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Biotechnology : Unlocking

the Mysterious of Life

Biotechnology : Biotechnology : Unlocking Unlocking

the the Mysterious of LifeMysterious of Life

2004Seungwook Kim

Chem. & Bio. Eng.

Biotechnology in moviesBiotechnology in movies

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Biotechnology isBiotechnology is……

l An area of applied bioscience and technology which involves thepractical application of biological organisms.

- Bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae, plant cell, mammalian cell

Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development

l Scientific study of microbial cultivation

Raulin :Develop the completely defined medium for thegrowth of Aspergillus qualitatively and quantitativelyin terms of the growth yield (major and minorelements, energy source)

1869

Pasteur :Characterization of the bacteria and yeast

physiologically introduction of aseptic methods andminimal media definition of the requirements fornutrients and oxygen

1850’s

Cagniard de Latour, Kutzing and Schwann :

Wine fermentation à the growth of yeasts1830’s

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Stimulation of engineeringDevelopment of thew stirred fermenter with automaticcontrols of the culture environment

1940’s&

1950’s

Kluyver & Perquin :

Introduction of the shake-flask technique for the culturegrowth provides for aerated submerged culture for thefirst time (previously, the culture was performed on thesurface of a solid or liquid medium)

1930’s

Wildiers :Need for complex organic substrates (growth factor)Ex) Discovery of vitamin B (or bios factors) for growthof yeast

1901

Koch :Introduction of pure culture technique(containing only known species)

1870’s

l Culture kinetics

Monod; Novick & Szilard :

Theory of the chemostat type of continuous-flowcultures (chemostat culture) – relationship betweenan organism and its environment

1950

Monod :Bacterial growth – growth yield, specific growth rateconcentration of growth-limiting substrate

1942

Hinshelwood :Useful models of the kinetics of living cell reactions

1946

Slator :

Concepts of interrelations of culture parameters1921

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Unrecognized microorganismsUnrecognized microorganisms

Escherichia coli

Lamproderma(Fruiting body)

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Muco sp.

Saccharmycescerevisiae

Polio virus

T4 Bacteriophage

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Cyanobacteria

Size of various microorganismsSize of various microorganisms

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Protein 3DProtein 3D--StructureStructure

For successful applicationFor successful application

Scientific discipline + Technologies

Microbiology, Biochemistry, Genetics, Molecular biology,

Chemistry & Chemical and process engineering

(Biochemical Engineering)

Industrial processingPreservation of biological materialThe operation of biochemical reactor

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ApplicationApplication--oriented integration of oriented integration of BiodisciplinesBiodisciplines and Engineeringand Engineering

CellBiology

Biochemistry

Microbiology

ProcessEngi-

neering

MolecularGenetics

MolecularBiology

ScientificDisciplines

Pharma-ceuticalIndustry

Environ-mental

& Energy

Food& FeedIndustry

Fermen-tation

Industry

ChemicalIndustry

MedicalDiagnostics

ApplicationAreas

Biotechnology

Genetic EngineeringGenetic Engineering

l Strong effect on protein and enzyme technology.(Recombinant DNA technique–produce an enzyme or protein not normally synthesized by a microorganism)

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Biotechnological ProcessesBiotechnological Processes

l Involves the production of cells or biomass, and desired chemical transformations.¡Formation of a desired end product

(e.g. enzymes, antibiotics, organic acids, steroids)

¡Decomposition of a given starting material (e.g. sewage disposal, destruction of industrial wastes or oil spillages)

Schematic overview ofSchematic overview ofa Biotechnological processa Biotechnological process

Organism selection

Applied genetics(Mutation, recombination, gene manipulation)

Bioreactor(Microbial,

animal or plantcells or enzymes)

Raw materials(selection,

preparation,Pretreatment)

SterilizationDownstream processing

(product separation)

Product isolationFormulationProcess control

Air Energy

Heat

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Typical Bioprocess flow chartTypical Bioprocess flow chart

The reactions of The reactions of Biotechnological processesBiotechnological processes

l Catabolic reaction¡Complex compounds are broken down

to simpler ones (glucose to ethanol)

l Anabolic reaction¡Simple molecules are built up into more

complex ones (antibiotics synthesis)

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Nature of Microbial CultureNature of Microbial Culture

l Microbe and tissue cell culture¡Concerns the growth and functions of

living matter (animals, plants, protists)

l Microbe¡Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa

l Tissue cell culture¡Animal, plants

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli Growth CurveGrowth Curve

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Manufacturing Processes for Manufacturing Processes for Biotechnological productsBiotechnological products

ll Basic SciencesBasic SciencesCell Technology Biochemical Technology Gene CloningCell Fusion

Protein Engineering

ll Process & EngineeringProcess & EngineeringCell CultureSeparation & PurificationScale-up

Process OptimizationProcess & Plant Design

Scale Up for PilotScale Up for PilotPlant & Commercial ProductionPlant & Commercial Production

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Process flow diagramProcess flow diagram

Air Nutrients

Seed

Growth

Product

CentrifugationFiltration

Chromatography columns

Waste

Final product

To fillingWaste

Waste

A generalized schematic A generalized schematic representation of a typical representation of a typical

fermentation processfermentation processInoculum Development

Stockculture

Shakeflask

Seedfermenter

Productionfermenter

Culturefluid

CellSeparation

Biomass

Cell-freesupernatent

ProductExtraction

EffluentTreatmentProduct

PurificationProduct

PackagingMedium

Raw materials

Mediumsterilization

MediumFormulation

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Bio product as a high added value Bio product as a high added value

Concentrations are generally

low especially in processes forhigh-cost products.

In spite of the process made in

biochemical engineering, higher

product concentrationsand better production rates are

important goals for the future.

Clean BenchClean Bench

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BioReactorBioReactor

Continuous Production ofContinuous Production ofPackedbedPackedbed reactorreactor

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Shaking IncubatorShaking Incubator