Biowaste 4 SP

Senior Scientist Ph.D. Anne-Belinda Bjerre

Biowaste for SP new EU project with

partners from EU, Africa and Malaysia Program for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Biotechnology

Proposal full title: Processing of biowaste for sustainable products in developing countries

Proposal acronym: Biowaste4SP

Type of funding scheme: Specific International Cooperation Actions (SICA)

Work Progr. topics addressed: KBBE.2012.3.4-01: Conversion of biowaste in developing countries

Name of the coordinating person: Dr. Anne-Belinda Bjerre

Danish Technological Institute (DTI), Denmark

ANBJ@dti.dk

Partners in Biowaste4SP

Partici-

pant nr.

Participant organization name Participant

Short name

Org Type Country

1 Danish Technological Institute DTI Research Denmark

2 Swedish Environmental Research Institute IVL Research Sweden

3 TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center TUBITAK Research Turkey

4 SIRIM Berhad SIRIM Research Malaysia

5 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

Institute of Industrial Research (CSIR-IIR)

CSIR-GH Research Ghana

6 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR-ZA Research South Africa

7 Agricultural Research Centre ARC Research Egypt

8 University of Siena UNISI University Italy

9 Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and

Veterinary Medicine

IAV Research Morocco

10 Danish Technical University DTU University Denmark

11 Ethekwini Municipality ETM Public South Africa

12 Myagri Group of Companies MYAGRI SME Malaysia

13 BioVelop AB BV SME Sweden

14 Moroccan Association for Solid Waste AMADES NGO Morocco

15 African Institute for Capacity Development AICAD Research Kenya

16 World Association of Industrial and

Technological research Organizations

WAITRO NGO Malaysia

About Africa

Africa is the world's second largest continent, and one of the world’s fastest growing markets.

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia:

30.2 million km² (11.7 million sq meters) including adjacent islands

Africa covers about 5% of the Earth's total surface area and 20% of the total land area.

Africa accounts for almost 15% of the World's human population:

With almost a billion people led by Nigeria (135mil), Egypt (80mil), Ethiopia (76mil), Congo-Kinshasa (65mil) and South Africa (44mil).

There are an estimated 2,000 languages spoken across the continent.

African agriculture accounts for about 30-40

percent of Africa’s GNP.

Africa accounted for only 2 percent of world fertilizer consumption in 2003/04.

Total fertilizer nutrient consumption in Africa increased with 4.3 percent.

Nitrogen consumption increased with 3 percent and phosphate and potash consumption increased with 5.6 and 6 percent respectively.

Although Africa comprises 58 countries, fertilizer consumption continues to be mainly restricted to 10 countries and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer production capacity exists in only 8 countries.

The main consumers in the region are Egypt, South Africa and Morocco.

Total fertilizer consumption in sub-Saharan African countries remains at approximately one percent of World fertilizer consumption.

Replacement of fossil fuel with biomass

Clark & Deswarte 2008

& Fertilizer

A step forward to fulfill this goal is..

• to replace fossil fuel with renewable fuels and

energy

• to replace fossil chemicals with biomass based chemicals and materials

The biorefinery

Biorefinery of African biowaste

feedstocks

Definition of biorefinery:

Integrated and combined processes for the conversion of biomass

into a variety of food, feed, chemicals, biomaterials, and energy – at

the same time maximising the value of the biomass and minimising

the waste

Fertilizer

Cost is the critical challenge for success.

Thus, easily accessible and low cost biomass

feedstock is a prerequisite for making biobased

production economically feasible.

Industrial, agriculture and municipal biowastes have

the potential to be that resource.

However, it is of great importance to be aware of

how to utilise the different sources of biowaste and

for which purpose.

Knowledge about biowaste composition is crucial

In order to do this in the best possible way, one has to

know about chemical composition:

1) i.e. the biowaste contents of carbohydrates, both

starchy and lignocellulosic based should be considered

and evaluated as potential (and best) fermentation

substrates for bioenergy carriers, chemicals, and

food/feed ingredient (e.g. amino acids).

2) i.e. the biowaste ash contents, which are potential

plant nutrients as in fertilizer.

3) and biowaste proteins, which are important ingredients

in food and feed applications as well as fertilizer.

