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Coronavirus 2019-nCoV, Part 1:Communist Coverup, or PandemicBioweapon of Mass Destruction?

Adrian Bond Follow

Jan 27 · 51 min read

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV, able to enter and infect human cells’ ACE2 receptor via its spike protein.

The official story about Coronavirus 2019 nCoV is that it “appears to have

originated in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, a Chinese

city about 650 miles south of Beijing that has a population of more than 11

million people.” This tale has been officially reported as early as January

9th by CCP’s state-owned and operated news channel, Xinhuanet, New-type

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coronavirus causes pneumonia in Wuhan: expert, reported by local Chinese

authorities to the US National Library of Medicine database, Outbreak of

Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology in Wuhan China: the Mystery and the

Miracle and to the International Journal of Infectious Diseases database,

The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global

health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China.

Claims of surprise by Chinese scientists and State officials are arguably

inauthentic

But let’s take a deeper look at the glaring discrepancies in the official story

to the underlying and background reality of coronaviruses, especially in the

SARS-scarred land of China. The Sun reports that the current consensus

centers on the belief that the origin of the coronavirus outbreak is linked to

bat soup sold at the market. However, the article states that experts “had

thought the new virus wasn’t capable of causing an epidemic as serious as

[previous deadly outbreaks of SARS and Ebola] because its genes were

different,” something that simply isn’t true. In 2006, renowned virologist

Professor Zhengli Shi co-authored the study, Review of Bats and SARS,

concluding that “a SARS epidemic may recur in the future and that SARS-

like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs) that originate from different reservoir host

populations may lead to epidemics at different times or in different

regions…. The recent discovery of a group of diverse SL-CoVs in bats

support the possibility of these events….”

Bowl of hot, delicious bat soup served at Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China.

A concurrent article published in the South China Morning Post on January

22, 2020, entitled Coronavirus weaker than SARS but may share link to bats,

Chinese scientists say reports the latest findings on the coronavirus by

scientists at China’s Center for Disease Control and Prevention. “The

scientists’ findings, published on Tuesday, suggested that the danger posed

by the pneumonia-like virus may have been underestimated by the research

community.” However, Prof. Zhengli and her co-authors published a study

early last year on March 2, 2019 entitled Bat Coronaviruses in China which

explicitly warned,

“During the past two decades, three zoonotic coronaviruses have been

identified as the cause of large-scale disease outbreaks⁻Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

(MERS), and Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS). SARS and MERS

emerged in 2003 and 2012, respectively, and caused a worldwide pandemic

that claimed thousands of human lives, while SADS struck the swine

industry in 2017. They have common characteristics, such as they are all

highly pathogenic to humans or livestock, their agents originated from bats,

and two of them originated in China. Thus, it is highly likely that future

SARS- or MERS-like coronavirus outbreaks will originate from bats,

and there is an increased probability that this will occur in China.

Therefore, the investigation of bat coronaviruses becomes an urgent issue

for the detection of early warning signs, which in turn minimizes the

impact of such future outbreaks in China” (emphasis added).

The South China Morning Post article continues with the beguiling

assertion, “Previously, most scientists believed the new virus could not

cause an epidemic as serious as that of SARS because its genes were quite

different. But the new study found that, like SARS, the virus targeted a

protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).” Apparently, the

virology scientific community not only failed to heed Prof. Zhengli’s explicit,

recent dire warnings about the “high likelihood” that future SARS- or

MERS-like coronavirus outbreaks would originate from bats — they also

ignored Zhengli’s incredibly pertinent report published ten years ago in

July, 2010, Identification of key amino acid residues required for horseshoe bat

angiotensin-I converting enzyme 2 to function as a receptor for severe acute

respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The study’s abstract can’t be clearer on

the immunological risks associated with protein ACE2, with its obvious

liability for usurpation by viral agents with a little modified genome

sequencing:

“Angiotensin-I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor for severe acute

respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV). A previous study

indicated that ACE2 from a horseshoe bat, the host of a highly related

SARS-like coronavirus, could not function as a receptor for SARS-CoV.

Here, we demonstrate that a 3 aa change from SHE (aa 40–42) to FYQ was

sufficient to convert the bat ACE2 into a fully functional receptor for SARS-

CoV. We further demonstrate that an ACE2 molecule from a fruit bat, which

contains the FYQ motif, was able to support SARS-CoV infection, indicating

a potentially much wider host range for SARS-CoV-related viruses among

different bat populations.”

This old but remarkable study concludes that only a minor genome

sequence change was required to convert a non-susceptible bat ACE2

protein into a functional receptor for SARS-CoV, something that could easily

happen in nature. “Considering that there are more than 60 different

horseshoe [bat] species around the world (Flanders et al., 2009; Rossiter et

al., 2007), it is possible that one or some of them may serve as the natural

reservoir of SARS-CoV and/or its progenitor virus(es).” Why is it that

current State virologists are apparently ignorant of these essential

discoveries of yesteryear?

The South China Morning Post article cited above summarizes two primary

known facts about the new coronavirus: first, that a “virus found in fruit

bats is [the] common ancestor of the two strains [Coronavirus 2019-nCoV

and SARS],” and that this “new strain has [an] unusually high ability to

bind to a human protein.” And the new study on Coronavirus 2019-nCoV by

the joint research team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the People’s

Liberation Army, and Institut Pasteur of Shanghai indeed found that, like

SARS, the virus targeted the ACE2 protein. It’s just as Prof. Zhengli

predicated a decade ago: “…the fact that an ACE2 protein from a megabat,

the fruit bat Rousettus leschenaultia, can function as a receptor for SARS-

CoV would suggest that the host range for SARS-CoV or SL-CoVs may be

much wider than originally thought.”

So what happened — did the virology and surrounding scientific

community drop the ball on these well-established findings and warnings,

or what? After all, at least as February, 2008, they knew three key facts

about ACE2:

1. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by the SARS-

associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which uses ACE2 as its receptor for

cell entry. SL-CoVs and SARS-CoVs share identical genome

organizations and high sequence identities, with the main exception of

the N terminus of the spike protein, known to be responsible for receptor

binding in CoVs.

2. Whereas the SL-CoV spike protein was unable to use any of the three

ACE2 molecules as its receptor, and the SARS-CoV spike protein failed to

center cells expressing the bat ACE2, the chimeric spike protein the

study created did gain its ability to center cells via human ACE, and

3. A minimal insert region (amino acids 310 to 518) was found to be

sufficient to convert the SL-CoV S from non-ACE2 binding to human

ACE2 binding, indicating that the SL-CoV S is largely compatible with

SARS-CoV S protein both in structure and in function.

We know they knew these facts way back in 2008 because Prof. Zhengli

published the findings of these facts in her report, Difference in Receptor

Usage between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and

SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin. Therein the scientists concluded,

“Knowing the capability of different CoVs to recombine both in the

laboratory and in nature, the possibility that SL-CoVs may gain the ability to

infect human cells by acquiring spike protein sequences competent for

binding to ACE2 or other surface proteins of human cells can be readily

envisaged.” Thus, it seems strange and perhaps even disingenuous that the

new joint CCP government-joint Coronavirus 2019-nCoV task force is

seemingly ignorant about coronavirus targeting the ACE2 protein,

apparently pretending it’s only just now discovered this. After all, Zhengli’s

2008 report was quite clear about the role that this ACE2 protein would

play in future pandemics: the study “strengthened our belief that ACE2

from certain bat species could be able to support SARS-CoV infection

because of the predicted genetic diversity of bat ACE2 variants in different

bat species.”

