BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERINGGENETIC ENGINEERING

Text readingText reading

LAB Lyle and Louis Murder MysteryLAB Lyle and Louis Murder Mystery

LAB Splicing a plasmidLAB Splicing a plasmid

LAB Extracting DNALAB Extracting DNA

Worksheet “Gene Technology”Worksheet “Gene Technology”

WorksheetWorksheet

Chap 16 DNA TechChap 16 DNA Tech

Web activity Web activity http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

Important 3Important 3rdrd Quarter Quarter Dates:Dates:

Bonus #1 – Feb. 19Bonus #1 – Feb. 19 Bonus #2 – March 19Bonus #2 – March 19 CP #1- Feb 11CP #1- Feb 11 CP #2 – March 11CP #2 – March 11 Video – April 5Video – April 5

Vocabulary (94-99) restriction Vocabulary (94-99) restriction enzyme, plasmid, gene cloning, gene enzyme, plasmid, gene cloning, gene therapy, chimera, hybridtherapy, chimera, hybrid

read 226-228, 234,236-239, 246, 247 read 226-228, 234,236-239, 246, 247 for next section on genetic for next section on genetic engineeringengineering

BIOTECHNOLOGY ARTICLES TO BIOTECHNOLOGY ARTICLES TO READ READ (ques. due Wednesday) (13 pts.)(ques. due Wednesday) (13 pts.)

Definitions…Definitions… TechnologyTechnology – any tool that makes life easier – any tool that makes life easier

(toothpick, phone, space shuttle, screwdriver, (toothpick, phone, space shuttle, screwdriver, computer)computer)

BiotechnologyBiotechnology – the tool is a living creature – the tool is a living creature that makes our life easier or better (usually that makes our life easier or better (usually dealing at the cellular or DNA level but might dealing at the cellular or DNA level but might also include a cow pulling a plow)also include a cow pulling a plow)

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering - modification of the - modification of the DNA in an organism or exchange of DNA DNA in an organism or exchange of DNA between organisms – why would we want to do between organisms – why would we want to do this?this?

The next slides are just The next slides are just reminders of conceptsreminders of concepts

BASICS OF INHERITANCEBASICS OF INHERITANCE

DNADNA is the is the hereditary hereditary moleculemolecule

BLUE PRINTBLUE PRINT for for all traitsall traits

Universal and Universal and InterchangeableInterchangeable

HUMAN CHROMOSOMESHUMAN CHROMOSOMES Coiled strands of Coiled strands of

DNADNA 23 pairs of 23 pairs of

chromosomeschromosomes 23 from 23 from ♀ egg♀ egg 23 from ♂ sperm23 from ♂ sperm

I. Sexual reproductionI. Sexual reproduction

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II. HybridII. Hybrid Offspring produced by the mating of Offspring produced by the mating of

different species.different species. Every cell contains DNA from both Every cell contains DNA from both

speciesspecies Can you name some hybrid animals? Can you name some hybrid animals?

Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-pooPeekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo Horse and a donkey= muleHorse and a donkey= mule

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Wolf/dog hybridWolf/dog hybrid

Liger or tiglonLiger or tiglon

Zonkey or zedonkZonkey or zedonk

Rat/squirrel hybridRat/squirrel hybrid

Llamal llama/camel Llamal llama/camel hybridhybrid

III ChimeraIII Chimera

Produced in the laboratoryProduced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

III ChimeraIII Chimera

Produced in the laboratoryProduced in the laboratory EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

GEEPGEEP

IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATIONIV IN VITRO FERTILIZATIONTest tube babiesTest tube babies

ProcedureProcedure female injected with hormones to cause female injected with hormones to cause

ovulation of many eggsovulation of many eggs Male donates spermMale donates sperm Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a

lab to create embryoslab to create embryos Embryo implanted in surrogate motherEmbryo implanted in surrogate mother

Test Tube BabiesTest Tube Babies In Vitro In Vitro

Fertilization Fertilization (IVF)(IVF) and and Embryo Embryo Transfer Transfer (ET)(ET)

20% success 20% success raterate

V. Surrogate MotherhoodV. Surrogate Motherhood

Can be used for :Can be used for :

Infertile couplesInfertile couples ExperimentationExperimentation Increase the population of Increase the population of

endangered speciesendangered species QUESTION? What do we do with QUESTION? What do we do with

the left over human embryos?the left over human embryos?

