BIOTECHNOLOGY(To Teachers & Students of Karnataka SSLC)

DR. M. JAYAKARA BHANDARY DEPT. OF BOTANY & BIOTECHNOLOGY

GOVERNMENT SCIENCE COLLEGE, KARWAR

By learning, you will teach. By teaching you will understand. -A Latin Proverb

Definition

• Applications of biological systems / processes / organisms to manufacturing (Products) or service industries (Services).

• BIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE +

TECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

= BIOTECHNOLOGY

HISTORY….

Old / Biotechnology – Bread making,

wine making, fermentation, milk

products, Even Idli Making

Modern Biotechnology

1980 onwardsGenetic EngineeringDNA FingerprintingPlant Tissue CultureCloning, etc.

GENETIC ENGINEERING

• Changing genetic material of an organism by transferring genes from other organisms

• Creating organisms with new genes/ characters – Genetically modified Organisms (GMO’s) or transgenic Organisms.

• Addition or Modification of characters of organisms

• Recombinant DNA technology – Joining or combining genes from two or more organisms in the laboratory.

Fire Fly (Luciferene gene)

Genetically Engineered Tobacco Plant with Luceferene Gene

Insulin Production by Bacteria

Transfer of Insulin Gene

Insulin producing Bacteria

DNA FINGERPRINTING

• Technique which helps in the establishment of identity of a person or organism based on uniqueness of DNA sequence.

• Every person’s DNA sequence is different from all others, like finger print or signatures.

Techniques…. Collection of DNA, cutting into

pieces, Separation of pieces by Gel Electrophoresis, Processing of separated DNA bands which appear like ‘Bar Codes’.

DNA Fingerprinting

Application : Detection of criminals, solving parental disputes

DNA fingerprint of a person

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

• Technique of growing isolated plant tissues or cells in an artificial medium under aseptic conditions.

• Plant cells TOTIPOTENT. Each cell can Multiply and develop in to new plants when cultured.

• Growth medium: Nutrients, vitamins, hormones, agar

Medium New Plantlets

USES OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

• Micropropagation – large number of plants in small space

• Disease free plant production• Somatic hybridisation/cybrid production- Pomato• Transgenic plant production – Nif gene transfer• Pollen culture – haploid plants – Parthenocarpy –

Protection of pure charecters.• Shortening of Flowering Period – Rose?

Cloning• Identicle/ exactly similar cells / organisms • Plants produced by cuttings/ vegetative propagation

are genetically similar – in vivo clones (Hibiscus, Rose, etc.)

• Tissue culture Plants – in vitro Clones• Animals from cell of a single parent – in vitro

method• Dolly sheep – first animal clone produced by Ian

Wilmut.• Cloning is possible in frogs, rats, monkeys• Xerox copies of parent animal (usually superior

quality mother)

How Dolly was produced?

Applications of Biotechnology

• Agricultural Applications – new variety of crop plants, animal breeds

• Ex: Bt cotton, Golden Rice, Fast growing sheeps, Pigs

Applications of Biotechnology

• Biocatalysts (Enzymes- Stain removers in detergents)

• Biopolymers (Bioplastic – PHB from plants, Bacteria)

Applications of Biotechnology

• Pollution control – Bacteria to clean pollution• Polluted/Waste water treatment (Bacterial

Filters, Membrane Filters)• Medical/Health benefits• Cheaper and safer hormones (Insulin by

bacteria, Growth hormones), vaccines (HbV vaccine), drugs (Blood clotting factor)

Limitations of Biotechnology

• Genetic engineered food may cause Health Problems (Bt cotton, corn , brinjal etc. have a toxic gene of bacteria)

• Pest resistant Bt plants also kill useful insects like butter flies, bees along with disease causing pest insects – ecological imbalance.

• Human cloning – Socially, Ethically Right?

THANK YOU

jaikarb@yahoo.com08382 – 222458 ®

I want to touch the FUTURE . Therefore, I have become a TEACHER. - Christa McAuliff