What is the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, where is it, and why

is it pertinent?

Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, the only P4 lab in China, headquartered at Wuhan Institute of

Virology.

At any rate, the forgoing storyline is the official word on Coronavirus 2019-

nCoV, manifesting itself somehow in a seafood market in Wuhan. But what

else might be found in Wuhan? After all, Wuhan is the capital city of the

Hubei Province, home to some 11 million Chinese citizens. Well, curiously

underreported is the fact that China’s first high-level biosafety laboratory is

located just 8.6 miles away. “Used to study class four pathogens (P4), which

refer to the most virulent viruses that pose a high risk of aerosol-transmitted

person-to-person infections,” Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory is the

darling, cutting-edge hi-tech baby of the Wuhan Institute of Virology,

Chinese Academy of Sciences, and is the only such lab in China where

dangerous, highly communicable viruses such as Ebola, SARS, MERS, and

assorted coronaviruses can be “safely” toyed with.

China’s National Biosafety Laboratory, located at Wuhan Institute of Virology, is only 8.6 miles away from

the claimed epicenter of the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. Do you believe in coincidences?

What’s odd is that despite completing the decade-long construction and

having the official inauguration of this P4 laboratory on January 31, 2015

— announced by the General Office of Hubei Provincial People’s

Government, it wasn’t until 2 and 1/2 years later in January 2018, that the

Chinese government announced that the lab was actually in operation. And

ahead of the lab’s second opening in January 2018, biosafety experts and

scientists from the United States expressly warned “that a SARS-like virus

could escape,” much in the same way the SARS virus had escaped multiple

times from a lab in Beijing.

So what on earth could these scientists have been doing in their brand new,

state-of-the-art biotech base for 2 and 1/2 years, if it wasn’t officially in

operation? And what have they been doing since their second opening in

2018?

Scientists at Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory research coronaviruses, Ebola, and other deadly

pathogens.

Well, storing, researching, and experimenting with numerous fulminant

disease pathogens, of course. After all, the lab is “preservation center for

virus seeds, a fulminant disease pathogen storage facility, a reference

laboratory of WHO, a node for disease network, and finally…a core in

China’s emerging disease research network.” Basically, in all of China,

Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory is the only place to store and

experiment with the most lethal, most virulent, most rapidly-spreading

disease pathogens known to humanity. The lab is in “the central region of

Central China, with mountains at three directions, convenient

transportation and relatively independent environment” [sic]. And

convenient it is, as you can play with Ebola, SARS, Hantavirus, and assorted

coronaviruses in the morning…and then hop in your car and have some bat

soup for lunch at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market on the other side

of the Yangtze River. Maybe BYOB — bring your own bat?

Once Wuhan Institute of Virology formally put their brand new Cellular

Level Biosafety Level 4 Laboratory into operation, we can safely take their

word that they followed up on their promise to “conduct research for

natural focal viruses including Ebola virus and other emerging viruses, such

as researches [sic] on rapid detection system, molecular epidemiology,

infectious disease etiology, therapeutic antibody, vaccine and drug

evaluation, and assessment on biological risk factors, thus building a

biosafety platform in China for emerging and fulminant infectious diseases

in terms of isolation and identification of pathogen, building of infection

models, vaccine development, biological containment and research on

mechanism of interaction between pathogen and the host.” And one thing

we know they worked on is the Origin and evolution of pathogenic

coronaviruses, pioneered by none other than the enormously qualified,

highly-decorated, and widely-respected Professor Zhengli Shi, Senior

Scientist and Principal Investigator.

Who is Professor Zhengli Shi and what is her relevance to Wuhan

Institute of Virology and the National Biosafety Laboratory?

Professor Zhengli Shi, Senior Scientist and Principal Investigator of Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory.

Do you believe in coincidences? Because it just so happens that Prof. Zhengli

has been ardently researching and experimenting with coronaviruses for

years at Wuhan Institute of Virology — even before ground was broken over

a decade ago on the new P4 National Biosafety Laboratory. Interestingly,

the scientist seems uniquely perfect for her role — like a “Neo” figure in a

laboratory version of The Matrix. In fact, Prof. Zhengli has been Senior

Scientist and Principal Investigator of Wuhan Insititute of Virology for the

last 20 years, initially starting as a Research Assistant in 1990 before

upgrading to Research Scientist in 1993, serving in that role until 1995.

Aside from a 5-year leave from 1995 to 2000 to get her PhD at University of

Montpellier in France, she’s been at the Institute for an amazing 30 years.

Notably, starting in 2014, Prof. Zhengli began to win particularly large sums

of grant funding for the express purpose of researching and experimenting

with coronaviruses — often receiving numerous, overlapping grants for the

same time period. What’s just as interesting is where a lot of this funding

originated — the US government. On January 6, 2014, Prof. Zhengli

received a US$665,000 grant from the National Institute of Health for a

study named The Ecology of Bat Coronaviruses and the Risk of Future

Coronavirus Emergence (NIAID R01 AI1 10964) and then four days later on

January 10, 2014, an additional US$559,500 grant from the United States

Agency of International Development for research studied entitled Emerging

Pandemic Threats PREDICT 2_China (Project No. AID-OAA-A-14–00102).

On top of these lucrative American grants she concurrently received

similarly significant grants from the National Basic Research program of

China, the Chinese Academy of Science, the National Natural Science

Foundation of China, and from the Strategic Priority Research Program of

Chinese Academy of Sciences totaling over US$2,500,000 for researching

interspecies transmission of zoonotic viruses, the identification, genetic

evolution and pathogenesis of bat viruses, the genetic variation of

pathogens in Africa, the evolution mechanism of the adaptation of bat

SARS-related coronaviruses to host receptor molecules, the risk of

interspecies infection, genetic evolution and transmission mechanism of

important bat-borne viruses, and pathogen biology studies on novel swine

coronaviruses.

In just the past �ve years alone, Prof. Zhengli Shi has almost US$10 million in grants to study coronaviruses.

We can quite safely conclude that when it comes to interspecies

coronaviruses, Professor Zhengli Shi is a bona fide Jedi master. In fact, her

Wikipedia page credits her and her colleague, Cui Jie, with the actual

discovery that the SARS virus originated in bats. Her noted “Research

Interests” on her C.V. include “Discovery of unknown viruses in wild

animals especially bats, molecular epidemiology of emerging zoonotic

viruses, and interspecies infection mechanism of zoonotic viruses.” Prof.

Zhengli appears to be one of the world’s leading bat virologists — and most

definitely the leading bat virologist in China. Indeed, her C.V. explicitly

states,

“Prof. Zhengli Shi ’s researches focus on the molecular epidemiology and

interspecies infection discovery and characterization of novel viruses in

bats and other wildlife. She has gain [sic] rich expertise on pathogen

biology of coronaviruses and other emerging viruses of bat origin, virus

discovery, virus evolution, and development of diagnostic technologies for

emerging viruses. Prof Shi has identified ultimately the animal origin of

SARS, by discovering genetically diverse bat SARS related coronaviruses

(SARSr CoV), isolating bat SARSr CoVs highly homologous to SARS CoV

that are able to the same receptor [sic] as SARS CoV, and revealing the

potential recombination origin of SARS CoV. She has discovered a large

number of novel viruses from Chinese bat populations, including viruses

with potential public health significance.”

