BIOTECHNOLOGY

By :

Brooklyn Johnson, Dakota brown, Gabby Caparelli &

Alice Kulidjian

VOCABULARY

Selective Breeding- Allows animals with desired characteristics to provide the next generation, creating natural selection.

Hybridization- The mating of two different individuals to get the best traits from both and is used in selective breeding.

Inbreeding- The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics and is used to keep the same traits.

VOCABULARY 2

Genetic Engineering- Making changes in DNA of a living organism.

Restriction Enzyme- Enzymes that cut DNA and also add a specific sequence of nucleotides.

Gel Electrophoresis- Mixture of DNA fragments placed at one end of a purous gel and an electric voltage is applied.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

ABOUT GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

Gel Electrophoresis is useful in measuring DNA strands that are too small to touch.Electrophoresis is how we push the DNA strands together and they get separated through the gel.

The short strands move more quickly than the longer strands, therefore the shorter strands will move farther up the gel. If they are the same length, they will move at the same time and be grouped together.

We see the sorted DNA strands by staining the groups of DNA and they show up as bands in the gel.

CLONING

ABOUT CLONINGCloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another.

Steps for cloning1. Isolate donor cells.

2. Remove and discard nucleus from egg cell.

3. Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the egg cell

4. Stimulate all division

5. Implant the embryo into the surrogate mother.

6. Deliver the baby clone.

Risks include: High failure rate, problems during later development, abnormal gene expressions and patterns.

GENE THERAPY

ABOUT GENE THERAPY

Gene Therapy is replacing damaged tissues and cells with functioning ones.

The hallmarks of successful gene therapy are:1. Targeting the right cells.

2. Activating the gene.

3. Integrating the gene in cells.

4. Avoiding harmful side effects.

The steps of gene therapy:1. Learn about the disease.

2. Design a gene therapy.

3. Get money and approval for clinical trials.

4. Phase 1 clinical trial.

5. Phase 2 clinical trial.

6. Phase 3 clinical trial.

7. Get FDA approval for general clinical use.

8. Phase 4 clinical trials.

ABOUT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms or parts of organisms to make products useful to humans.

A genetically manipulated is an organism that have had genetic material removed and/or inserted in order to change one or more particular trait.

Transgenic organisms that have genetic material inserted from a different species.

MORE ABOUT BIOTECH

Current uses for Biotechnology:

1. Plants- Transgenic crops that have been modified to resist insects.

2. Animals- Cloning, genetic sequencing.

3. Medicine- Gene therapy, genetic mapping.

4. Environment- Bio meditation (using organisms to fix an environmental problem).

Selective breeding produces organisms with desired traits.

QUESTIONS

1. What are the current uses in biotechnology for animals?

A. Cloning

B. Gene Therapy

C. Genetic Sequencing

D. Both A and C

2. What is a reason for Biotechnology?

A. Food Supply

B. Cloning

C. Population growth

D. All of the above

3. What is the first step in cloning sheep?

A. Take DNA from foster sheep mother

B. Take the nucleus out of the egg cell from the sheep

C. Mate two sheep

D. None of the above

4. What is one of the outcomes of selective breeding?

A. Makes new species

B. Makes many copies of a particular gene

C. Produces organisms with desired traits

D. Both B and C

5. What is Gel Electrophoresis used for?

A. Hybridization

B. Finding DNA sequences

C. Cloning

D. Separating other types of molecules, like proteins

6. What is the cell that forms an outer layer of skin called?

A. Osteoclast

B. Karytinocype

C. Myotubes

D. Hemoglobin

7. What does Cystic Fibrosis affect in the human body?

A. Excretory system

B. Respiratory system and digestive system

C. Nervous system

D. All of the above

8. Which is not a risk of cloning?

A. High failure rate

B. Problems during later development

C. Kidney failure

D. Telemetric differences

9. What does a Vector do?

A. Sends signals through the nervous system

B. Delivers DNA into cells to make it work

C. Stores blood cells

D. Produces Glucose

10. What is the protein that carries Oxygen and Carbon dioxide?

A. Myotubes

B. Sucrose

C. Osteoblasts

D. Hemeoglobin

ANSWER KEY

1. D

2. A

3. B

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. B

8. C

9. B

10. D