords : Bionics, Biomimetics, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial

Neurons.


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1. INTRODUCTION

Bionics (also known as biometrics, bio gnosis, bio mimicry, or

biotical creativity engineering) is the application of methods systems found in

nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.

Also a short form of biomechanics, the word 'bionic' is actually a portmanteauformed from biology ( from the Greak word " ", pronounced "vios", meaning

"life") and electronic.The transfer of technology between life forms and synthetic

constructs is desirable because evolutionary pressure typically forces natural

systems to become highly optimized and efficient.

A classical example is the development of dirt- and water-repellent

paint (coating) from the observation that the surface of the lotus flower plant is

practically unstuck for anything (the lotus effect). Examples of bionics in

engineering include the hulls of boats imitating the thick skin of dolphins, sonar,

radar, and medical ultrasound imaging imitating the echolocation of bats.

In the field of computer science, the study of bionics has produced

cybernetics, artificial neurons, artificial neural networks, and swarm intelligence.

Evolutionary computation was also motivated by bionics ideas but it took the idea

further by simulating evolution in silico and producing well optimized solutions

that had never appeared in nature.


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2.INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL ORGANS

2.1ARTIFICIAL ARMS

Figure 2. Showing artificial arm.

The above placed figure shows five different mechanisms for artificial

arms and the details are explained below as,

What would it be like to lose a hand, a foot, or even an entire arm or leg?

Scary, that's for sure. How can amputees pick up things or walk or play soccer or


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write a letter? Although nothing is as good as the original flesh and bone, doctors

can provide artificial replacements, called prostheses, for some damaged body

parts. In addition to replacing lost functions, prostheses can result in cosmetic

improvements for the patient and build self-confidence.

Simple prostheses like peg legs have been around for centuries. If they

do not use sophisticated electronics, these artificial limbs are called static

prostheses. One kind of artificial arm, for example, ends in a pair of hooks rather

than a hand. The other end is attached to the remaining portion of the patient's

arm, and then to a harness that straps over the shoulders. By moving the

shoulder, the patient can pull on the harness, which in turn pulls on flexible

cables to open and close the hooks, allowing the person to grasp objects. There is

no sense of touch in this type of prosthesis, so the user has to watch closely what

he or she is doing

Pap er I dentific a tion Numb er: SC-1.4

This peer-reviewed paper has been published by the Pentagram

Research Centre(P)Limited. Responsibility of contents of this paper rests upon the

authors and not upon Pentagram Research Centre (P) Limited. Copies can be

obtained from the company for a cost International Conference on Systemic,

Cybernetics and Informatics.

2.1.1. THE SURGERY

Doctors rewired four nerves that once connected to Jesse Sullivan's arm

and transferred them to his chest muscles. Brain signals fire the nerves and

trigger electrodes affixed to his chest. A computer converts the data into action.

2.1.2. THE SHOULDER

The world's only motorized shoulder is made of aluminium and carbon fiber and

weighs 1.8 pounds. A 14.8-volt lithiumion battery drives a motor and gearbox.

2.1.3. THE HUMORAL ROTATOR


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This one-motor joint enables Sullivan to move his forearm close to his midline,

simplifying tasks such as buttoning a shirt.

2.1.4. THE CONTROL UNIT

A 64-bit microprocessor embedded in the forearm coordinates movement of five

motorized joints.

2.1.5. THE HAND

Hailing from Shanghai, the hand is the only such device to feature a

flexible, motorized wrist. Fingertip sensors enable pressure sensation. If you're

fortunate enough have all of your arms and legs, chances are that you take them

for granted. The human body is a remarkable piece of biological machinery, and

your limbs are no exception. For example, consider the delicate and complextasks hands can perform, such as writing in calligraphy or playing the violin. At

the same time, hands have the strength and durability required to grip heavy

objects and withstand impacts. Legs are equally impressive, enabling a person to

run long distances without tiring and navigate across uncertain terrains.

Figure 3. Artificial arm

2.2 ARTIFICIAL EAR


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Figure 5. Artificial eye

An artificial eye is a camera attached to the optic nerve as are placement for

a real eye. It does not function as well as the real eye, and does not have crystal-

clear vision (as it is only a camera). Currently a camera of 100x100 pixels has

been implemented successfully. This eye is actually a very powerful tool, though

it seems that it is not very effective, it is a huge step to even give sight to the

blind. The ability to give sight to a blind person via an artificial eye depends on

the circumstances surrounding the loss of sight. If the optic nerve was damaged

after birth, it may be possible. If the person was born without sight, the optic

nerve may never have developed at all.

Researchers worldwide are trying to find ways to use electronics to improve

visual recognition. Last year, MIT announced it had developed a chip implant that

could restore vision in some patients. MITs eyeball design holds a microchip that

connects to an external coil on a pair of glasses. The chip receives visual

information and activates electrodes that, in turn, fire the nerve cells that carry

visual input to the brain. Burkett says other groups in Germany and Japan are

working on similar projects. The di fference largely lies in the number of

electrodes used, the configuration of the electrodes and how the data is

transmitted .