Unsurprisingly, Prof. Zhengli has been featured as a key presenter at over

two dozen international virology conferences, the latest being From SARS to

SADS: predict of emerging infectious diseases, held at UC Berkeley in the

summer of 2018. Her presentations at the next five most recent conferences

all relate specifically to the genetic evolution and interspecies infection of bat

coronaviruses. A complete list of Prof. Zhengli’s conference presentations

may be found in Appendix B.

Nearly all of Prof. Zhengli’s recent conference presentations relate to bat coronaviruses. Do you believe in

coincidences?

Prof. Zhengli has been or is currently a professional member of the Chinese

Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2000–2016), the Chinese

Society for Microbiology (2002-present), the American Society for

Microbiology (2007-present), and the Scientific Committee of the

DIVERSITAS ecoHEALTH Core Project (2014–2016). She has served on the

Editorial Board of Virologica Sinica (2016–2016), on the Editorial Board of

Journal of Medical Virology (2015–2017), and on the Editorial Board of

Virology (2017–2019). She was Associate Editor of Virology Journal (2016–

2018), and Editor-in-Chief of Virologica Sinica (2017–2019). Prof. Zhengli

is also the recipient of numerous, prestigious awards and honors, including

the Natural Science Award of Hubei Province, China (First Prize and Second

Prize), Outstanding Scientist of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and

Outstanding Research Article on Natural Science (Grand Prize and Second

Prize).

OK, but how is Prof. Zhengli relevant to the current new outbreak of

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV?

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak in Wuhan, China — where the National Biosafety Laboratory is located —

causes a massive quarantine of 11 million citizens.

Chinese scientists, researchers, and doctors examining the emergent 2019-

nCoV Coronavirus report that the new viral menace appears to be “a

recombinant virus between the bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown

coronavirus. The recombination occurred within the viral spike

glycoprotein, which recognizes cell surface receptor.” But Prof. Zhengli

appears to have worked with recombinant Coronavirus derivations

involving viral spike proteins for over a decade at Wuhan Institute of

Virology, all the way back to 2006 and up to as recently as December, 2019

— the very month that 2019-nCoV Coronavirus was first reported as having

infected visitors at Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market just down the road from

her laboratory!

The day before the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak, this report was published. Do you believe in

coincidences?

In fact, on the day before the new coronavirus would find its first victims

just 8.6 miles away at the market on December 12, 2019, Prof. Zhengli and

her team published the study entitled Molecular mechanism for antibody-

dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry on December 11, 2019. The

abstract reads,

“Coronavirus spike protein mediates viral entry into cells by first binding to

a receptor on host cell surface and then fusing viral and host membranes.

Our study reveals a novel molecular mechanism for antibody-enhanced

viral entry and can guide future vaccination and antiviral strategies. This

study reveals complex roles of antibodies in viral entry and can guide future

vaccine design and antibody-based drug therapy.”

And immediately after this study was published — literally the following

day — the first victims became infected with what would soon be named

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV began to get infected…just a few miles away from

Prof. Zhengli’s laboratory. And as The Sun reports, victims of the new

coronavirus are infected via a strong binding affinity to a human protein

called ACE2,” in precisely the identical manner as Prof. Zhengli’s just-

discovered “novel molecular mechanism” identified (or engineered)

literally weeks if not days before. Do you believe in coincidences?

Let’s say that’s just a coincidence Prof. Zhengli published a study or

two specifically on bat coronaviruses. Have there been others?

How much time you got? The above study, specifically relating to human host

cell binding and entry of coronavirus infection, and published the day before

the first viral infections were reported at a location adjacent Prof. Zhengli’s

laboratory, is far from the only study in which she has directed on the

subject. The scientist’s entire virology history is rife with hands-on

experience with coronaviruses, with especial attention devoted to

understanding their spike protein properties, as related to potentiality of

human cell entry and infection. In June 2016’s study, Bat Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory

Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response she

writes that what was important was that bats “harbor genetically diverse

SARS-like coronaviruses (SL-CoVs), and some of them have the potential

for interspecies transmission.” She further states that her team created a

“reverse genetics system” that would be helpful for “study of the

pathogenesis of this group of viruses and to develop therapeutics for future

control of emerging SARS-like infections.”

In a letter to the editor of SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences published in

November, 2017, entitled Cross-neutralization of SARS coronavirus-specific

antibodies against bat SARS-like coronaviruses, Prof. Zhengli warns that

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is considered to

be an emerging zoonotic pathogen crossing species barriers to infect

humans, and that the spike protein of the virus’ RNA genome plays a key

role in human cellular entry.

In that same month, the results of a study Prof. Zhengli conducted,

Serological evidence of bat SARS-related coronavirus infection in humans,

China indicated that some SARSr-CoVs may have high potential to infect

human cells, without the necessity for an intermediate host.

In 2016, one of the Directors at Wuhan Institute of Virology posted the

annual Director’s Message, of which the following finding was the top

announcement: “The live SARS-like coronavirus SL-CoV-WIV1 has been

isolated for the first time from the bat droppings; and such virus has been

confirmed to invade the host cells through the ACE2 of human beings,

civets and Rhinolophus sinicus. The research result has so far provided the

most convincing evidence to the view that Rhinolophus sinicus is the

natural host of SARS-CoV (Nature, 2013).” Does this not sound precisely like

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV, which invades the host cells through the ACE2

protein? At any rate, since Prof. Zhengli is Senior Scientist and Principal

Investigator of both the Emerging Viruses Group and the National Biosafety

Laboratory, this is squarely her turf; the current outbreak seems amazingly

similar.

In a study conducted in September of 2015, Two Mutations Were Critical for

Bat-to-Human Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

Coronavirus, Prof. Zhengli and team successfully achieved viral entry (bat-

to-human transmission)of bat coronavirus HKU4 via its spike protein by

performing two small mutations. Doing so also helped explain how MERS

coronavirus was able to infect humans as well.

It was in 2015’s study, Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat

Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus that Prof. Zhengli and team highlighted

“the likelihood of future bat coronavirus emergence in humans” by isolating

a new bat coronavirus closer to SARS-CoV in genomic sequence,

particularly in its spike gene. “Cell entry and susceptibility studies indicated

that this virus can…infect animal and human cell lines,” they concluded.

And in 2010’s Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins of different

bat species confer variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV entry Prof Zhengli and

her team of scientists “extended [their] previous study to ACE2 molecules

from seven additional bat species and tested their interactions with human

SARS-CoV spike protein using both HIV-based pseudotype and live SARS-

CoV infection assays.”

Even earlier in 2010, Prof. Zhengli published, Bat and virus, a keystone

study identifying bats “as a natural reservoir of emerging and reemerging

infectious pathogens,” emphasizing that an astonishing amount (more than

70, at the time) and genetic diversity of viruses isolated from the bat have

been identified in different populations throughout the world. She stresses

that many viruses were found in apparently healthy bats, suggesting that

bats may have a particularly robust immune system or “antiviral activity

against virus infections.”

