biorelated polymers - springer978-1-4757-3374-7/1.pdf · biorelated polymers ... risorgimento 35,...

BIORELATED POLYMERS

BIORELATED POLYMERSSustainable Polymer Science and Technology

Edited by

Emo ChielliniUniversity of PisaPisa, Italy

Helena GilUniversity of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal

Gerhart BrauneggTechnical University of Gra:Graz, Austria

Johanna BuchertV7T BiotechnologyEspoo, Finland

Paul GatenholmChalmers University of TechnologyGoteborg, Sweden

and

Maarten van der ZeeATO B.V.Wageningen. The Netherlands

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Biomedical polymers: sustainable polymer science and technology/edited by EmoChiellini ... ret al.],

p. em.Includes bibliographical references and Index.

I. Biopolymers-Biotechnology. 2. Polymers-Biodegradation. I. Chiellini. Emo. II.International Conference on Biopolymer Technology (1st: 1999: Coirnbra, Portugal) III.International Conference on Biopolymer Technology (2nd: 2000: Ischia, Italy)

TP248.65.P62 B556 2001668.9-dc21

2001038597

This publication was made possible by the financial support from the EuropeanCommission through the FAIR programme: FAIR CT97-3132

icbtBIOPO LYMER -NET

Combined Proceedings of the First and Second International Conference on Biopolymer Technology. organisedby the International Centre of Biopolymer Technology, held in Coimbra, Portugal on September 29-0ctober I.1999 and in Ischia (Naples). Italy on October 25-27. 2000

©20OJ Springer Science+Business Media New YorkOriginally published by Kluwer Academic 1Plenum Publishers, New York in 2001.Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001

http://www.wkap.nl/

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

A c.I.P. record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans. electronic. mechanical. photocopying. microfilming. recording. or otherwise. without written permissionfrom the Publisher

ISBN 978-1-4419-3369-0 ISBN 978-1-4757-3374-7 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-3374-7

Acknowledgements

We thank all the authors that have contributed to this document.Furthermore, we greatly acknowledge the financial support from theEuropean Commission through the FAIR programme (FAIR-CT97-3132)which made it possible to organise the conferences and publish its results.And last but not least our deepest thanks go to Maria G. Viola who managedto transform all contributions into a camera-ready manuscript.

v

Contributors

JORGE ABURTO, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR INRA, Ecole NationaleSuperieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31077Toulouse Cedex 04, France

GRAZYNA ADAMUS, Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer Chemistry, ul. MariiCurie Sklodowskiej 34, 410819 Zabrze, Poland

ISABAELLE ALRIC, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR INRA, EcoleNationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne,31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

FABIOLA AYHLLON-MEIXUEIRO, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, UMR 1010INRA/INP-ENSCT - 118, route de narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

JACKY BARBOT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimie etTechnologie des Proteines, B.P. 717627,44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France

MAGNUS BENGTSSON, Department of Polymer Technology, Chalmers University ofTechnology, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden

RODOLFO BONA, Institut fiir Biotechnologie, TU-Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz,Austria

ELIZABETH BORREDON, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR INRA, EcoleNationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne,31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

GERHART BRAUNEGG, Institut fiir Biotechnologie, TU-Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010Graz, Austria

PAULO BRITO, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica da Faculdade de Ciecias eTecnoIogia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Goimbra,Portugal

FERNANDO CALDEIRA JORGE, Bresfor, Industria do Formol, SA, Apartado 13, 3830Gafanha da Nazare, Portugal

SERGIO CASELLA, Dipartimento di Biotechnologie Agrarie, Universita di Padova,Agripolis, Padova, Italy

JOSE AAM. CASTRO, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra,Coimbra, Portugal

Vll

viii Contributors

EMO CHIELLINI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, viaRisorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy

PATRIZIA CINELLI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa,via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy

FRANCESCA COLOMBO, Politecnico di Milano, Facolta di Ingegneria, Milano, ItalyANDREA CORTI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via

Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, ItalyJOAo G. CRESPO, Departamento de Quimica - CQFB, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia,

Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Caparica, PortugalOLOF DAHLMAN, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institue, Box 5604, S-11486

Stockholm, SwedenWOLF-DIETER DECKWER, Gesellschaft filr Biotechnologische Forschung mbH,

Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124, Braunschweig, GermanyCLAUDE DESSERME, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimie

et Technologie des Proteines, B.P. 717627,44316 Nantes Cedex 3, FrancePIETER J. DIJKSTRA, Department of Chemical Technology and Institute of Biomedical

Technology, University ofTwente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The NetherlandsMARIA G. DUARTE, Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra,

PortugalRENE ESTERMANN, Composto+, Geheidweg 24, 4600 Olten, SwitzerlandJAN FEIJEN, Department of Chemical Technology and Institute of Biomedical Technology,

University of Twente, P.O. Box 217,7500 AE Enschede, The NetherlandsJORGE M.B. FERNANDES DINIZ, Escola Secundaria de Jaime Cortesao, Coimbra,

ProtugalANTOINE GASET, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR INRA, Ecole Nationale

Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31077Toulouse Cedex 04, France

PAUL GATENHOLM, Department of Polymer Technology, Chalmers University ofTechnology, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden

CARLOS F.G.C. GERALDES, Department of Biochemistry, University of Coimbra,Coimbra, Portugal

M. HELENA GIL, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica da Faculdade de Ciecias eTecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Goimbra,Portugal

SAMUEL GIRARDEAU, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industrielle, UMR INRA, EcoleNationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne,31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

WOLFGANG GLASSER, Department of Wood Sci and Forest Production, Virginia Tech.Blacksburg, USA

ELIZABETH GRILLO FERNANDES, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry,University of Pisa, via Risorgimento 35,56126 Pisa, Italy

JACQUES GuEGUEN, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimieet Technologie des Proteines, B.P. 717627,44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France

MARTIN GUSTAVSSON, Department of Polymer Technology, Chalmers University ofTechnology, S-41296 Goteborg, Sweden

VERA HAACK, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, FriedrichSchiller University of Jena, HumboldstraBe 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany

GUDRUN HAAGE, Institut fiir Biotechnologie, TU-Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010 Graz,Austria

Contributors IX

STEFAN HAUSMANNS, Axiva GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, G864, FrankfurtlMain,Germany

JOERN HEERENKLAGE, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Department of WasteManagement, Harburger SchloBstraBe 37, 21079 Hamburg, Germany

ALEKSANDRA HEIMOWSKA, Gdynia maritime Academy, 81-225 Gdynia, PolandTHOMAS HEINZE, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry,

Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, HumboldstraBe 10, 0-07743 Jena, GermanyUTE HEINZE, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich

Schiller University of Jena, HumboldstraBe 10, 0-07743 Jena, GermanySYED H. IMAM, Plant Polymer Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization

Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 North University Street, Peoria,Illinois 61604, USA

HELENA JANIK, Gdynia Maritime Academy, Morska 83,81-225 Gdynia, PolandZBIGNIEW JEDLINSKI, Polish Academy of Science, Centre of Polymer Chemistry, 41-819

Zabrze, PolandMARIA JUZWA, Polish Academy of Science, Centre of Polymer Chemistry, 41-819 Zabrze,

PolandEL-REFAIE KENAWY, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tanta,

Tanta, EgyptMAREK KOWALCZUK, Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Polymer Chemistry, ul.

Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 34, 410819 Zabrze, PolandKATARZYNA KRASOWSKA, Gdynia maritime Academy, 81-225 Gdynia, PolandKRISTIINA KRUUS, VTT Biotechnology, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1500, FIN-02044

VTT, FinlandCOLETTE LARRE, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimie et

Technologie des Proteines, B.P. 717627,44316 Nantes Cedex 3, FranceANDREA LAZZERI, Department of Chemical Engineering, Industrial Chemistry and

Material Science, University of Pisa, via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, ItalyPAULO C. LEMOS, Departamento de Quimica - CQFB, Faculdade de Ciencias e

Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Caparica, PortugalJAN-PLEUN LENS, Agrotechnological Research Institute ATO, Subdivision Industrial

Proteins, P.O.Box 17,6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsCECILE MANGAVEL, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unite de Biochimie

et Technologie des Proteines, B.P. 717627,44316 Nantes Cedex 3, FranceLIJUN MAO, Plant Polymer Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization

Research, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 1815 North University Street, Peoria,Illinois 61604, USA

LUIGI MARINI, Novamont SpA, via Fauser, 28100 Novara, ItalyELKE MARTEN, Gesellschaft fiir Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Mascheroder Weg I,

0-38124, Braunschweig, GermanyPETER MERTINS, Aventis Research and Technologies GmbH & Co. KG, Industriepark

Hoechst, G-864 FrankfurtlMain, GermanyHANNA MILLER, Technical University of Gdansk, Chemical Faculty, Polymer Technology

Department, Narutowicza 11/13,80-925 Gdansk, PolandWIM J. MULDER, Agrotechnological Research Institute ATO, Subdivision Industrial

Proteins, P.O.Box 17,6700 AA Wageningen, The NetherlandsROLF MOLLER, Federal Institute ofTechnology, Universitatstr, 41, Zurich, SwitzerlandROLF-JOACHIM MOLLER, Gesellschaft filr Biotechnologische Forschung mbH,

MascheroderWeg 1,0-38124, Braunschweig, Germany

x Contributors

MYRIAM NAESSENS, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty ofAgricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Gent, Coupure links 653, B9000 Gent, Belgium

lORG NICKEL, German Aerospace Center, Institute of Structural Mechanics, Lilienthalplatz7, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany

MARJA-LEENA NIKU-PAA VOLA, VTT Biotechnology, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1500,FIN-02044 VTT, Finland

UNA PEPINO, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica da Faculdade de Ciecias e Tecnologiada Universidade de Coimbra, Polo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Goimbra, Portugal

RUI PEREIRA DA COSTA, Bresfor, Industria do Formol, SA, Apartado 13,3830 Gafanhada Nazare, Portugal

JOOP A. PETERS, Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Delft Universityof Technology, The Netherlands

ANTONIO PORTUGAL, Departamento de Engenharia Quimica da Faculdade de Ciecias eTecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra, Polo II - Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Goimbra,Portugal

SILVANA POVOLO, Dipartimento di Biotechnologie Agrarie, Universita di Padova,Agripolis, Padova, Italy

ANA M. RAMOS, Departamento de Quimica - CQFB, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia,Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Caparica, Portugal

MARIA A. M. REIS, Departamento de Quimica - CQFB, Faculdade de Ciencias eTecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Caparica, Portugal

ULRICH RIEDEL, German Aerrospace Center, Institute of Structural Mechanics,Lilienthalplatz 7, D-38108 Braunschweig, Germany

MARIA RUTKOWSKA, Gdynia maritime Academy, 81-225 Gdynia, PolandFLORIAN SCHELLAUF, Institut fiir Biotechnologie, TU-Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010

Graz, AustriaGERALD SCHENNINK, ATO, Department of Polymers, Composites and Additives,

P.O.Box 17,6700 AA, Wageningen, The NetherlandsBEA SCHWARZWALDER, Composto+, Geheidweg 24, 4600 Olten, SwitzerlandLuiSA S. SERAFIM, Departamento de Quimica - CQFB, Faculdade de Ciencias e

Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2825-114 Caparica, PortugalFRANCOISE SILVESTRE, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industriel1e, UMR 1010 INRNINP

ENSCT - 118, route de narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, FranceROBERTO SOLARO, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of

Pisa, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, ItalyRAINER STEGMANN, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, Department of Waste

Management, Harburger SchloBstraBe 37, 21079 Hamburg, GermanyWIM M. STEVELS, Department of Chemical Technology and Institute of Biomedical

Technology, University ofTwente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The NetherlandsANITA TELEMAN, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Box 5604, S-11486

Stockholm, SwedenIVAN TOMKA, Federal Institute of Technology, Universitatstr, 41, Zurich, SwitzerlandVERONIQUE TROPINI, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielIe, UMR 1010 INRNINP

ENSCT - 118, route de narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, FranceJOWITA TWARDOWSKA, Gdynia Maritime Academy, Morska 83,81-225 Gdynia, PolandCARLOS VACA-GARCIA, Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-Industriel1e, UMR INRA, Ecole

Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Toulouse, INP Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne,31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France

Contributors Xl

MAARTEN VAN DER ZEE, ATO, BU Renewable Resources, Department Polymers,Composites and Addtives, P.O. Box 17, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands

JAAP VAN HEEMST, ATO, Department of Polymers, Composites and Additives, P.O.Box17,6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

ROBERT VAN TUIL, ATO, Department of Polymers, Composites and Additives, P.O.Box17,6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

ERICK 1. VANDAMME, Department of Biochemical and Microbial Technology, Faculty ofAgricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Gent, Coupure links 653, B9000 Gent, Belgium

MICHEL VERT, CRBA - UMR CNRS 5473, University of MontpelIier I, Faculty ofPharmacy, 15 Ave. Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, France

LIISA VIIKARI, VTT Biotechnology, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1500, FIN-02044 VTT,Finland

ELISABETH WALLNER, Institut filr Biotechnologie, TU-Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-80 I0Graz, Austria

ZHIYUAN ZHONG, Department of Chemical Technology and Institute of BiomedicalTechnology, University ofTwente, P.O. Box 217,7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Preface

Application of polymers from renewable resources - also identified asbiopolymers - has a large potential market due to the current emphasis onsustainable technology. For optimal R&D achievements and hence benefitsfrom these market opportunities, it is essential to combine the expertiseavailable in the vast range of different disciplines in biopolymer science andtechnology.

The International Centre of Biopolymer Technology - ICBT - has beencreated with support from the European Commission to facilitate cooperation and the exchange of scientific knowledge between industries,universities and other research groups. One of the activities to reach theseobjectives, is the organisation of a conference on Biopolymer Technology.

In September 1999, the first international conference on BiopolymerTechnology was held in Coimbra, Portugal. Because of its success - bothscientifically and socially - and because of the many contacts that resulted inexchange missions or other ICBT activities, it was concluded that a secondconference on Biopolymer Technology was justified. This secondconference was held in Ischia, Italy in October 2000. And again, thescientific programme contained a broad spectrum of presentations in a rangeof fields such as biopolymer synthesis, modification, technology,applications, material testing and analytical methods.

The originality and the high scientific quality of the presented work haveconvinced us to publish selected papers from both conferences. We regardthe result as an excellent overview of the current "state of the art" of theEuropean activities in the field of fundamental and applied research onbiorelated polymeric materials and relevant bioplastic items.

TheEditorsEmo Chiellini, Helena Gil, GerhartBraunegg,

Johanna Buchert, Paul Gatenho/m, and Maarten vander Zee

XU1

Contents

PART 1. BIOPOLYMERS AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Chapter 1POTATO STARCH BASEDRESILIENT THERMOPLASTICFOAMSRobert Van Tui/, Jaap Van Heemst.and Gerald Schennink

1. Introduction2. Materials and Methods3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

Chapter 2THENEW STARCHIvan Tomka, RolfMuller, Stefan Hausmanns and Peter Mertins

1. Introduction2. Experimental3. Results4. Discussion5. Conclusion

Chapter 3STRUCTURAL MATERIALS MADE OF RENEWABLERESOURCES (BIOCOMPOSITES)Jiirg Nickel and Ulrich Riedel

xv

346

16

1920212324

XVI

1. Introduction2. Natural Fibre-Reinforced Structural Material3. Material Properties4. Application Research5. Conclusion

Contents

2728323338

Chapter 4ISOLATION, CHARACTERISATION AND MATERIALPROPERTIES OF 4-0-METHYLGLUCURONOXYLAN FROMASPENMartin Gustavsson, Magnus Bengtsson, Paul Gatenholm, Wolfgang Glasser,Anita Teleman and OlofDahlman


41424550

Chapter 5AN ORIGINAL METHOD OF ESTERIFICATION OF CELLULOSEAND STARCHSamuel Girardeau, Jorge Aburto, Carlos Vaca-Garcia, Isabaelle Alric,Elizabeth Borredon and Antoine Gaset

1. Introduction2. Experimental Procedures3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

PART 2. BIOPOLYMER TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Chapter 6BIOPOLYMERS AND ARTIFICIAL BIOPOLYMERS INBIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, AN OVERVIEWMichel Vert

1. Introduction2. Criteria Conditioning the Fate of a Polymer Sensitive to a

Living System3. Biopolymers4. Artificial Biopo1ymers5. Conclusion

53545559

63

66697277

Contents XVll

Chapter 7NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF BIOPOLYMERS AND THEIR MEDICALAPPLICATIONSZbigniew Jedlinski and Maria Juzwa