Objectives of Biowaste4SP

The objective of the proposed project is to show

and demonstrate the technical roadmap - a

strategy - for efficient technological utilisation of

selected significant biowaste in five African

countries - Morocco, Egypt, Ghana, South Africa,

and Kenya- derived from both the industrial and

agricultural sector, thus, turning biowaste into a

new resource for sustainable products.

WP1:. Sugar based raw

materials: agriculture and

food industrial waste

WP2. Nutrient rich raw

materials: agriculture

waste and manure

WP3: Sugar platform

Pretreatment and

enzymatic conversion

WP4: Bioconversion

Fermentation by

SSF, SHF and

solids state

Bioethanol, Lactic acid,

Protein, Amino Acids

WP5: Biogas

production

Biogas

WP6: Compositing (DEMO)

Incl. Specialty microorganisms

production

Biofertilizer WP9: Project management

WP7: Sustainability

assesment and LCA

Process diagram and WP interactions of Biowaste 4 SP:

Blue lines: Primary process flow

Orange lines: Main product(s)

Green lines: Waste streams

WP8: Knowledge transfer, training and dissemination

Biowaste 4SP

flowdiagram

Examples of biowaste ressources in Africa

Sugars based biowaste (industrial food waste)

Banana (whole fruit) biowaste

Sweet potato biowaste

Cassava (Manioc) biowaste

Coffee biowaste

Rice bran

Rice straw

Nutrient based biowaste

Municipal solid waste

Manure

Rice straw

Cassava leaves

Production of chosen significant agricultural products

in Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.

Annual

Production

(metric tons)

Egypt Morocco Kenya Ghana South Africa

Bananas 1 100 000 843 465 373 637

Cassava (2) 819 967 12 230 600

Olives (2) 500 000 770 000

Sorghum (2) 880 000 350 550

Rice, Paddy (2) 7 500 000 391 440

Sun flower seeds

(2)

801 000

Cotton (bales) (1) 1 000 000 1 000 20 000 70 000 -

Source: 1) FAO, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 2009; http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx; 2) http://www.nationmaster.com

Biowaste 4 Sustainable Products in Africa

Target products:

Feed and food (protein and

amino acids)

Energy (biogas and bioethanol)

Fertilizer (biofertilizer)

Value-added products (lactic

acid and health care products)

Potential biowaste resources and potential products

from the conversion of these

Biowaste Sugar

rich

Nutrient

rich

Protein

rich

Potential product

Cassava + ET, LA, AA, DDGS, PRO

Cassava leaves + + FZ, BG

Banana + + ET, LA, AA, DDGS

Rice hulls + ET, LA, AA, DDGS, VA

Rice straw + + BG, FZ

Cotton stock + + BG, FZ

Olive waste + + BG, FZ

Sun flower waste + + BG, FZ

Soya waste + + BG, FZ

Manure + BG, FZ

Sewage sludge + BG, FZ

(Key to abbreviations: ET_ ethanol ; LA_ Lactic acid; AA_ amino acids; PRO_ proteins; VA_ value added products ;

BG_bio gas; FZ_ Fertilizer; DDGS_ “Distillers dry grain solids”; in this context the solid rest after fermentation )

What kind of feedstocks are needed ?

Feed

Energy

Sugar based

feedstocks

Nutrient based

feedstocks Fertilizer

Fertilizer

In our project we will do process integration:

Sugar based

feedstocks

Nutrient based

feedstocks +

Energy Feed Value added

products

Development of whole crop biowaste

biorefinery

Starch

Biowaste (banana,

cassava etc)

Lignocellulose

Food

Feed

Biofuel

Fertilizer

Banana: a sugars based Biowaste

ressources in Africa, an example

Composition of banana

Starch based

material

Lignocellosic based

material

Banana amylopectin (starch) and cellulose

(lignocellulose) both sugar polymers

Cellulose

Starch material

amlylose/amylopectin

Plant cell walls contain C5 and C6 sugars and lignin

Cellulose Hemicellulose

Lignin

Wheat straw

in Denmark

Sugar platform from starch (1. generation) and from lignocellulose (2. generation) for bioethanol production

1. generation sugar platform:

Substrate: Sugar (sucrose) from sugarcane and starch from maize or wheat.

Milling and cooking (atmopheric pressure) before enzymatic hydrolysis.

Optimised, cheap commercial enzymes available

2. generation sugarplatform:

•Substrate: Lignocellulosic materials (straw, corn stover, wood, waste)

•Chemical/physical pretreatment at high pressure and temperature necessary to facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis.

