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Biostatistics Student SeminarAn Introduction To LATEX
Josh MurrayOsvaldo Espin-Garcia (edition)
Dalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of Toronto
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Introduction
There are four stages to creating a document:1 Text is entered and stored in the computer for corrections,
extensions, deletions, etc...2 The input text is formatted into lines of equal length and
pages of a certain size3 The output text is displayed on the computer screen4 The final output is sent to a printer
TEX, is a powerful computer programming language thatfocuses on step 2 above. LATEX, is an extension that allows theuser to create publication quality materials with TEXcommands.
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History
Computer scientist Donald Knuth was frustrated with theerrors that occurred when he sent his journal articles andbooks to be published.In 1978 wrote the typesetting program TEX so that anyonecould create publication quality documents.In 1985 mathematician Leslie Lamport created anextension of TEX, called LATEX, that focuses on documentstructure as opposed to the minute detail of TEX.
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How do you use LATEX?
There are three steps to creating a publication qualitydocument with LATEX:
1 Enter text with LATEX markup into a text editor and save itas a .tex file. (e.g. TeXworks, Tinn-R, TexnicCenter)
2 Send your .tex file to a program that can process LATEXinput. (MikTeX). This will create a file of your choice, PDF,DVI, or Postscript.
3 Open the file you created in a viewer (Adobe).
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A Basic Document
Every LATEXdocument must contain the following threecomponents.
\documentclass{article} %preamble\begin{document}%bodyHello World!%body\end{document}
The preamble. It tells LATEX what kind of document to process.In the example above I chose article, but I could have chosensomething else (e.g book, report, letter, or beamer). This iswhere you put all of the global commands that will appear inyour document. The document’s text is placed between thesecond and third item.
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Sections
LATEX is very useful for breaking up your document intosections. Giving your document structure by adding logicalsections makes it easier to read. A well structured documentusually contains the following components:
A title pageA table of contentsAn AbstractSection headingsSubsection headingsBibliography
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Sections (cont’d)
A section can be declared in one of two ways:
\section{section name}
\section*{section name}
Once you declare a section it is best to give it a label. This isdone by adding the command \label{label name}. Onceyou have done this, you can reference your section by addingthe command \ref{label name}.
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Math Mode
There are two main modes for processing commands in Latex.
1 Paragraph mode, which is the normal processing mode.2 Math mode. Latex enters this mode when certain
commands are encountered, telling Latex that what followsis a formula. When Latex is in math mode, spaces andblanks are ignored.
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Math Mode (cont’d)
There are two ways to enter math mode. The first is within aparagraph by enclosing your math symbol or formula betweentwo $’s. An example would be:
The short hand symbol forsummation is the
capital Greek lettersigma, $\Sigma$.
The short hand symbolfor summation is thecapital Greek lettersigma, Σ.
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Math Mode (cont’d)
The second method way to enter math math is to place yourformula between two $$’s. This will place your formula in aparagraph of its own:
$$f(x)=\frac{1} { \sqrt{2\
pi\sigma^{2} } } e^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^{2}}{2\sigma^{2}}}
$$
f (x) =1√
2πσ2e−
(x−µ)2
2σ2
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Constants and Variables
In Math Mode constants are typeset in Roman and variablesare in italics. Spaces are ignored.
z = 2a + 3y
y ′′ = c{f [y ′, y(x)] + g(x)}
M(s) < M(t) < |M| = m
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Exponents and Indices
\pi^{2}→ π2
x^{5y + 3}→ x5y+3
x_i→ xi
a_{12}→ a12
x^n_i→ xni
A_{i,j,k}^{n!2}→ ?
? → Ax2i
j2nm.n
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Fractions
Fractions can be displayed as
x/y→ x/y\frac{x}{y}→ x
y
Both, \frac{x/y - z/y}{u/v -s/t}→ ?
? →a
x−y +b
x+y
1+ a−ba+b
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Roots
Roots can be displayed as
\sqrt{8}→√
8\sqrt[3]{8}=2→ 3
√8 = 2
\sqrt{x^2 + y^2 +2xy}→√
x2 + y2 + 2xy\sqrt[3]{-q + \sqrt{q^2 +p^3}}→ ?
? → SE(∆̂) =√
1n11
+ 1n12
+ 1n21
+ 1n22
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Sums and Integrals
Summation and integration formulas are made with thecommands \sum and \int:∑n
i=1∫ ban∑
x=1ax
2n∑
i=1ai
b∫a
fi(x)gi(x) dx4
More complex equations can be made by following the simplerules. \int\frac{\sqrt{(ax+b)^3}}{x} produces:∫ √
(ax + b)3
x
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Arrays
Arrays are used to create matrices, determinants, systems ofequations and so on.
