biotech’s hope for ethanol · duckweed duckweed cleans up waste from industrial farms produces...
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Biotech’s Hope for Ethanol
or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Genetic EngineeringAdam [email protected]
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Ethanol
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Plants + Yeast (+ Biotech) = (cheaper/faster/more) Ethanol
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Why Ethanol? 30 Billion barrels of Oil/yr. used (100 mil. barrels/day)
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Need more Cellulosic Ethanol
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Biotech Industry’s goals
� To make Ethanol quicker & more efficiently
� To break down Cellulose more efficiently
� in plants themselves
�at facility
� To make plants have more Sugar/Starch
� To use less energy to grow/harvest plants
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Light + CO2� PlantsPlants � Sugar (& a few other things) to store energy
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Plant sugars we use for ethanol
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What else has sugars? Biomass.
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Fermentation
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Sugar EthanolMicrobial
fermentation
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Starch (sugar) only part of kernels, which are small parts of corn plant
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Other Problems w/ Corn-substantial use of: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides & fertilizers
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Ethanol: Corn v. Biomass
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Want: Sugar…
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….or Cellulose
Glucose
Cellulose
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What is Cellulose?
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Cellulose & Lignin
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Cellulolysis- breaking down cellulose to sugars
� Chemical- acids break down plant materials
� Expensive
� Creates byproducts (interferes w/ fermentation)
� Enzymatic- enzymes do the work (ex. cow’s stomachs, termites)
� (Currently) expensive- have to produce enzymes
� Pre-treat plant material to give enzymes access
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How can Biotech help?
� Microbes that ferment sugars faster
� Cheaper enzymes to break down cellulose
� Microbes that break down cellulose & ferment
� Plants break down their own cellulose
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Fermentation
Glucose Pyruvate Acetaldehyde Ethanol
Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme
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DNA Plasmid w/ new genes
Ex. Genes that trigger‘Ripening’ or breaking Down of Cellulose
DNA Plasmid
Plasmid Preparation
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Plant Cell
Plasmid w/ New Genes
Transfection
Introducing new genes into a plant cell
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Yeast or
Plant Cell
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A Few of these modified plant cells will become our super plants
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Genetic Engineering:
Examples:
Microbial enzymes costs have gone from $5.50/gallon to $0.10/gallon of ethanol*
Plants can now produce their own insecticides
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What we want in a plant:
� Easy Harvesting
� Minimal Pesticide & Fertilizer input
� Lots of growth (more sugar!)
� Fast growth
� Accessible sugar
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Want: Easy Harvesting
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Miscanthus Hemp
Switch grass
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Duckweed
� Duckweed
� cleans up waste from industrial farms
� produces 5-6 times more starch per acre than corn.
� (Starch is what is used to produce ethanol)
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Duckweed
� Use our own waste water!
� Can be grown anywhere (almost)
� Not in human food chain
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Companies
� Ceres (miscanthus & switch grass)
� Improved biomass
�Greater photosynthetic efficiency
�Higher stress tolerance (heat, cold, drought, salt)
�Enhanced processing characteristics
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Companies
� Algenol Biofuels--algae
� Novozymes-- enzymes to lyse cellulose (free sugars)
� Genencor-- enzymes to lyse cellulose (free sugars)
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Companies
� Mendel Bioenergy Seeds
�Breeding Miscanthus
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�Thank you