•More expensive, but now commercial

enzymes that are still improving

Starch and cellulose both made of

glucose

amylose consists of glucose bound by alfa-1-4 linkages

Cellulose consists of glucose bound by beta-1-4 linkages

Development of ”whole crop” biorefinery

Starch

Banana

(example!)

Lignocellulose

Food

Feed

Biofuel

Fertilizer

Value-added

Feed and food (protein and molasses) as by-

products from bioethanol production

Distillation

DDGS

(fodder)

Yeast

Fermenta-

tion Sugar

Corn

Kernels Starch

Conversion

Fuel ethanol

(main product)

1st generation starch bioethanol

Precipitation

Purification

or destillation

DDGS

(fodder)

Fermenta-

tion

C6-C5

Monomer

sugar

Pretreated

banana

starch +

hemicellulose

Sugar

conversion

Lactic acid

(main product)

1st generation starch bioethanol, DDGS and

amino acid production from biowaste in Africa

Amino acids

Value added-products

+ a protein containing

biowaste ressource

Bioethanol

(main product)

1

2

Enzymes

3 SSF

Value-added product from rice bran

Chemical composition of rice bran

Rice bran:

Starch: up to 45%

Fiber: 17-20%

Protein: 14-16%

Oil /fat: 4-5%

Ash: 4%

Moisture: 12-13%

Example: Rice processing

Conventional / Short Roller-Milling

Bran Flour

20-35% 65-80%

Proteins,

Fibre,Gluten, starch

oils, soluble fibre MD, Glucose

Product Fraction overview

Wheat Bran

Insoluble Fraction: 55-60%

6**

Soluble fraction

(intermediate): 40-45%

0.5*

Xylo-

Oligosaccharide

:10-20%

7

Soluble Xylans,

prebiotics: 10-20%

8

Aleurone-rich

Protein 3-4%

9**

Aleurone-rich Oil: 0,5%

11

Defatted Aleurone-

rich Protein: 3-4%

12**

Insoluble Dietary

Fibre: 18-25%

10

Glucose Syrup

15-25%

1

Germ Rich Protein

7-15%

2** 3

Germ Oil

1,5-3%

4

Defatted Germ Rich

Protein 6-12%

5**

Xylan rich protein

7-15%

0

9.5 Aleurone Rich Protein,

Hydrol.: 3-4%

Intermediate

6.5*

Main products

Especially for prebiotic

content

GRP

Hydrolyzed

7-15%

2.5

DARP, Hydrolyzed

3-4%

12.5

DGRP, hydrolyzed

6-12%%

5.5

Notes: 1. A (*) after the product number means that it is an

intermediate product only. 2. A (**) after the product means that it can

be sold as is or processed further. 3. All % figures relate to the cereal

bran.

Lactic acid from the rice bran starch

Process diagram, lactic acid production

Wet milling Separation Glucose

syrup

SSF by lacto

bacillus

Lactic

acid

Precipitation

and

purification

Rice bran

Lactic

acid

solution

Fibres

Fertilizer as by-product from biogas production

Biofuel : Biogas (byproduct) and Fertilizer (main

product)

All lignocellulosic biowaste streams will be mixed with

municipal solid waste (and/or) manure and treated in a

biogas plant

Biogas Fertilizer

Biogas plants are multifunctional plants

Production of Renewable

Energy – biogas (CH4 )

Reduction of greenhouse

gasses – emission of CH4

and N2O

Recirculation of nutrients

from organic waste

products

Optimized distribution of

nutrients from manure and

organic waste

Biogas

Envi-

ron-

ment

Agri-

cul-

ture

Energy

What happens in the biogas plant?

Organic material is

degraded

Nutrients are

mineralized

Pathogenes and weed

seeds are destroyed

Biofertilizer

Composition (aim to be obtained during the project)

Renewable and fossil free

Organic rich solid fertilizer

Fully loaded with all 14 essential plant nutrients

Pelletized or compressed to reduce transport costs and

facilitate storage

Biofertilizer produced in a biogas reactor

Lignocellulosic residues

(Sugar for biogas and lignin for

fertilizer)

Manure/municpal solid waste

(nutrients N,P,K for fertilizer and more sugars for

biogas)

Biogas Fertilizer

(liquid and solid)

Fertilizer finally made by composting of solids from biogas

reactor (video from Malaysia)

Composting of

biomass : 2 times

a day oxygen

addition by forced

air ventilation