bioterror power point
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History of Biological
Warfare - Globally
� 1925 Geneva Protocol
� 1972 Biological Weapons
Convention
»signed by 103 nations
� 1975 Geneva Conventions
Ratified
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PROTOCOL FOR THE PROHIBITION OF
THE USE IN WAR OF ASPHYXIATING,
POISONOUS OR OTHER GASES, AND OF
BACTERIOLOGICAL METHODS OF
WARFARE
Opened for signature: 17 June
1925, entered into force: 8
February 1928
Geneva Protocol
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,
, 17 1925
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Biological Weapons
ConventionConvention on the Prohibition of the
Development, Production and Stockpiling of
Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons
and on Their Destruction
Signed at Washington, London, and Moscow
April 10, 1972
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Joint Statement by President George W. Bush and
President Vladimir on Cooperation Against Bioterrorism
November 13, 2001
At Shanghai, we resolved to enhance cooperation in
combating new terrorist threats, including those involvingweapons of mass destruction.
We agree that, as a key element of our cooperation tocounter the threat of terrorist use of biological materials,
officials and experts of the United States and Russia willwork together on means for countering the threat of
bioterrorism, now faced by all nations, and on relatedhealth measures, including preventive ones, treatment and
possible consequence management.
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What role can Russia play in Combating
Infectious Diseases And Bioterrorism Threats
The threat of biological weapons and their use
in bioterrorism have increased. At the sametime there are huge improvements in theknowledge of infectious diseases. How do wecontain the threat of biological warfare (BW)
and bioterrorism and continue to makeprogress in eliminating and treating infectiousdiseases?
S.V. Netesov, L.S. Sandakhchiev, VECTOR, Novosibirsk
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In the past 20 years, more than 30 previously
nknown infectious agents have been identifiedThey causing such diseases as AIDS, hemorrhagic
fevers, antibiotic resistant bacterial strains, hepatitis C,
etc., A significant part of these infectious diseases
result from the ability of microorganisms to mutate
and adapt to humans and their medical treatment
environment of medical prophylaxes and treatments.
These properties, combined with increasing human
mobility and migration and the increasing number of
people with suppressed immunity, and several other
factors, make the emergence of new diseases and
variants more likely.
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Biological Warfare Nonproliferation
and Threat Reduction
The issues of nonproliferation and threat
reduction of biological weapons based on
infectious agents are different from other weaponsof mass destruction (WMD).
We believe that the major nonproliferation and
threat reduction efforts should focus on already
working with emerging pathogens research
centers, which might present a source of expertise
for potential bioterrorists.
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Russia¶s Role in Infectious Disease
Research and International Cooperation
Russia has great potential in the area of infectious
disease research, as well as in development and
manufacture of therapeutic and prophylactic
preparations at facilities of the Russian Ministry of
Public Health, those of BIOPREPARAT and of local
public health establishments. Two large State Research
Centers of the Russian Ministry of Public Health ² for
Applied Microbiology (Obolensk, European region)
and Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR (Koltsovo,
eastern region) ² were involved in biological defense
programs of the former Soviet Union before 1990.
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VECTOR The State Research Center of Virology and BiotechnologyVECTOR, operated by the
Russian Ministry of PublicHealth, is a large researchand production complex,
whose primary activities are
focused on basic and appliedresearch in the theoretical
virology, molecular biology,virology, immunology,
aerobiology, epidemiology,and biotechnology. VECTOR also develops and
manufactures preventive,therapeutical and diagnostic
preparations.
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VECTOR is one of two scientific and experimental facilitiesin Russia mainly focusing on virus infection research. TheState Research Center for Applied Microbiology, RussianMinistry of Public Health (Obolensk, Moscow Oblast), is a
similar scientific and experimental center, involved inbacterial infections research. VECTOR and Obolensk are
the only institutions in both Russia and the rest of the CIScountries in which studies of highly dangerous pathogens
can be done at an up-to-date level.