Make it excitingMake it exciting

VI Genetic Engineering VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genesand Moving Genes

-Human Genome Project (video) HGP -Human Genome Project (video) HGP READ pg. 236READ pg. 236

-(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the human genome (2-3 billion pairs)human genome (2-3 billion pairs)

(100,000 (100,000 genes)genes)

--genomegenome -all the possible bases in a -all the possible bases in a species or individualspecies or individual

genegene- DNA sequence that codes for a - DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc)blood type etc)

Genetic Disease-Genetic Disease- disease caused by disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)examples)

HOW GENTIC HOW GENTIC ENGINEERING IS DONEENGINEERING IS DONE

Recombinant DNA involves 4 stepsRecombinant DNA involves 4 steps ProcedureProcedure 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is

removedremoved 2. gene is attached to a 2. gene is attached to a vectorvector for delivery for delivery

into another cellinto another cell 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene

are made by allowing the host cell to are made by allowing the host cell to multiplymultiply

4. screening- cells 4. screening- cells with the new gene with the new gene are are sorted from the multitude producedsorted from the multitude produced

BT CornBT Corn Insulin from

bacteria

Artificial insemination or embryo transfer

How is the DNA cut? How is the DNA cut? (ACTIVITY HERE)(ACTIVITY HERE)

Restriction enzymes- recognize a Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA sequence and cuts it at specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every locationevery location

EcoRIEcoRI BamHIBamHI GAATTCGAATTC GGATCCGGATCC CTTAAGCTTAAG CCTAGGCCTAGG

How is the DNA delivered? How is the DNA delivered?

Viruses, yeast or plasmid Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used.can be used.

A plasmid is a loop of DNA A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria main DNA of a bacteria cell.cell.

The same restriction enzyme is The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid.used to open the plasmid.

Nucleotide pairs on the end of Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion.complimentary fashion.

The gene is now part of the The gene is now part of the host’s DNA- host’s DNA- recombinant recombinant DNADNA

How do the recombinant How do the recombinant cells multiply?cells multiply?

Nutrients are provided to facilitate Nutrients are provided to facilitate growth of bacteriagrowth of bacteria

Bacteria grow- they are clones of Bacteria grow- they are clones of each othereach other

Cloning- creating exact genetic copies Cloning- creating exact genetic copies (bacteria, cells, embryos… humans?)(bacteria, cells, embryos… humans?)

How is the DNA How is the DNA separated?separated?

ElectrophoresisElectrophoresis http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/

labs/gel/labs/gel/

KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$

Cloning Around Cloning Around (reproductive cloning)(reproductive cloning)

All All SOMATIC CELLSSOMATIC CELLS (body (body cells) contain DNA blueprint cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organismfor the individual organism

Any cell can behave like a Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire ZYGOTE to produce an entire individualindividual

The nucleus of a somatic cell isd The nucleus of a somatic cell isd placed inside an egg cell that has placed inside an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed.had its nucleus removed.

Electricity sparks cell division in sparks cell division in the fertilized egg cell and an the fertilized egg cell and an embryo is formed.embryo is formed.

The embryo is placed in a The embryo is placed in a womb or suitable environment for development.

CLONING BASICSCLONING BASICS

HISTORY OF CLONINGHISTORY OF CLONING

19531953 frogfrog 19961996 sheepsheep 277277 20022002 catcat 8282 20032003 horsehorse 841841 20052005 dogdog

ATTEMPTS BEFORE SUCCESS

Reproductive Reproductive Cloning is expensive Cloning is expensive and inefficientand inefficient

CC cost $50,000CC cost $50,000 Horse 1/841 .12%Horse 1/841 .12% Sheep 1/277 .36%Sheep 1/277 .36%

STEM CELL RESEARCHSTEM CELL RESEARCH What’s so special What’s so special

about Stem Cells?about Stem Cells?

Biological Biological immortalityimmortality

PluripotentPluripotent- - can become can become any of 220 any of 220 cell typescell types

Therapeutic Therapeutic potentialpotential

Pancreas beta cells to produce Pancreas beta cells to produce insulin to relieve diabetesinsulin to relieve diabetes

Dopamine producing cells in the Dopamine producing cells in the brain to relieve Parkinson’s diseasebrain to relieve Parkinson’s disease

Regrowth of missing limbsRegrowth of missing limbs

ADULT STEM CELLSADULT STEM CELLS ““cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated” cells in adult tissues that are undifferentiated” MultipotentMultipotent (can become many of the 220 cell (can become many of the 220 cell

types)types) SourcesSources

bone marrow, umbilical cord, bone marrow, umbilical cord, hair follicle, skin, hair follicle, skin, adipose cells, More are knownadipose cells, More are known

Most well know example of Adult Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell… bone marrow stem cellsStem Cell… bone marrow stem cells

VIII Moral and Ethical VIII Moral and Ethical issuesissues WHY IS THIS BEING DONE?WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? HOW IS THIS BEING DONE?HOW IS THIS BEING DONE? WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO? Should this be done?Should this be done? Will anyone or any organism be injured?Will anyone or any organism be injured? Who will benefit from this research?Who will benefit from this research? Are there alternatives to this procedure?Are there alternatives to this procedure? How will this be paid for?How will this be paid for? What will be done after the process?What will be done after the process? Is there a danger to the environment?Is there a danger to the environment?