In 2009’s Immunogenicity difference between the SARS coronavirus and the

bat SARS-like coronavirus spike (S) proteins, Prof. Zhengli and her team

concluded “SARS-like coronavirus (SL-CoV) in bats have a similar genomic

organization to the human SARS-CoV.” And notably, that this work

“provides useful information for future development of differential

serologic diagnosis and vaccines for coronaviruses with different S [spike]

protein sequences.”

Prof. Zhengli’s research in 2009’s Differential stepwise evolution of SARS

coronavirus functional proteins in different host species produced results that

supported the hypothesis that “SARS-CoV originated from bats and that the

spill over into civets and humans were more recent events.”

Moving even further back in time to 2007, Prof. Zhengli worked on

Determination and application of immunodominant regions of SARS

coronavirus spike and nucleocapsid proteins recognized by sera from different

animal species, producing assays that would be a “useful tool to trace the

origin and transmission of SARS-CoV and to minimise the risk of animal-to-

human transmission.”

It appears that 2006 was the year Prof. Zhengli first researched

recombinant spike proteins along with other distinctive genome sequences

resulting from the interaction of bat, palm civet, and human isolates. “Full-

length genome sequences of two SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats

and genetic variation analysis.” Basically, she is tremendously versatile and

adept in her research whenever she encounters these recombinant spikes

proteins in viral interactions.

Moreover, it’s not just coronaviruses from bats that she and her team have

discovered and explored, but also diverse novel viruses/virus antibodies in

bats, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, circoviruses,

paramyxoviruses, and filoviruses. In fact, Prof. Zhengli has coauthored over

an astounding 130 publications on viral pathogen identification, diagnosis

and epidemiology — nearly all of which commandeered at Wuhan Institute

of Virology where the National Biosafety Laboratory is located and where

she reigns as Head of the Department. In fact, on the World Society for

Virology website, Prof. Zhengli’s profile confirms that one of her great

contributions was to “uncover genetically diverse SARS-like coronaviruses

in bats with her international collaborators and provide unequivocal

evidence that bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-CoV.” Thus, her adeptness

in the specialized field of bat virology — especially where transmission to

humans is concerned — is inarguable.

Such an expansive personal history of expertise into coronaviruses is not

only impressive, but unique, and the bulk of her 30-year career at Wuhan

Institute Virology seems to have been dedicated primarily to the

examination and exploration of all facets of interspecies (though primarily

bat) pathogenic infection of coronaviruses into human host cells. For

reference, you can check Appendix A for the sum total of all her published

(or otherwise unclassified or declassified) studies at the end of this essay.

Prof. Zhengli’s absolute mastery of bat-to-human transmission of viruses via

their spike protein binding with human cell receptors is virtually conclusive

and unrivalled.

Unanswered Questions About the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Outbreak in

Wuhan

In Prof. Zhengli’s March 2019 study, Bat Coronaviruses in China, she proves

seemingly prophetic, writing that it was “highly likely that future SARS- or

MERS-like coronavirus outbreaks will originate from bats, and there is an

increased probability that this will occur in China. Therefore, the

investigation of bat coronaviruses becomes an urgent issue for the detection

of early warning signs, which in turn minimizes the impact of such future

outbreaks in China.” Just nine months later, 2019-nCoV rears its viral head,

less than 10 miles from her labatory: how did Prof. Zhengli know?

The Sun cited a Nature.com report voicing warnings given back in 2017

“that a deadly SARS-like virus could escape from lab [sic] in Wuhan set up

to study some of the world’s deadliest diseases.” The worries surrounding

Wuhan’s laboratory surfaced almost an entire year before the Chinese

government announced its official commencement of operation in January,

2018. And likely with good cause, as the “SARS virus [had] escaped from

high-level containment facilities in Beijing multiple times, notes Richard

Ebright, a molecular biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New

Jersey.” However, the article in The Sun exaggerates the distance from

Wuhan’s National Biosafety Laboratory to Huanan Market, erroneously

claiming that it’s 20 miles away, instead of 8.6 miles, and also states that Dr.

Ebright reportedly said “at this point there’s no reason to harbor suspicious

that the facility had anything to do with the outbreak.” Seriously? Does Dr.

Ebright believe in coincidences?

Another new article from The Sun published January 23, 2020, reports a

“new study was carried out jointly by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the

People’s Liberation Army and Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, revealing that

the coronavirus has a strong binding affinity to a human protein called

ACE2.” But Zhengli and her team mates have been aware of the

susceptibility of ACE2 to SARS and coronavirus infection for at least the last

ten years, publishing their studies with the US National Library of Medicine

and with other prominent industry repositories.

So we are left with the following pressing, unanswered questions about

Prof. Zhengli, the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, and the

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak in Wuhan:

1. Why are the Chinese authorities seemingly ignoring the Wuhan Institute

Virology’s contemporaneous coronavirus study (culminating in a Dec.

11, 2019 report, published the day before the outbreak) conducted at the

Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, located just 8.6 miles distant from

the claimed epicenter of pandemic origin, Huanan Seafood Wholesale

Market? Why is the media not reporting this?

2. Why are most media reports covering the coronavirus still misreporting

the source of the virus’ genome sequence as snakes instead of bats?

3. Since the Wuhan Institute of Virology has already isolated live, novel

SARS-like Coronavirus SL-CoV-WIV1 from bat droppings in 2016, and

such virus has been confirmed to invade the host cells through the ACE2

of human beings just like the new, emergent Coronavirus 2019-nCoV —

have the two coronaviruses been compared with each other? Was there a

vaccine developed from Coronavirus SL-CoV-WIV1 that can be tested on

victims of the latest outbreak? After all, it’s been about four years now.

4. Has any formal investigation been launched into any role the Wuhan

Institute of Virology (and specifically, its Classification P4 Biosafety

Laboratory) may have played in the pandemic outbreak?

5. Did the new coronavirus penetrate the biosecurity measures of Wuhan

National Biosafety Laboratory? Did some bats mount a successful

escape?

6. Did any scientists, researchers, professors, observers, students, or other

staff persons working at or visiting the Wuhan National Biosafety

Laboratory visit the Huanan Seafood Market in the first twelve days of

December, 2019?

7. Since the original technology for viral confinement at the Wuhan

National Biosafety Laboratory was developed in France, and since most

of its actual, functional equipment was imported from France — has the

laboratory received ongoing certification inspections from French

officials, given its lengthy, ongoing activities using Class 4 pathogens

(P4) — the most virulent viruses that pose the highest risk of aerosol-

transmitted person-to-person infections? If so, where are the

certification test results?

8. Has the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory been regularly inspected

and audited by Chinese government health officials, especially by Li Bin,

minister of the National Health and Family Planning Commission? If so,

where are the inspection and audit results?

9. Could there have been either a staff person or visitor who smuggled out

the coronavirus from the laboratory? (After all, a Chinese national was

just arrested at Harvard University for attempting to smuggle research

vials back to China at the same time when the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV

outbreak started.)

10. At any time did Prof. Zhengli Shi — who simultaneously currently holds

the multiple titles of Senior Scientist and Principal Investigator, Director

of the Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Director of BSL-3

Labatory, Director of the Committee of Biosafety, Director of Chinese

Academy Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and

Biosafety, and Vice Director of BSL-4 Laboratory at Wuhan Institute of

Virology, CAS — ever work directly or indirectly for the CCP military

services or military intelligence community?