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VECTOR VECTOR¶s research and productionfacilities amount to more than 250,000
m2 on over 8,000 hectares (19,768acres). The research and experimentalfacilities at VECTOR are equipped forup-to-date scientific work with highly
pathogenic human and animal viruses,under conditions of complete biosafety.Several buildings meet special
biosafety requirements for highcontainment facilities (BSL 2, 3, and4): an air-tight external perimeter,
negative pressure in the working zone,complete sterilization (liquid, and
solid) or reliable filtration (air) of all
types of discharge.
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VECTOR The research and technical
staff of the Center are highlyqualified personnel,
specializing in the field of genetic engineering, molecular
biology, virology, theoreticalvirology, immunology,epidemiology, and ecology. Thestaff has extensive experience in
highly dangerous virusesresearch and in production of diagnostic and prophylactic
preparations for public healthand veterinary needs.
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VECTOR The Collection of Cultures of
Microorganisms in VECTOR contains over 10,000 depositentries: various viral strains,
including the national collection
of variola virus strains andstrains of BSL-4 viral pathogens;recombinant viral strains; strains
of microorganisms, includingproducer strains. The Collection
received international recognitionin 1995 when it was affiliated withthe European Culture Collection
Organization (ECCO).
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VECTOR VECTOR also houses one of thetwo WHO Collaborating Centers
for orthopoxvirus diagnosis andrepository for variola virusstrains and their DNA. The otherWHO Collaborating Center for
smallpox and other poxvirus
infections is at the CDC inAtlanta, USA. As a WHO
Collaborating Center, VECTOR preserves and studies the Russian
collection of variola virus isolates.The research collaboration
between these two Centers ispromising in terms of basic
science and confidence building.
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VECTOR
VECTOR¶s Breeding andHolding Facility forlaboratory animals, whichincludes one of only two
monkey breeding facilities
operating in Russia, is usedfor testing therapeutic anddiagnostic preparations.
Facilities for the
performance of preclinicaland clinical trials of new
medicinal preparations areavailable at VECTOR.
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The aims of the Federal Center of
Hygiene and Epidemiology
� Sanitary and Epidemiological measures
in case of situation with the outbreaks of infectious diseases or during disasters;
� Statistical monitoring for control of infectious diseases at the federal level,
reporting;
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The structure of the Federal Center
of Hygiene and Epidemiology
� Disaster
department
� Epidemiological
department
� Laboratory
services
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The period until 1991
Life expectancy (both sexes)
32
43
5947
63
47
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1900 1938
Russia
France
U A
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The period until 1991
Life expectancy in 1965
64,3
73,4 74,766,8
73,767,3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Men Women
Russia
France
U A
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The health care principles upon which
the Soviet health care system was to
be based (Nikolai Semashko):
� government responsibility for health
� universal access to free services
� a preventive approach to ³social
diseases´
� quality professional care
� a close relation between science andmedical practice
� continuity of care between health
promotion, treatment and rehabilitation.
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Next steps following the
establishment of the ³Semashko´
model in 1918� The health care system was under the
centralized control of the state, which financed
services by general government revenues aspart of national social and economicdevelopment plans.
� All health care personnel became employees of
the centralized state, which paid salaries andprovided supplies to all medical institutions.
� The main policy orientation throughout thisperiod was to increase numbers of hospital
beds and medical personnel.
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Next steps following the
establishment of the ³Semashko´
model in 1918 (cont.)
� Russia made massive strides in arresting the
spread of infectious diseases.
� Drastic epidemic control measures were
implemented, particularly in the cases of
tuberculosis, typhoid fever, typhus, malaria and
cholera.
� These involved community prevention approaches,
routine check-ups, improvements in urban
sanitation and hygiene, quarantines, etc.