1.. Introduction2. Reactions of P-Butyrolactone with Alkali Metal

Supramolecular Complexes3. Preparation of Biomimetic Artificial Ion Channels

Chapter 8COMPOSITE FILMS BASED ON POLY(VINYLALCOHOL) ANDLIGNOCELLULOSIC FIBRES: Preparation and CharacterizationsEmo Chiellini, Patrizia Cinelli, Syed H. Imam and Lijun Mao

1. Introduction2. Experimental3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

Chapter 9COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON GELATIN AND FILLERSFROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES: Thermal and MechanicalPropertiesEmo Chiellini, Patrizia Cinelli, Elizabeth Grillo Fernandes, El-RefaieKenawy and Andrea Lazzeri

81

8384

87899298


101103105112

Chapter 10PROPERTIES OF PHAs AND THEIR CORRELATION TOFERMENTATION CONDITIONSFlorian Schellauf Elizabeth Grillo Fernandes, Gerhart Braunegg and EmoChiellini

1. Introduction2. Experimental Part3. Results4. Conclusion

115117118123

xviii

PART 3. (BIO)SYNTHESIS AND MODIFICATIONS

Contents

Chapter 11SYNTHESIS OF BIOPOLYMERSGerhart Braunegg, Rodo/fo Bona, Gudrun Haage, Florian SchellaufandElisabeth Wallner

1. Introduction2. Synthesis and Production of Biopo1ymers

127128

Chapter 12THE PRODUCTION OF POLY-3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3HYDROXYVALERATE WITH PESEUDOMONAS CEPACIA ATCC17759 ON VARIOUS CARBON SOURCESElisabeth Wallner, Gudrun Haage, Rodo/fo Bona, Florian SchellaufandGerhart Braunegg

1. Introduction2. Materials and Methods3. Experiments and Results4. Discussion

Chapter 13PRODUCTION OF POLY-3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3HYDROXYVALERATE WITH ALCALIGENES LATUS DSM 1124ON VARIOUS CARBON SOURCESGudrun Haage, Elisabeth Wallner, Rodo/fo Bona, Florian SchellaufandGerhart Braunegg

1. Introduction2. Material and Methods3. Experiments and Results4. Discussion

139140141144

147148149153

Chapter 14BIOSYNTHESIS OF POLYHDROXYALKANOATES AND THEIRREGULATION IN RHIZOBIASilvana Povolo and Sergio Casella

1. Introduction 1572. Rhizobia and Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHA) 1583. PHB Synthesis and Regulation in Sinorhizobium Meliloti 41 1594. Conclusion and Perspectives 163

Contents XiX

Chapter 15POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES PRODUCTION BY ACTIVATEDSLUDGELuisa S. Serafim, Paulo C. Lemos, Joiio G. Crespo, Ana M Ramos andMaria A. M Reis

1. Introduction 1672. PHA production by BiologicalPhosphorusRemoval Process 1683. Microaerophilic-Aerobic Process 1734. Aerobic Periodic Feeding 1735. Conclusion 175

Chapter 16CONTROLLED SYNTHESIS OF BIODEGRADABLEPOLY(ESTER)SPieter J Dijkstra, Zhiyuan Zhong, Wim M Stevels and Jan Feijen

1. Introduction2. Degradable Polymers3. Living Polymerizations4. Polyesters

Chapter 17TRANSGLUCOSYLATION AND HYDROLYSIS ACTIVITY OFGLUCONOBACTER OXYDANS DEXTRAN DEXTRINASE WITHSEVERAL DONORAND ACCEPTOR SUBSTRATESMyriam Naessens and Erick J Vandamme


Chapter 18NEWIDGHLY FUNCTIONALISED STARCH DERIVATIVESUte Heinze, Vera Haack and Thomas Heinze


179180181182

196197198202

205207209216

xx Contents

Chapter 19PREPARATION OF DEXTRAN-BASED MACROMOLECULARCHELATES FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHYMaria G. Duarte, Carlos F.G.C. Geraldes, Joop A. Peters and Maria H. Gil