2.4 ARTIFICIAL KNEE


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Figure 6 . Artificial Knee

The strategically placed sensor technology on this leg comprises

gyrometers and pressure cells and load cells. With every step that amputees take

with their sound leg, the sensors constantly and accurately measure motion,

position and velocity of the sound side, providing feedback to the artificial

intelligence (AI).Consequently the AI is able to anticipate the motion on the

prosthetic side even before the next step takes place. Transferred via Bluetooth,

this data enables a direct connection between the user and the prosthesis. The

result is that for the first time the two legs function harmoniously and together

once more in the same proactive and anticipatory fashion as human legs.

2.5 ARTIFICIAL S KIN :

Figure 7:artificial skin


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An artificial version of the body's largest organ consists of the lower layer

of human skin combined with a synthetic upper layer. This can be used as a

temporary cover for burns, protecting the wounds from fluid loss and reducing

the risk of infection. A form of Artificial Skin has been demonstrated which is

created out of flexible semiconductor materials that can sense touch. The artificial

skin is anticipated to augment robotics in conducting rudimentary jobs that would

be considered delicate and require touch. It is also expected that the technology

can be further advanced to be used on prosthetic limbs to restore a sense of

touch.

2.6 ARTIFICIAL HEART

Figure 8. Artificial Heart

An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to

replace the original biological heart. It is distinct from a cardiac pump, which is an

external device used to provide the functions of both the heart and the lungs.

Thus, the cardiac pump need not be connected to both blood circuits.

Also, a cardiac pump is only suitable for use not longer than a few hours,

while for the artificial heart the current record is 17months. This synthetic

replacement for an organic mammalian heart (usually human), remains one of

the long-sought Holy Grails of modern medicine. Although the heart is

conceptually a simple organ (basically a muscle that functions as a pump), it


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embodies complex subtleties that defy straightforward emulation using synthetic

materials and power supplies. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial heart

would be to lower the need for heart transplants, because the demand for donor

hearts (as it is for all organs) always greatly exceeds supply.

The Abercorn heart weighs about 2 pounds and is made of titanium and

plastic. It can pump more than 10 litters of blood per minute, which is enough for

everyday stuff like walking. The Abercorn works in a different way from a real

heart. A real heart can pump blood to the lungs and the body on each beat. The

Abercorn sends blood to the lungs and then to the body every other beat, instead

of both at the same time. This helps to keep the artificial heart small, and there is

still plenty of blood flow for normal l ife.

2.7 ARTIFICIAL LIMBS :

Figure 9. Artificial Limbs

For congenital (from birth) defects the terms are used to refer to the

body part that would be amputated. For example if one of the limbs is very short

and the foot is at the level of the 'normal' shin then the prosthesis would be

described as a transtibial prosthesis even though the tibia is fully intact. Any

artificial limb is attached to a person's body to replace a missing part of the body.

They used to be made from wood and certain types of metal, but have now been

replaced with more lightweight material such as fibreglass. Limbs and

appendages are moved by muscles, which are stimulated by very small amounts

of electricity (microvolts) from the nervous system. Even if the limb or


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appendage is absent, the nerves and impulses controlling the missing limb are

(usually) still there, and the brain can send microvolts of electricity to guide a

"phantom" limb. If these currents are amplified and sent to a motor in the

artificial limb, that limb can be moved via the same method used to control

natural limbs.

2.8 ARTIFICIAL LUNG :

An artificial lung is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the

body to replace the biological lung(s). It is different from a heart-lung machine in

that it is internal and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long

periods of time rather than on a temporary basis. Recent developments include a

device that uses small hollow fibres and the heart's own pumping power t o

oxygenate blood.

Bartlett's presentation will be part of a larger ASAIO session on

artificial lung technology that he will chair. The session will also focus on a

University of Pittsburgh device, called IVOX, that is placed within a vein a nd

supports 50 percent of lung function. The U-M lung attaches to the pulmonary

artery, can be used in or outside the body, and replaces 100 percent of lung

function.


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"This generation of long-term, bridge-to-transplant implantable

artificial lungs is on the verge of reaching the patients who need it most, and

have no other options," says Bartlett, a professor of surgery, director of critical

care and head of the extracorporeal life support team at UMHS. "We've overcome

the technical hurdles and now must confirm that it can truly take over for failing

lungs for a longer time, and with less risk, than current life-support technology.

As transplant program leaders tell us, we've never needed these devices more. More than 13 million Americans have chronic respiratory diseases, such as

pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, for which the only effective treatment is lung

transplant. But the shortage of donated lungs means that patients sick enough

for a transplant wait an average of two years for an organ, and 80 percent die

before receiving one. Currently, 4,000 Americans are waiting for a lung or heart-

lung transplant, a number that rises sharply each year. About 1,000 lungs are

transplanted in the U.S. each year, alone or in tandem with a heart transplant.