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Health crisis� The diverging paths of Russia and other
industrialized nations with respect to
health status from the 1960s onwardhas been attributed to the failure of the
Russian health care system to
successfully respond to theepidemiological transition.
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The leading causes of death
in the Russia Federation
� Cardiovascular diseases with rates that are
the highest in the European Region.
� External causes of injury and poisoning
� Cancer
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CVD
Injury
Cancer
Average
for 1999-
2001
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Source: New York Department of Health
Source: New York Department of Health
WH Y was prophylaxis with Ciprofloxacin extended to 60 days?
BECAUSE in Sverdlovsk cases appeared more than 40 days
after exposure, and because of data from animal experiments
More on Sverdlovsk
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Lidia Tretyakova looks at the tombstone of her father, LazarKarsayev, at a cemetery in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Thursday,Oct. 18, 2001. A mysterious outbreak of anthrax killed at least68 people, including Karsayev, 22 years ago in the Russian
industrial center of Sverdlovsk, today known as Yekaterinburg.At the time, neither the victims nor their families suspected
they had been hit by a biological weapon. (AP Photo/Alexei Vladykin)
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Laboratory workers at the Sverdlovsk regionalepedemiological service put on the special suits they wearwhen working with anthrax and other dangerous bacteria
in Yekaterinburg, Russia, Wednesday, Oct. 17, 2001
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1. Establish an Expert Task Force
2. Establish FSU Disaster network
3. Build Disaster Data and Lecture Bank
4. Establish a system for JIT Networks, Data and Lectures
FSU Epidemiologic Disaster Network
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Terrorism
� Is an unlawful act of violence
� Intimidates governments or societies
� Goal is to achieve political, religious or
ideological objectives
Arthur H. Garrison
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Prevention of Terrorism
� Primary prevention:
± Education!!!
± Understand the differences in cultures,religions, beliefs and human behaviors
± Think of the peace, freedom and equality
of all human beings, not just ³my group
of people´
± Eliminate the root of terrorism
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Prevention of Terrorism
� Secondary prevention:
± Establish surveillance and monitoring
system on terrorism attack
± Improve protective system for citizens
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Prevention of Terrorism
� Tertiary prevention
± Early detection of the sources ± Prevent the extension of impairments
± Rescue the survivors
± Console the rest of the population
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Proportion of death from terrorism
in total death in the United States
0.12240462428932001
0.0003253420381990¶s
Proportion
(%)
From all
causes
From
terrorism
Average
death per
year
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Risk of Dying
One in 50,000,000Terrorism attack in 1990¶s
One in 10,000,000Hit by lightning
One in 100,000Terrorism attack in 2001
One in 100,000Homicide
One in 25,000Playing soccer
One in 8,000Road accident
One in 850All natural causes age 40
One in 200Smoking 10 cigarettes a day
Penguin Books, 1987
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Death Rate of Various Causes in
2000 USA and that from Terrorism
One in 50,000,000Terrorism in 1990¶s
One in 100,000Terrorism in 2001
One in 20,000Homicide*
One in 10,000Suicide*
One in 4,000Diabetes*
One in 3,000Accidents *
One in 2,000Cerebrovascular diseases*
One in 500Cancer *
One in 400Heart disease*
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Why did terrorism draw
considerable attention in 2001?
� The risk of dying from terrorism wasextremely low in 1990¶s, and was stillrelatively low compared with some
diseases in 2001
� But the death rate increased by 500 timesin 2001 due to Sept. 11
� Overall the death rate of terrorism hasnot been high
� Despite the low risk, shock, surprise andfear engulfed the United States and world
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Conclusion
� Terrorism is unlawful act� Terrorism has a long history of being used
to achieve political, religious and ideologicalobjectives
� Terrorism can be conducted throughfirearms, explosive devices and biological,chemical, nuclear materials
� Even through the events of 2001, the risk of dying from terrorism has remained muchlower than that from motor vehicles,smoking, and alcoholic beverage.