11. Did Prof. Zhengli previously or does she currently co-conduct,

coparticipate, collaborate, or collude with CCP military service members

or military intelligence members?

12. Do members of the CCP military services or military intelligence

contribute or participate in any manner or conduct viral research at the

Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory?

13. Why did the US National Institute of Health (NIH) grant Prof. Zhengli

$665,000 in 2014 to fund her study, The ecology of bat coronaviruses and

the risk of future coronavirus emergence? What did the US receive in

return?

14. Why did the United States Agency of International Development grant

Prof. Zhengli $559,500 to fund her study, Emerging Pandemic Threats

PREDICT 2_China? What did the US receive in return?

15. Why did Prof. Zhengli receive funding from U.S. Department of Defense,

the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (the agency which deals

specifically with Weapons of Mass Destruction), the U.S. Biological

Defense Research Directorate of the Naval Medical Research Center, and

the Department of Atomic of the Government of India?

16. What other professional relationships with U.S. defense agencies does

Prof. Zhengli have currently, or previously, in any capacity?

17. When Prof. Zhengli received a visa to the United States to present at the

Cell Symposium: Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses 2017 conference in

Arlington, Virginia, did she visit the Pentagon or meet with Pentagon

officials, since it was less than a mile away?

18. When Prof. Zhengli received a visa to the United States to present at the

US-China Workshop on Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution of Infectious

Diseases conference at UC Berkeley in 2018, did she visit Federal

research facility, Lawrence-Berkeley-Livermore Laboratory — in

particular, the Department of Energy’s Joint Genome Institute — or

meet with government officials, since it was only a mile and a half away?

19. Of Prof. Zhengli’s 130 published scientific studies, 5 of them are not to

be found anywhere. Why are they not public? Are they classified?

20. Has Prof. Zhengli (or any other staff, resident or guest scientists,

researchers, students, visitors, or others) at the Wuhan National

Biosafety Laboratory, or at Wuhan Institute of Virology in general,

collaborated, participated with, colluded with, or in any way

professionally acted in concert or collusion with, or in any way worked

with or for, the World Economic Forum, the U.S. Center for Disease

Control, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Pilbright Institute,

the European Commission, the World Health Organization, the

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, or the John

Hopkins Center for Health Security?

21. Prof. Zhengli recently (January 23, 2020) claimed to know very little

about the latest epidemic outbreak, including basic biology, animal

source, or any specific treatment, and indicated she doesn’t know if

ACE2 targeting drugs could treat Coronavirus 2019-nCoV infected

victims. How can this be the case, given that she has studied human

ACE2/coronavirus interaction for many years — even most recently in

her study immediately preceding the outbreak — as reported in Prof.

Zhengli’s study published the day immediately preceding the outbreak?

“The full-length genes of MERS-CoV spike (GenBank accession number

415 AFS88936.1), SARS-CoV spike (GenBank accession number

AFR58742), human DPP4 416 (GenBank accession number

NM_001935.3) and human ACE2 (GenBank accession 417 number

NM_021804) were synthesized (GenScript Biotech).”

22. Considering Prof. Zhengli is the recipient of millions of dollars in grants

and salaries, commands one of the world’s leading, most advanced

biosafety laboratories, has performed innumerable research studies into

coronaviruses for three decades and counting — what vaccines, to date,

has she successfully produced? Has she produced any successful

coronavirus vaccines at all? If so, where are they and how have they been

publicly administered?

Summary, conclusion, and just a wee bit of speculation

The facts presented herein compel an alternative theory as to the origin of

the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak. The truth remains to be formally

investigated whether infected viral bio-matter from the National Biosafety

Laboratory at Wuhan Institute of Virology — the only lab of its kind in all of

China and under expressed safety concerns for almost a year — somehow

escaped. And, if so, it also remains to be seen whether such a viral release

and subsequent viral infection was accidental or intentional. In any event,

the following observations and concerns seem to place considerable

suspicion on the laboratory — and its Senior Scientist and Principal

Investigator, Prof. Zhengli Shi — and its contemporaneous coronavirus

research activity at the exact time of the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak

officially reported at a location conveniently just 8.6 miles distant at

Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, just across the Yangtze River:

1. The National Biosafety Laboratory at Wuhan Institute of Virology is the

only high-level P4 facility of its kind in all of China, literally the only

place where high contagious and infectious pathogens and diseases such

as Ebola, SARS, MERS, and assorted coronaviruses can be “safely”

studied, mutated, and engineered.

2. The professional background, experience, and qualifications of the

Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory’s Senior Scientist and Principal

Investigator — Professor Zhengli Shi — is nonpareil. She has

commandeered, produced and/or co-authored over 130 scientific

studies, including dozens of reports specifically on coronaviruses. So

specialized and talented is she that the even the United States has

granted her over $1 million for her research conducted in China.

3. It cannot be overstated the importance and implication of the short

distance between the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory and the

reported epicenter of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak — the Huanan

Seafood Wholesale Market — of only 8.6 miles. With a total area of 3.8

million square miles, and a breadth of about 3,000 miles, these two

locations are relatively-speaking right next to each other. Even before

the lab’s government-announced formal operational opening, American

scientists and biosafety experts had expressed their concerns for the

laboratory, especially its proximity to the relatively large population of

Wuhan, capital city of Hubei province.

4. At the time of the new coronavirus outbreak, or immediately preceding

it, Prof. Zhengli was actively conducting coronavirus experiments and

research at the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory. Notably, the very

next day following the publishing of her coronavirus study on December

11, 2019, the first victims of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV were reported, as

confessed by Prof. Zhengli herself in her most recent, latest report,

posted online on January 23, 2020: “The epidemic, started from

December 12th, 2019, has caused 198 laboratory confirmed infections

with three fatal cases by January 20th, 2020.”

5. Most alarming is the apparent, glaring disingenuousness of Prof.

Zhengli’s latest report, which is the only public statement since the

official Chinese acknowledgement of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV outbreak

in Wuhan. On January 23, 2020, she published the report with the

allegedly misleading statements:

“Finally, based on our results, it should be expected and worth to test if

ACE2 targeting or SARS-CoV targeting drugs can be used for nCoV-2019

patients. At this stage, we know very little about the virus, including basic

biology, animal source or any specific treatment. The almost identical

sequences of this virus in different patients imply a probably recent

introduction in humans, thus future surveillance on viral mutation and

transmission ability and further global research attention are urgently

needed.”

However, other Chinese scientists reported on January 22, 2020, “Results

obtained from our analyses suggest that the 2019-nCoV appears to be a

recombinant virus between the bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown

coronavirus. The recombination occurred within the viral spike

glycoprotein, which recognizes cell surface receptor.” Our findings suggest

“that homologous recombination within the spike glycoprotein may

contribute to cross-species transmission.” Although this other scientific

team incorrectly attributes the originating species as reptilian (snake)

instead of bats, they at least rapidly identified the coronavirus as a

recombinant virus with one of the contributors being a bat coronavirus, and

also discerned in what manner the genetic recombination occurred to allow

for human infection: in a viral spike protein which recognized the cell

surface receptor. But as shown previously, this precise area of coronavirus

study involving spike protein and cell surface receptor was the focus of Prof.