An array begins with the command\begin{array}{justification} and ends with\end{array}. The justification consists of entering l for left, cfor center, or r for right. You need to include a justification rulefor every column that you include.
The entries in each array are separated by an & and each lineends with \\.
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Examples of arrays
$$\ l e f t ( \ begin { a r ray } { r c l }1 & 0 & 0 \ \0 & 1 & 0 \ \0& 0 & 1 \ \\ end { a r ray } \ r ight )$$
1 0 00 1 00 0 1
$$\ l e f t ( \ begin { a r ray } { c }\ l e f t | \ begin { a r ray } { c c }x _{11} & x _{12} \ \x _{21} & x _{22} \ end { a r ray } \
r ight | \ \x \ \ y\ end { a r ray } \ r ight )$$
∣∣∣∣ x11 x12
x21 x22
∣∣∣∣xy
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What code produces the following?
F (x , y) = 0 and
∣∣∣∣∣∣F′′xx F
′′xy F
′x
F′′yx F
′′yy F
′y
F′x F
′y 0
∣∣∣∣∣∣ = 0
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Multiple Line Equations
Equation deployed over several lines of code. They have thesame form as an array.
\begin{eqnarray}(x+y)(x-y) & = & x^2 - xy - y^2 \\
& = & x^2 - y^2 \\(x+y)^2 & = & x^2 + 2xy + y^2
\end{eqnarray}
xnu1 + · · ·+ xn+t−1ut = xnu1 + (axn + c)u2 + · · ·
+(
at−1xn + c(at−2 + · · ·+ 1))
ut
= (u1 + au2 + · · ·+ at−1ut )xn + h(u1, . . . ,ut )
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Tables
Tables are created in Latex using the tabular environment. Thebasic syntax for a table in Latex is:
\begin{tabular}{justification}r1c1 & r1c2 & ... \\... \\
rnc1 & rnc2 & ...\end{tabular}
The justification is either l for left, c for center, or r for right. Eachcolumn entry is separated by an & and each row ends with \.
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Example of a table
The following code:
\ begin { t ab l e }\ begin { t a b u l a r } { c | | c | c | | c }\ hl ine \ hl ineB i r t h & \ multicolumn { 2 } { c | | } { Smoking Status } & \ \ \
cl ine {2−3} Weight & No & Yes & Tota l \ \\ hl ineNormal & $n_{11}$ & $n_{12}$ & $n _ { 1 . } $ \ \\ hl ineLow & $n_{21}$ & $n_{22}$ & $n _ { 2 . } $ \ \\ hl ine \ hl ineTo ta l & $n _ { . 1 } $ & $n _ { . 2 } $ & $n _ { . . } $ \ \\ hl ine \ hl ine\ end { t a b u l a r } \ caption { $2 \ times2$ cont ingency tab l e
}\ end { t ab l e }
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Example of a table (cont’d)
Produces the table:
Birth Smoking StatusWeight No Yes TotalNormal n11 n12 n1.
Low n21 n22 n2.
Total n.1 n.2 n..
Table: 2× 2 contingency table
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Table: Summary of Categorical variables
Distribution of GenderGender n (%)Females 296 (58.04%)Males 214 (41.96%)
Distribution of AgeSpread n (%)Age grp 1 1 (0.21%)Age grp 2 92 (19.53%)Age grp 3 159 (33.76%)Age grp 4 219 (46.50%)
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Special Characters
List of Special Characters:
$ = \$& = \&% = \%# = \#_ =\_{ = \{} = \}
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Lists
There are three types of lists available in LATEX.
\begin{itemize} list text \end{itemize}
\begin{enumerate} list text \end{enumerate}
\begin{description} list text \end{description}
To add a new bullet/number/description you call the command\item.
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Example itemize
The individual entries are indicated with a black dot, aso-called bullet, as the labelThe text in the entries may be of any length. The labelappears at the beginning of the first line of text.Successive entries are separated from one another byadditional vertical spaces.
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Example of enumerate
1 The labels consists of sequential numbers2 the numbering starts at 1 with every call to the enumerate
environment
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Sample description
purpose This environment is appropriate when a number ofwords or expressions are to be defined
example A keyword is used as the label and the entrycontains a clarification or explanation
other uses It may also be used as an author list in abibliography
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Online resources
1 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX
2 http://latex.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page
3 http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/
4 http://tex.stackexchange.com/