bioremediation. hydraulic fracturing why do we even need it? we can’t seem to stop polluting...
TRANSCRIPT
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Bioremediation
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Hydraulic Fracturing
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Why do we even need it?
• We can’t seem to stop polluting– Inorganics
• Uranium, technetium, sulfur, sulfuric acid
– Explosives• RDX, TNT
– Polyaromatic hydrocarbons• creosote
– Chlorinated hydrocarbons• Trichloroethylene, PCBs,
pentachlorophenol– Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Gas, gas additives (MTBE), diesel
• From mid-1980’s up to 90’s numerous attempts were made to design GMO for environmental release for pollutants and heavy metals (USGS). – Failures to program: bacteria doesn’t
behave in a predictable fashion from the lab.
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What is bioremediation?
The use of bacteria and fungi and plants to break down or degrade toxic
chemical compounds that have accumulated in the environment
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What are environmental contaminants?
• Pollutants– naturally-occurring compounds
in the environment that are present in unnaturally high concentrations.
– Examples:• crude oil
• refined oil
• phosphates
• heavy metals
• Xenobiotics– chemically synthesized
compounds that have never occurred in nature.
– Examples:• pesticides
• herbicides
• plastics
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Groundwater contamination
• Groundwater constitutes 96% of available freshwater in U.S.
• 95% of potable water in rural areas of U.S. comes from groundwater
• In 2014, EPA confirmed that 42 states had various amounts of 260 different pesticides in their groundwater
• Most Polluted States: California, Wisconsin, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, Texas, New York, Nevada, Pennsylvania and Illinois
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Groundwater contamination
• Cost of cleanup is in the $ trillions
• Issues that are still hotly debated– How clean is clean?
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What Makes Bioremediation a Promising Approach?
• permanence– contaminant is degraded
• potentially low cost– 60-90% less than other technologies
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Economics of in-situ vs. ex-situ remediation of contaminated soils
• Cost of treating contaminated soil in place $80-$100 per ton
• Cost of excavating and trucking contaminated soil off for incineration is $400 per ton.
• Over 90% of the chemical substances classified as hazardous today can be biodegraded.
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Contaminants Potentially Amenable to Bioremediation________________________________________________________________________________________
Readilydegradable_____________
Somewhatdegradable_____________
Difficult todegrade_____________
Generallyrecalcitrant_____________
fuel oils, gasoline creosote, coaltars
chlorinatedsolvents (TCE)
dioxins
ketones andalcohols
pentachloro-phenol (PCP)
some pesticidesand herbicides
polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCB)
monocyclicaromatics
bicyclic aromatics(naphthalene)
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What challenges exist for bioremediation of pollutants and xenobiotics?
• Pollutants– may exist at high, toxic
concentrations– degradation may
depend on another nutrient that is in limiting supply
• Xenobiotics– microbes may not yet
have evolved biochemical pathways to degrade compounds
– may require a consortium of microbial populations
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Phytoremediation
• Drawbacks– Only surface soil (root zone) can be treated– Cleanup takes several years
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Environmental Consequences of Large Oil Spills
Center rectangular plot (arrow) was treated with inorganic nutrients to stimulate bioremediation
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Petroleum Biodegradation• Diverse bacteria, fungi, and some
cyanobacteria and green algae can oxidize petroleum products aerobically
• Oil-oxidizing activity is best if temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations are optimal
• Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria attach to oil droplets and decompose the oil and dispense the slick