Zhengli’s contemporaneous December 2019 study published the day before

the epidemic started. “Coronavirus spike protein mediates viral entry into

cells by first binding to a receptor on host cell surface and then fusing viral

and host membranes,” she wrote. Why would she feign ignorance about this?

Even more concerning, on October 31, 2019, Prof. Zhengli had published a

report entitled Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in Northeast

India imply zoonotic spillover, curiously funded by the U.S. Department of

Defense, the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, the U.S. Biological

Defense Research Directorate of the Naval Medical Research Center,

and the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India, and

edited by a microbiologist employed by the U.S. Center for Disease

Control.

U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency? Can viruses from bats be used as weapons of mass destruction?

Of note is the fact that the Defense Threat Reduction Agency is an agency

within the U.S. Department of Defense and is the official Combat Support

Agency for countering weapons of mass destruction. Why would they be

funding this project? Could it be that these coronaviruses with filovirus reactive

antibodies are being weaponised? Are they really that dangerous? Could they

actually be employed as a weapon of mass destruction? Well, let’s a take a look

at what Prof. Zhengli was studying, filovirus surface glycoproteins:

Bats are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, including filoviruses.

High risk activities at the bat-human interface pose the threat of zoonotic

virus transmission. We present evidence for prior exposure of bat

harvesters and two resident fruit bat species to filovirus surface

glycoproteins. Our results indicate circulation of several filoviruses in bats

and the possibility for filovirus transmission from bats to humans.

Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are pathogens with

epidemic potential. They were previously detected in bats and have

caused disease outbreaks in humans with a high case fatality rate. Our

findings suggest bats in South Asia act as a reservoir host of a diverse range

of filoviruses and filovirus spillover occurs through human exposure to

these bats.

Thus, it’s readily apparent that just from this single project that Prof.

Zhengli was quite aware that pathogenic viruses from bats could transmit

from bats to humans via filovirus surface glycoproteins, with potentially

epidemic consequences. Could our brilliant, pioneering, decorated Senior

Scientist and Principal Investigator of the only Level P4 Biosafety

Laboratory in China be feigning ignorance presently to deflect discovery of

her connections to four major defense agencies and her possible

stewardship of a brand-new bioactive weapon of mass destruction? At this

point, only speculation is possible…but if we’re going to speculate, let’s take

one step more, shall we?

Could there be a another study previously spearheaded by Prof. Zhengli

whose findings may have attracted multiple American defense departments

for such a project with epidemic potential? Perhaps we can find the answer

in the study, Discovery of Novel Bat Coronaviruses in South China That Use the

Same Receptor as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, a

seemingly important and relevant 2018 project where Prof. Zhengli

provided evidence of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus

(MERS-CoV) “derived from the great evening bat that uses the same host

receptor as human MERS-CoV. This virus also provides evidence for a

natural recombination event between the bat MERS-related CoV and

another bat coronavirus, HKU4” (emphasis added). The purpose of this

study was “the prevention and control of the spread of MERS-CoV to

humans.” It pertains precisely to the implications presented by the current

Coronavirus 2019-nCoV, which were identified by the other group of

Chinese scientists as a bat-involved, recombinant virus with a viral spike

protein, recognizing cell surface receptor and so able to infect human cells.

And yet another highly relevant study with the potential to capture the

attention of biowarfare officials in United States defense departments is

Discovery of a Rich Gene Pool of Bat SARS-related Coronaviruses Provides New

Insights Into the Origin of SARS Coronavirus, published in November 2017,

where Prof. Zhengli and her colleagues conducted cell entry studies which

“demonstrated that three newly identified SARSr-CoVs [SARS-related

coronaviruses] with different [spike] protein sequences are all able to use

human ACE2 as the receptor, further exhibiting the close relationship

between strains in this cave and SARS-CoV. This work provides new insights

into the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV and highlights the necessity of

preparedness for future emergence of SARS-like diseases” (emphasis

added).

All of the studies cited here appear related and interconnected, and

considering the involvement of American defense agencies — in particular,

the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency which deals exclusively with

matters pertaining to weapons of mass destruction and threat networks —

there seems ample reason to be gravely concerned. And that concern

remains whether there’s reason to suspect coronaviruses could be used by

others as bioweapons of mass destruction, or that rogue, Deep State

operatives within our own defense departments — colluding with

Communists — are developing or have already developed a bioweapon of

mass destruction.

In conclusion, though admittedly much investigation remains to be

performed (especially into the numerous unanswered questions posed in

this essay), it seems the likeliest source of origin for Coronavirus 2019-

nCoV is the Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of

Virology. Further, it appears to me that, at best, there may be concerted

efforts to conceal the precise nature of the virus, its source, and the parties

responsible, or that, at worst, the dissemination of the epidemic coronavirus

is intentional. Could the actual RNA genome source, sequencing and

recombination of the coronavirus already be known, and could its vaccine

have already been developed? Could it already be patented? Essentially, is

this latest global pandemic threat a Communist cover-up, or a pandemic

bioweapon of mass destruction developed by the global Deep State?

Appendix A: Professor Zhengli Shi’s published scientific papers

1. Zhou, P., # Fan, H., # Lan, T., # Yang, X-L, Shi, W-F, Zhang, W., Zhu. Y.,

Zhang, Y-W., Xie, Q-M., Mani, S., Zheng, X-S., Li, B., Li, J-M., Guo, H., Pei,

G-Q., An, X-P., Chen J-W., Zhou, L., Mai, K-J., Wu, Z-X., Li, D., Anderson,

D.E., Zhang, L-B., Li, S-Y., Mi, Z-Q., He, T-T., Cong, F., Guo, P-J., Huang, R.,

Luo, Y., Liu, X-L., Chen, J., Huang, Y., Sun, Q., Zhang, X-L-L., Wang, Y-Y.,

Xing, S-Z., Chen, Y-S., Sun, Y., Li, J., Daszak, P.*, Wang, L-F.*, Shi, Z-L.*,

Tong, Y-G.*, Ma, J-Y.* (2018). Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome

caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin. Nature, 556 (7700):

255–258.

2. Xie, J.Z., Li, Y., Shen, X., Goh, G., Zhu, Y., Wang, L-F., Cui, J., Shi, Z-L.,*

Zhou, P.* (2018). Dampened STING-dependent interferon activation in

bats. Cell Host Microbe, 23(3): 297–301 e4.

3. Li, W., Wang, B., Li, B., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., Shi, Z. L. & Yang, X. L*.

(2018). Genomic Characterization of a novel hepatovirus from great

roundleaf bats in China. Virol Sin 33 (1), 108–110.

4. Luo, C. M., Wang, N., Yang, X. L., Liu, H. Z., Zhang, W., Li, B., Hu, B.,

Peng, C., Geng, Q. B., Zhu, G. J., Li, F*. & Shi, Z. L*. (2018). Discovery of

novel bat coronaviruses in South China that use the same receptor as

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 92 (13).

10.1128/JVI.00116–18.

