BioprinterThe disparity between the demand for organ transplantation and the number of available organshas long been realized. Needs such as these have led to the emergence and evolution of tissueengineering, where a wide range of disciplines including biochemistry, engineering and materialscience have been integrated and applied.It uses printing devices that deposit biological materials. Bio-printing constructs 3artificial tissues by computer devices.Bio-printing technology is developed by !abor "orgacs, abiophysicist from #niversity of $issouri in the #%. Bioprinters can print comple& 3 structureswith the combinations of 'bioin() and 'biopaper.) Today, bio-printing is still at developmentstage and is used as scientific tools. In long-term,this technology is e&pected to be used forcreating replacement organs and human tissues from raw biological materials.Major components of Bioprinters:*n organ is cut horizontally so that scientists can see an array of cells on the surface. The cellsare then collected to ma(e BioIn(, which change the shape of cells to spheroids. Then the BioIn(is placedinsidethebio-printer. Thespheroids aredroppedintohydrogel, whichacts as aplaceholder. This step is repeated several times to ma(e layers of spheroids which eventuallyform a 3 tissue.Bioprinting Process: +rganovo,s bioprinting process centers around the identification of (ey architectural andcompositional elements of a target tissue, and the creation of a design that can be utilized by abioprinter to generate that tissue in the laboratory environment.+nce a tissue design is established, the first step is to develop the bioprocess protocols re-uiredto generate the multi-cellular building bloc(s.also called bio-in(.from the cells that will beused to build the target tissue.The bio-in( building bloc(s are then dispensed from a bioprinter, using a layer-by-layer approachthat is scaled for the target output. Bio-inert hydrogel components may be utilized as supports, astissues are built up vertically to achieve three-dimensionality, or as fillers to create channels orvoid spaces within tissues to mimic features of native tissue.The bioprinting process can be tailored to produce tissues in a variety of formats, from micro-scale tissues contained in standard multi-well tissue culture plates, to larger structures suitablefor placement onto bioreactors for biomechanical conditioning prior to use.Products and Company/.0 The main company for this technology is +rganovo. This company focuses on the researchand development on bio printing.1.0Novo!en$$2Bioprinter3isthemainmachinethat hasbeendevelopedtomeetchallenges in biological research in regards to bio printing.3.0 The main Bioprinter pioneer4 5apanese scientist $a(oto Na(amura,s modified in(6ettechnology. 7.0 In 1889, he created a wor(ing bio printer that prints out bio tubing similar to a blood vessel.Development Cost/. * bio printer re-uires huge informational contents of human tissues to print organs.1. +rganovo spends about :/;.1 million of funding to further research bio printing andre-uires financial help of investors and donors as well.3. Information that is needed for bio-printing is e&pensive. "or e&ample, /98.7. ?ompanies need to spend additional fees on hiring the e&perts who can operate the bioprinter.Advantages:/.0 @eplace human tissue by full body transplant1.0 *llows scientists to eliminate the wait list of organ transplants3.0 Aigher survival rate of printed cells7.0+ffers high precise resolutionDisadvantages:/.0 The replacement of molecules or cells within the reconstructed organ is not sure aboutwhether they can fit into a human body as functional tissue1.0 Barge-scale construction increases the comple&ity associated with transplantation3.0