biotechnology
DESCRIPTION
hehehTRANSCRIPT
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BIOTECHNOLOGYPrinciples, Applications,and Social Implications
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General DefinitionThe application of technology to improve a biological organism
Detailed DefinitionThe application of the technology to modify the biological function of an organism to produce useful usually commercial products
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But we know nature does not have all of the traits we need
• Here we see bean has many seedcoat colors and patterns in nature
•Nature has a rich source of variation
These definitions imply biotechnologyis needed because:
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But nature does not contain all thegenetic variation man desires
•Fruits with vaccines
•Grains with improved nutrition
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GENOMICSDNA and Genetic Engineering
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Genomics
• the study of genomes• a broad field that encompasses
whole-genome comparisons, structural analysis of gene products, and surveys of small-scale variations in sequence
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DNA Profiling• identifying an individual by analyzing
the unique parts of his or her DNA
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Short tandem repeats• in chromosomal DNA, sequence of 4
to 5 bases repeated multiple times in a row
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DNA Cloning
• uses living cells to mass-produce particular DNA fragments
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Recombinant DNA
• a DNA molecule that contains genetic material from more than one organism
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Restriction enzyme
• type of enzyme that cuts specific nucleotide sequences in DNA
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Cloning vector
• a DNA molecule that can accept foreign DNA and get replicated inside a host cell
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Genetic Engineering• process by which deliberate changes
are introduced into an individual’s genome.
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Genetically modified organism (GMO)
• organism whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering
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Transgenic• refers to a genetically modified
organism that carries a gene from a different species
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Gene therapy
• the transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual’s body cells, with the intent to correct a genetic defect or treat a disease.
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Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a drug to treat disease by
delivering therapeutic DNA into a patient's cells. The most
common form of gene therapy involves using DNA that
encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a
mutated gene.
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In gene therapy, DNA must be administered to the patient, get to the cells that need repair, enter the
cell, and express a protein. Generally the DNA is incorporated into an
engineered virus that serves as a vector, to get the DNA through the
bloodstream, into cells, and incorporated into a chromosome.
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorder (SCID)• a severe x-linked genetic disorder
due to mutated allele; infected individuals can survive only in germ-free environment due to impairment of the immune system
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ANTIBIOTICS
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SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• Antibiotics can be naturally produced, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substances
• Designed to have as much selective toxicity on the bacteria as possible
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EXAMPLES OF SELECTIVE ACTION
• Penicillin on bacterial cell wall (organisms without cell wall won’t be inhibited eg Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
• Sulphonamides prevent bacteria synthesising folic acid whereas humans can use preformed folate
• Generally drugs acting on cell membranes or protein synthesis are more toxic to humans
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ANTIBIOTICS ACTING ON CELL WALL OF BACTERIA
• Beta lactams:• Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,
monobactam
• Glycopeptides:• Vancomycin, teicoplanin
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PENICILLIN
• They act by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, thus exposing the osmotically less stable membrane
• These agents are bactericidal• Active against multiplying and not resting
bacteria; inactive against mycobacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses
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Penicillin G (Benzyl penicillin)Highest activity against Gram-positive organisms but susceptible to Beta-
lactamase. Effective against :Gram-positive aerobic cocci - Staph. aureus- not producing penicillinase,
S.pneumoniae ( group A ) ,S.pyogenes Gram-negative aerobic cocci -N.meningitidis
Gram- positive bacilli : Bacillus anthracis Anaerobes Clostridium spp but inactive against B.fragilis Actinomycetes israelii ( actinomycosis )
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Penicillin G benzathin
Duration 3- 4 weeks Painful at the injection site ( limits its use ) Uses 1. Syphilis 2. Rheumatic fever prophylaxis( inhibits group A beta- hemolytic streptococci) 3. Streptococcal pharyngitis
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Disadvantages of penicillin G
A. Destroyed by gastric HCLB. Inactivated by penicillinaseC. Narrow spectrum of activity
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Phenoxy- methyl penicillin ( penicillin V)
Acid resistant penicillins ( spectrum of activity is similar to penicillin G )UsesGroup A Streptococcal pharyngitisProphylaxis against group A streptococci in points with
history of rheumatic heart disease.DisadvantagesReadily hydroyzed by beta-lactamase
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Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
Are the choice for infections caused by
penicillinase producing S. aureus.
• Methicillin • Dicloxacillin• Floxacillin• NafcIlli• Oxacillin• Cloxacillin
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Broad- spectrum penicillins
Less active than penicillin G against
G+ cocci. Active against G- organisms.
• Ampicillin • Ampicillin-
sulbactam• Bacampicillin• Amoxicillin• Amoxicillin-
clavulanic acid ( augmentin )
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USES
• H. Influenza infections (otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis ).
• E. Coli infections (Urinary & biliary infections)• Samonella infections (typhoid fever)• Shigella infections (ampicillin)• Gonococcal infections (alternative for
penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea)
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DISADVANTAGES
• Amoxicillin & ampicillin alone are readily destroyed by Staph. Penicillinase
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Adverse effects of penicillins
1.Hypersensitivity reactions Urticarial rash Fever Bronchspasm Serum sickness Exfoliative dermatitis Stevens- Johnson syndrome Anaphylaxis2. Super infections3. Diarrhoea4. May cause convulsions after high doses by i.v or in
renal failure
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Some clinically important antibiotics
Antibiotic Producer organism ActivitySite or mode of
action
Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenumGram-positive bacteria
Wall synthesis
CephalosporinCephalosporium acremonium
Broad spectrum Wall synthesis
Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreusGram-positive bacteria
Protein synthesis
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseusGram-negative bacteria
Protein synthesis
Tetracycline Streptomyces rimosus Broad spectrum Protein synthesis
Vancomycin Streptomyces orientalisGram-positive bacteria
Protein synthesis
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THE IDEAL ANTIBIOTIC?:PENICILLIN
• Bactericidal• Widely distributed in body esp. CNS• Excreted by the kidneys