The Use of Animals in Science and Industry

Place an "X" in each box that you agree with the use of that species for that purpose.Place an "NO" in each box that you do not agree with the use of that species for that purpose.Place a "n/a" is placed where a decision is not applicable)

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sources of food (whole animal)sources of food byproduct (i.e. eggs, milk)industrial raw materials applications - source of fabric/clothing (i.e. wool, leather) - source of industrial molecules (i.e. rennin) - testing of cosmeticsmedical applications - source of pharmaceutical molecules (i.e. insulin) - source of transplant organs (i.e. valves, cornea)transportation and laborers laboratory test specimen - testing of new drugs - testing of environmental hazards - for endangered species protection - for broadening scientific knowledgeeducational tools/teaching purposes - dissection - surgical practice - behavioral observation - physiological observationcompanions/pets

TEST FRIDAY TEST FRIDAY BIOTECHNOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGYText pages (226-228, 234, 236-239,246,247)Text pages (226-228, 234, 236-239,246,247)

2 articles w/questions2 articles w/questions

Worksheets Gene tech and DNA techWorksheets Gene tech and DNA tech

L and L Lab activityL and L Lab activity

Interpret electrophoresis banding patternsInterpret electrophoresis banding patterns

Diagram and explain hybrids and chimeraDiagram and explain hybrids and chimera

Provide examples of aboveProvide examples of above

Explain techniques and uses of IVF and ETExplain techniques and uses of IVF and ET

Vocabulary (94-100)Vocabulary (94-100)

Be able to answer the question “Pick one example of Be able to answer the question “Pick one example of biotechnology that we have studied, explain what it biotechnology that we have studied, explain what it is and provide your view of the technology”is and provide your view of the technology”

Biotechnology Test Review Questions:Biotechnology Test Review Questions: EasyEasy Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is called a ____.Small, circular piece of bacterial DNA is called a ____. Give two examples of vectors:Give two examples of vectors: The entire collection of genes within human cells is called The entire collection of genes within human cells is called

the _______________.the _______________. Difference between technology and biotechnology?Difference between technology and biotechnology? Function of restriction enzymes?Function of restriction enzymes? HGP stands for? How many base pairs in HG? How HGP stands for? How many base pairs in HG? How

many proteins?many proteins? Difference between surrogate and biological mother?Difference between surrogate and biological mother? A _____________ is caused by a defective or mutant A _____________ is caused by a defective or mutant

gene.gene. Define gene.Define gene. The first cell created by sexual reproduction is called a The first cell created by sexual reproduction is called a

MediumMedium 1. Inserting unrelated pieces of DNA together will 1. Inserting unrelated pieces of DNA together will

result in ____________________.result in ____________________. 2. IVF stands for? What is a synonym used for 2. IVF stands for? What is a synonym used for

IVF?IVF? 3. What does transgenic mean?3. What does transgenic mean? 4. Identical twins are considered to be genetic 4. Identical twins are considered to be genetic

___________.___________. 5. How does IVF work? What does the female 5. How does IVF work? What does the female

have to do? What does the male have to do?have to do? What does the male have to do? 6. Why does IVF sometimes result in twins, triplets, 6. Why does IVF sometimes result in twins, triplets,

or quads?or quads? 7. Difference between fraternal vs. identical twins?7. Difference between fraternal vs. identical twins? 8. How does Gel Electrophoresis separate DNA 8. How does Gel Electrophoresis separate DNA

fragments?fragments? 9. What is an example of a genetic disease?9. What is an example of a genetic disease? 10. What kind of ethical questions arise from IVF?10. What kind of ethical questions arise from IVF?

DifficultDifficult What is the difference between gene therapy and What is the difference between gene therapy and

genetic engineering?genetic engineering? Difference between a hybrid and chimera?Difference between a hybrid and chimera? Steps of genetic engineering?Steps of genetic engineering? The Hind R1 restriction enzyme is used to slice The Hind R1 restriction enzyme is used to slice

DNA at the GAATTC between the G and C. DNA at the GAATTC between the G and C. Illustrate how this enzyme would precisely cut the Illustrate how this enzyme would precisely cut the fragment:fragment:

ATTAGATCGCCCTAGAATTCAAGCTGGTAGCTAGCTACATCTAATTAGATCGCCCTAGAATTCAAGCTGGTAGCTAGCTACATCTA TAATCTAGAGGGATCTTAAGTTCGACCATCGATCGATGTAGATTAATCTAGAGGGATCTTAAGTTCGACCATCGATCGATGTAGAT

What research can be done using gel What research can be done using gel electrophoresis?electrophoresis?