2.9 ARTIFICIAL URINARY BLADDER :

Figure 10. Artificial Urinary bladder


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New procedure for creating artificial bladders for humans was developed in 2000.

This procedure is called an orthotopic neobladder procedure. This procedure

involves shaping a part (usually 35 to 40 inches) of a patient's small intestine to

form a new bladder. First a CT scan of the patient is taken, to determine the

shape of the bladder that must be created. Next a tissue sample is taken from the

patient's bladder. These cells are grown (this part of the process usually takes 4

weeks), and then layered onto a biodegradable "scaffold" in the shape that the

required bladder is to take. Finally, the transplant procedure takes place. The

entire bladder along with the biodegradable "scaffold" is transplanted. Over time,

the biodegradable "scaffold" will degrade within the patient's body.

A small percentage of bladder control problems may be associated with

bladder cancer. Treatment may include removal of tumours, extensive bladder

reconstruction, or even surgery to remove the bladder altogether. These

surgeries are typically more involved and extensive than those procedures for

incontinence. Below you'll find a breakdown of types of incontinence bladder

surgery and bladder cancer treatment. Presuming incontinence isn't due to some

other treatable cause, incontinence patients may choose to undergo bladder

surgery after exhausting therapeutic and non-surgical medical options. A wide

range of surgeries are available that can repair or strengthen bladders, depending

on the causes of the incontinence.

3.IN MEDICINE

Bionics means the replacement or enhancement of organs or other

body parts by mechanical versions. Bionic implants differ from mere prostheses

by mimicking the original function very closely, or even surpassing it.Bionics'

German equivalent, bionic always adheres to the broader meaning, in that it tries

to develop engineering solutions from biological models. This approach is

motivated by the fact that biological solutions will usually be optimized by

evolutionary forces.

While the technologies that make bionic implants possible are still in a

very early stage, a few bionic items already exist, the best known being the

cochlear implant, a device for deaf people. By 2004 fully functional artificial


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hearts were developed. Significant further progress is expected to take place with

the advent of nanotechnologies. A well known example of a proposed nanodevice

is a reciprocate, an artificial red cell, designed (though not built yet) by Robert

Ferias.

Kwabena Boahen from Ghana was a professor in the Department of

Bioengineering at the University of Pennsylvania. During his eight years at Penn,

he developed a silicon retina that was able to process images in the same manner

as a living retina. He confirmed the results by comparing the electrical signals

from his silicon retina to the electrical signals produced by a salamander eye

while the two retinas were looking at the same image.

3.1 P LASTIC SURGERY

Figure 11.plastic surgery

Plastic Surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction orrestoration of form and function. While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic

surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery,

microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The word "plastic" derives from the

Greek plastics ( ) meaning to mould or to shape, thus plastic surgery

means "melding or shaping surgery" its use here has no connection with

plastics in the sense of synthetic polymer material. Plastic Surgery can also be


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4. BIONIC LIMITATIONS

Running Speed : 66 mph Swimming Speed: 35 knots (40mph)

Jumping Height: 30 feet

Jumping Length: 45 feetLifting Weight w/arm: 1000 lbs

Lifting Weight w/legs: 4500 lbs

Applied Force using arm: 2100 ft-lb/sec.

Applied Force using legs: 9500 ft-lb/sec.

Bending Abilities: 1-inch thick steel

Penetrative Abilities: Able to punch or kick through at least 6 inches of concrete,

and punch or kick through thin plates of solid metal (say, 1/8 inch).

Zoom Distance: 200 yards (Steves eye) Hearing Distance: 1/2 mile (880 yards)

for a person speaking at normal volume (50 decibels).


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5. CONCLUSION

Bionics is very much the present. From engineered organs to

dentures, bionic technology has quietly crept into our daily lives. What is in store

for the future may not so quietly occur. The advancement in neurobiology has

opened new doors as to what may be possible in bionics. Neural signals in the

brain have been captured with a device that is implanted into the brain. The

device consists of a glass cone, about the size of the tip of a ballpoint pen.

A wire is placed in the cone and surrounded by nervous tissue from

the patients leg. The tissue fuses with the wire enabling the wire to pick up

neural activity. At its current stage, patients, with practice, are able to control a

mouse cursor with their thoughts. When this technology improves, neural signal

may be captured and used to operate robotic legs for the paralyzed or maybe

connected to a camera to allow the blind to see. Experts all agree that this is

decades away. International Conference on Systemic, Cybernetics and

Informatics.


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5.BIBLIOGRA P HY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic

http://www.scq.ubc.ca/?p=321

http://www.rdg.ac.uk/biomimetics/about.html

http://www.biomimicry.net/biom_project.html

http://www.bionics2space.org/

http://lautaro.bionik.tu-berlin.de/institut/xstart.htmlArtificial Intelligence I by W. Jones.

Artificial Intelligence II (David Marshall

Forester, C. S. Flying Colours. Little, Brown, 1938

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/artificial-limb#ixzz1AnlgO27D

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