Chapter 20FATTY ESTERIFICATION OF PLANT PROTEINSFabiola Ayhllon-Meixueiro, Veronique Tropini and Francoise Silvestre

1. Introduction2. Materials and Methods3. Results4. Conclusion and Perspectives

219220222227

231232232235

Chapter 21CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF WHEAT GLUTENVeronique Tropini, Jan-Pleun Lens, Wim J. Mulder and Francoise Silvestre

1. Introduction2. Materials and methods3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

237238238241

Chapter 22ENZYMATIC CROSSLINKING ENHANCE FILM PROPERTIES OFDEAMIDATED GLUTENColette Larre, Claude Desserme, Jacky Barbot, Cecile Mangavel andJacques Gueguen

1. Introduction2. Material and Methods3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

Chapter 23LACCASE - A USEFUL ENZYME FOR MODIFICATION OFBIOPOLYMERSKristiina Kruus, Marja-Leena Niku-Paavola and Liisa Viikari

244245247251

Contents

1. Introduction2. The Reactions Catalyzed by Laccases3. Sources of Laccases and Their Functions4. Possible Applications for Laccases5. Conclusion

PART 4. MATERIAL TESTING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

XXI

255256257258260

Chapter 24BIODEGRADATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS: An Overviewof Available Testing MethodsMaarten van der Zee

1. Introduction2. Defining Biodegradability3. Measuring Biodegradation4. Conclusion

265267269278

Chapter 25COMPARISON OF TEST SYSTEMS FOR THE EXAMINATION OFTHE FERMENTABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALSJoern Heerenklage, Francesca Colombo and Rainer Stegmann


Chapter 26STRUCTURE-BIODEGRADABILITY RELATIONSHIP OFPOLYESTERSRolfJoachim Muller, Elke Marten and WolfDieter Deckwer

1. Introduction2. Aliphatic Polyesters3. Aromatic Polyesters4. Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters5. Conclusion

288288294300

303305307308310

Chapter 27BIODEGRADATION OF THE BLENDS OF ATACTIC POLY[(R,S)-3HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID] IN NATURAL ENVmONMENTS

xxii Contents

Maria Rutkowska, Katarzyna Krasowska, Aleksandra Heimowska andMarek Kowalczuk


Chapter 28BIODEGRADABLE MATER BI ATTACKED BY TRYPSINMaria Rutkowska, Helena Janik, Jowita Twardowska and Hanna Miller


Chapter 29BIODEGRADATION OF POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL)IPOLY(f3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) GRAFT COPOLYMERS ANDRELEVANT BLENDSEmo Chiellini, Andrea Corti, Marek Kowalczuk and Roberto Solaro


Chapter 30STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF NATURAL AND BIO-INSPIREDPOLYESTERS BY MULTISTAGE MASS SPECTROMETRYMarek Kowalczuk and Grazyna Adamus

1. Introduction2. Experimental Section3. Results and Discussion4. Conclusion

Chapter 31ADSORPTION STUDIES OF HUMIDITY PRESENTED BY ANUNBLEACHED KRAFf WOODPULPJorge MB. Fernandes Diniz, Maria H. Gil and Jose A.A.M Castro

313315317319

321322323326

329331332337

341342342350

Contents

1. Introduction2. Experimental Method3. Results4. Conclusion

xxiii

353354354356

Chapter 32COMPARISON OF QUANTIFICATION METHODS FOR THECONDENSED TANNIN CONTENT OF EXTRACTS OF PINUSPINASTER BARKLina Pepino', Paulo Brito, Fernando Caldeira Jorge, Rui Pereira Da Costa,M Helena Gil and Antonio Portugal

1. Introduction2. Materials and Methods3. Results4. Conclusion

Chapter 33THE ROLE OF LIFE-CYCLE-ASSESSMENT FORBIODEGRADABLE PRODUCTS: BAGS AND LOOSEFILLSBea Schwarzwdlder, Rene Estermann and Luigi Marini

1. Introduction2. Purpose of LCA3. LCA According to International Standard ISO 140404. Key Features ofLCA5. Biodegradable Bags for Organic Waste Collection6. Biodegradable Loose Fills7. Conclusion

Index

360361364368

371372374376377379381

383

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