5. Luo, Y., Li, B., Jiang, R. D., Hu, B. J., Luo, D. S., Zhu, G. J., Hu, B., Liu, H.

Z., Zhang, Y. Z., Yang, X. L. & Shi, Z. L*. (2018). Longitudinal surveillance

of betacoronaviruses in fruit bats in Yunnan province, China during 2009–

2016. Virol Sin 33 (1), 87–95.

6. Wang, B., Li, W., Zhou, J. H., Li, B., Zhang, W., Yang, W. H., Pan, H.,

Wang, L. X., Bock, C. T., Shi, Z. L., Zhang, Y. Z*. & Yang, X. L*. (2018).

Chevrier’s field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri) and Pere David’s vole

(Eothenomys melanogaster) in China carry orthohepeviruses that form two

putative novel genotypes within the species orthohepevirus C. Virol Sin 33

(1), 44–58.

7. Wang, N., Li, S. Y., Yang, X. L., Huang, H. M., Zhang, Y. J., Guo, H., Luo,

C. M., Miller, M., Zhu, G., Chmura, A. A., Hagan, E., Zhou, J. H., Zhang, Y.

Z., Wang, L. F., Daszak, P. & Shi, Z. L*. (2018). Serological evidence of bat

SARS-related coronavirus infection in humans, China. Virol Sin 33 (1),

104–107.

8. Hu, B., Zeng, L.P., Yang, X.L., Ge, X.Y., Zhang, W., Li, B., Xie, J.Z., Shen,

X.R., Zhang, Y.Z., Wang, N., Luo, D.S., Zheng, X.S., Wang, M.N., Daszak, P.,

Wang, L.F., Cui, J.*, Shi, Z.L*. (2017). Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat

SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS

coronavirus. PloS Pathogens 13(11): e1006698.

9. Waruhiu, C#., Ommeh, S#., Obanda, V., Agwanda, B., Gakuya, F., Ge, X.

Y., Yang, X. L., Wu, L. J., Zohaib, A., Hu, B. & Shi, Z. L*. (2017). Molecular

detection of viruses in Kenyan bats and discovery of novel astroviruses,

caliciviruses and rotaviruses. Virol Sin. 32 (2), 101–114.

10. Zhang, Q., Zeng, L.P., Zhou, P., Irving, A.T., Li, S., Shi, Z.L.*, Wang, L.F.

(2017). IFNAR2-dependent gene expression profile induced by IFN-α in

Pteropus alecto bat cells and impact of IFNAR2 knockout on virus infection.

PloS One. 12(8):e0182866.

11. Wang, B., Cai, C.L, Li, B., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., Chen, W.H., Zhuo, F., Shi,

Z.L., Yang,

X.L.* (2017). Detection and characterization of three zoonotic viruses in

wild rodents and shrews from Shenzhen city, China. Virol Sin. 32(4):290–

297.

12. Zeng, L.P., Ge, X.Y., Peng, C., Tai, W.B., Jiang, S.B., Du, L.Y.*, Shi, Z.L.*

(2017). Cross-neutralization of SARS coronavirus-specific antibodies

against bat SARS-like coronaviruses. Sci China Life Sci. 60(12):1399–1402.

13. Wang, B., Yang, X. L., Li, W., Zhu, Y., Ge, X. Y., Zhang, L. B., Zhang, Y. Z.,

Bock, C. T. & Shi, Z. L.* (2017). Detection and genome characterization of

four novel bat hepadnaviruses and a hepevirus in China. Virol J. 14:40.

14. Liang, J., Yang, X.L., Li, B., Liu, Q., Zhang, Q., Liu, H., Kan, H.P., Wong,

K.C., Chek, S.N., He, X., Peng, X., Shi, Z.L., Wu, Y.* & Zhang, L.* (2017).

Detection of diverse viruses in alimentary specimens of bats in Macau. Virol

Sin. 32(3):226–234.

15. Ge, X.Y., Yang, W.H., Zhou, J.H., Li, B., Zhang, W., Shi, Z.L.* & Zhang,

Y.Z.* (2017). Detection of alpha- and betacoronaviruses in rodents from

Yunnan, China. Virol J. 14:98.

16. Waruhiu, C., Ommeh, S., Obanda, V., Agwanda, B., Gakuya, F., Ge, X.Y.,

Yang, X.L., Wu, L.J., Zohaib, A., Hu. B., Shi, Z.L.* (2017). Molecular

detection of viruses in Kenyan bats and discovery of novel astroviruses,

caliciviruses and rotaviruses. Virol Sin. 32(2):101–114.

17. Tan, B., Yang, X. L., Ge, X. Y., Peng, C., Liu, H. Z., Zhang, Y. Z., Zhang, L.

B. & Shi, Z. L.* (2017). Novel bat adenoviruses with low G+C content shed

new light on the evolution of adenoviruses. J Gen Virol. 98(4):739–748.

18. Yang, X. L., Zhang, Y. Z., Jiang, R. D., Guo, H., Zhang, W., Li, B., Wang,

N., Wang, L., Waruhiu, C., Zhou, J. H., Li, S. Y., Daszak, P., Wang, L. F. &

Shi, Z. L.* (2017). Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and

Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 23(3):482–

486.

19. Tan, B., Wu, L.J., Yang, X.L., Li, B., Zhang, W., Lei, Y.S., Yang, G.X.,

Chen, J., Chen, G.,Wang, H.Z., Shi, Z. L.*. (2016). Isolation and

characterization of adenoviruses infecting endangered golden snub-nosed

monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Virol J. 13:190

20. Zeng, L. P., Gao, Y. T., Ge, X. Y., Zhang, Q., Peng, C., Yang, X. L., Tan, B.,

Chen, J., Chmura, A. A., Daszak, P. & Shi, Z. L*. (2016). Bat Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory

Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response. J

Virol 90 (6), 6573–6582.

21. Tan, B., Yang, X. L., Ge, X. Y., Peng, C., Zhang, Y. Z., Zhang, L. B. & Shi,

Z. L*. (2016). Novel bat adenoviruses with an extremely large E3 gene. J

Gen Virol., 97, 1625–1635.

22. Ge, X. Y., Yang, W. H., Pan, H., Zhou, J. H., Han, X., Zhu, G. J.,

Desmond, J. S., Daszak, P., Shi, Z. L*. & Zhang, Y. Z*. (2016). Fugong virus,

a novel hantavirus harbored by the small oriental vole (Eothenomys eleusis)

in China. Virol J., 13, 27.

23. Pan, X., Cao, Z., Yuan, J., Shi, Z., Yuan, X., Lin, L., Xu, Y., Yao, J., Hao, G.

& Shen, J. (2016). Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Dicistrovirus

Associated with Moralities of the Great Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium

rosenbergii. Inte J Mol Sci., 17.

24. Yang, X.-L., Hu, B., Wang, B., Wang, M.-N., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., Wu,

L.-J., Ge, X.-Y., Zhang, Y.-Z., Daszak, P., Wang, L.-F. & Shi, Z.-L*.(2016).

Isolation and

Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct

Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. J Virol., 90,

3253–3256.

25. Wang, M. N., Zhang, W., Gao, Y. T., Hu, B., Ge, X. Y., Yang, X. L., Zhang,

Y. Z. & Shi, Z. L*. (2016). Longitudinal surveillance of SARS-like

coronaviruses in bats by quantitative real-time PCR. Virol Sin., 31, 78–80.

26. Ge, X. Y., Wang, N., Zhang, W., Hu, B., Li, B., Zhang, Y. Z., Zhou, J. H.,

Luo, C. M., Yang, X. L., Wu, L. J., Wang, B., Zhang, Y., Li, Z. X. & Shi, Z. L*.

