Biotechnology

Cloning Genetically modified food

Four hot topics in biotechnology:

Stem Cells DNA Fingerprinting

Biotechnology: the engineering of organisms for useful purposes.

A chimera, a mixture of a goat and a sheep.

Biotechnology

Animal Cloning

Megan and Morag, the world’s first cloned mountain sheep.

Why Clone Animals?

1. To answer questions of basic biology

2. For herd improvement

4. To make us happy (e.g. pet cloning)

3. For pharmaceutical production

Prometea, the first cloned horse (in foreground) with her identical twin and

surrogate mother Stella Cometa.

Utah State University

(And Idaho State)First Cloned Mule

Egg Cell

Udder Cells

1. An egg is taken from the surrogate mother

2. A needle removes the DNA from the egg cell.

3. An udder cell (or other somatic cell) is taken from the organism being cloned.

4. The “blank” egg cell is fused with the udder cell.

5. Electricity stimulates the fused cell to begin dividing into an embryo.

http://www.jpvpk.gov.my/html/news/archives/English/Feb02%2016B.htm

The First Cloned Pet

Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal

she was cloned from.

(Science (2002) 295:1443)

This is “Carbon Copy”…the first

cloned pet.

Rainbow and her clone “cc”

http://drsophiayin.com/blog/entry/cloning-cats-rainbow-and-cc-prove-that-cloning-wont-resurrect-your-pet

The First Cloned PetIf they are clones, why

aren’t the identical?

The genes that controls coat color can be active or inactive in each skin cell. This is a random process. Even though CC has the gene for orange spots,

that gene has been “turned off”

Read more about these un-identical clones here.

Is Animal Cloning Ethical?

The first cloned horse and her surrogate mother/genetic twin.

The answer can’t be determined by scientists alone.

Stem CellsA stem cell is a cell that has not yet been assigned a

specific function.During development the stem cells become specialized

Stem Cell

Nerve Cell

White Blood Cell

Skin Cell

Stem CellsThis specialization is terminal.

That means that once a cell has been specialized it can only produce more cells like it.

White Blood Cell White Blood Cell

One of the best sources for stem cells is an embryo of a developing fetus.

Stem CellsWhere can you find stem cells?

This is a four day old embryo called a blastocyst. Each of these developing

cells is a stem cell!

FYI: When stem cells are harvested, the embryo is destroyed and can no longer grow into a fetus

Stem CellsWhat do scientists do with stem cells?

Researchers believe that stem cells can be used to replace damaged tissue caused by:

CancerMultiple Sclerosis

Parkinson’s DiseaseSpinal Damage

Ethical Questions

If stem cells are taken from these masses, are you destroying

life?

Are these masses of cells a human?

More Ethical DilemmasAt what point does an embryo become a

human?

Is it ethical to use “extra” or “left over” embryos from In Vitro fertilization for stem

cell research?

If your grandfather developed a disease that could possibly be cured using stem cells, would you donate an embryo?

Stem CellsThere ARE other sources for stem cells, but they

are believed to be inferior to embryonic stem cells:

Bone Marrow

Lipid cells

DNA Fingerprinting

A DNA fingerprint used in a murder case.

What are we looking at?

The defendant stated that the blood on his clothing was his,

was he telling the truth?

DNA Fingerprinting

Different individuals carry different alleles.

Most alleles useful for DNA fingerprinting differ on the basis of the number of repetitive DNA sequences they

contain.

DNA FingerprintingDNA can be cut up in pieces

of alleles. Each piece is a different size.

A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA

fragment.

The DNA Fragments Are Separated on the Basis of Size

The technique is gel electrophoresis.

The pattern of DNA bands is compared between each sample loaded on the gel.

DNA Electrophoresis Animation

Genetically Modified Foods

We genetically modify our food for disease resistance, to change its taste, and to make it

grow faster and larger.

Genetically Modified Foods

What is the controversy?

A branch of government called the “Food and Drug Administration” (FDA) is responsible for determining if a food or drug is “safe”

For example, genetically modified salmon:The FDA treats this as an animal drug and

not a food. This means they have a very narrow definition of “safe” and do not

necessarily run the correct tests on the salmon before we eat it.

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6007/1052.full.pdf

Genetically Modified FoodsHowever, many organizations have used what we DON’T KNOW about

GM foods to try to stop genetic engineering of foods all together.

The “Indian Institute of Science” noted that people have been eating GM corn

for more than a decade in several countries, and there have been no

related health issues reported.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v480/n7377/pdf/480321d.pdf

Methods for Plant Genetic Engineering are Well-Developed and Similar to Those for

Animals

Golden Rice is Modified to Provide a Dietary Source of Vitamin A

Worldwide, 7% of children suffer vitamin A deficiency, many of them living in regions in which rice is a staple of the diet.

However, many of these same regions have banned GM foods

Golden rice (yellow) with standard rice (white).

Here in the U.S. more GM crops are grown each year:

Genetically Modified Crops

Genetically Modified Cotton (contains a bacterial gene for

pest resistance)

Standard Cotton

BiotechnologyLet’s summarize:Four of the most talked about biotechnology

efforts are in cloning, stem cell research, DNA fingerprinting, and genetically modified foods.

Advances in biotechnology raise ethical questions that scientists alone cannot answer.