(2016). Coexistence of multiple coronaviruses in several bat colonies in an

abandoned mineshaft. Virol Sin., 31, 31–40.

27. Hu, B., Ge X., Wang, L. F., Shi, Z*. (2015). Bat origin of human

coronaviruses. Virol J., 12(1): 221.

28. Liang, Y. Z., Wu, L. J., Zhang, Q., Zhou, P., Wang, M. N, Yang, X. L, Ge,

X. Y, Wang, L. F, Shi, Z. L*. (2015). Cloning, expression, and antiviral

activity of interferon beta from the Chinese microbat, Myotis davidii. Virol

Sin., 30(6):425–432.

29. Yang, X. L., Tan, B., Wang, B., Li, W., Wang, N., Luo, C. M., Wang, M. N.,

Zhang, W., Li, B., Peng, C., Ge, X. Y., Zhang, L. B.,Shi, Z*.(2015). Isolation

and identification of bat viruses closely related to human, porcine, and

mink orthoreoviruses. J Gen Virol. 96(12):3525–3531.

30. Wang MN, Ge XY, Wu YQ, Yang XL, Tan B, Zhang YJ,Shi ZL*. 2015.

Genetic diversity and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton viruses in East

Lake, china. Virol Sin, 30: 290–300.

31. Wang Y, Sun Y, Wu A, Xu S, Pan R, Zeng C, Jin X, Ge X, Shi Z, Ahola T,

Chen Y, Guo D*. 2015. Coronavirus nsp10/nsp16 methyltransferase can be

targeted by nsp10-derived peptide in vitro and in vivo to reduce replication

and pathogenesis. J Virol, 89: 8416–8427.

32. Yang Y, Liu C, Du L, Jiang S, Shi Z, Baric RS, Li F*. 2015. Two mutations

were critical for bat-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory

syndrome coronavirus. J Virol, 89: 9119–9123.

33. Menachery VD, Yount Jr BL, Debbink K, Agnihothram S, Gralinski LE,

Plante JA, Graham RL, Scobey T, Ge X-Y, Donaldson EF, Randell SH,

Lanzavecchia A, Marasco WA,Shi Z-L, Baric RS*. 2015. A SARS-like cluster

of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat

Med 21:1508–1513.

34. Mazet JK., Wei Q, Zhao GP, Cummings DT, Desmond JS, Rosenthal J，

King CH., Cao WC, Chmura AA, Hagan EA, Zhang SY, Xiao XM, Xu JG, Shi

Z, Feng F, Liu XP, Pan WQ, Zhu GJ, Zuo LY & Daszak P. (2015). Joint China-

US Call for Employing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Emerging Infectious

Diseases. EcoHealth, DOI:10.1007/s10393–015–1060–1.

35. Hu, B., Chmura, A. A., Li, J., Zhu, G., Desmond, J. S., Zhang, Y., Zhang,

W., Epstein, J. H., Daszak, P. & Shi, Z*.(2014). Detection of diverse novel

astroviruses from small mammals in China. J Gen Virol 95, 2442–2449.

36. Ge, X-Y., Li, J-L., Yang, X-L., Chmura, A.A., Zhu, G., Epstein, J.H., Mazet,

J.K., Hu, B., Zhang, W., Peng, C., Zhang, Y.J., Luo, C.M., Tan, B., Wang, N.,

Zhu, Y., Crameri, G., Zhang, S.Y., Wang, L.F., Daszak, P.*, Shi, Z-L*.(2013).

Isolation and characterizationof a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the

ACE2 receptor. Nature, 503(7477):535–538.

37. Zhang, G#., Cowled, C#., Shi, Z#., Huang, Z#., Bishop-Lilly, K. A#.,

Fang, X., Wynne, J. W., Xiong, Z., Baker, M. L., Zhao, W., Tachedjian, M.,

Zhu, Y., Zhou, P., Jiang, X., Ng, J., Yang, L., Wu, L., Xiao, J., Feng, Y., Chen,

Y., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Marsh, G. A., Crameri, G., Broder, C. C., Frey, K. G*.,

Wang, L. F*. & Wang, J*. (2013). Comparative Analysis of Bat Genomes

Provides Insight into the Evolution of Flight and Immunity. Science 339

(6118):456–460.

38. Wu, L., Zhou, P., Ge, X., Wang, L. F., Baker, M. L. & Shi, Z*. (2013).

Deep RNA sequencing reveals complex transcriptional landscape of a bat

adenovirus. J Virol 87, 503–511.

39. Shi, Z. Emerging infectious diseases associated with bat viruses. (2013).

Sci China Life Sci. 56: 678–682.

40. Zhou, P., Han, Z., Wang, L. and Shi, Z*. (2013). Identification of

Immunogenic Determinants of the Spike Protein of SARS-like Coronavirus.

Virol Sin 28, (2):92–96.

41. Xia, H., Wang, M., Ge, X., Wu, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, T. and Shi, Z*.

(2013). Study of the Dynamics of Microcystis aeruginosa and its

Cyanophage in East Lake using quantitative PCR. Virol Sin 28 (5): 309–311.

42. Ge, X., Wu, Y., Wang, M., Wang, J., Wu, L., Yang, X., Zhang, Y. and Shi,

Z*. (2013). Viral Metagenomics Analysis of Planktonic Viruses in East Lake,

Wuhan, China. Virol Sin 28 (5): 280–290.

43. Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L. F. & Shi, Z*. (2012).

Serological evidence of ebolavirus infection in bats, China. Virology Journal

9, 236.

44. Ge, X., Li, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, H., Zhou, P., Zhang, Y. & Shi, Z*. (2012).

Metagenomic analysis of viruses from bat fecal samples reveals many novel

viruses in insectivorous bats in China. J Virol 86(8):4620–4630.

45. Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Ge, X., Yuan, J. & Shi, Z*. (2012). A novel totivirus-

like virus isolated from bat guano. Arch Virol, 157:1093–1099.

46. Yuan, J., Su, N., Wang, M., Xie, P., Shi, Z. & Li, L. (2012). Down-

regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by SVCV infection. Fish & shellfish

immunology 32, 301–306.

47. Zhou, P., Li, H., Wang, H., Wang, L. F. & Shi, Z*. (2012). Bat severe

acute respiratory syndrome-like coronavirus ORF3b homologues display

different interferon antagonist activities. J Gen Virol 93, 275–281.

48. Zhou, P., Cowled, C., Marsh, G. A., Shi, Z., Wang, L. F. and Baker, M. L.

(2011). Type III IFN Receptor Expression and Functional Characterisation

in the Pteropid Bat, Pteropus alecto. PloS one 6, e25385.

49. Zhou, P., Cowled, C., Todd, S., Crameri, G., Virtue, E. R., Marsh, G. A.,

Klein, R., Shi, Z., Wang, L. F. and Baker, M. L. (2011). Type III IFNs in

pteropid bats: differential expression patterns provide evidence for distinct

roles in antiviral immunity. J Immunol 186:3138–3147.

50. Ge, X., Li, J., Peng, C., Wu, L., Yang, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y. and Shi, Z*.

(2011). Genetic diversity of novel circular ssDNA viruses in bats in China. J

Gen Virol., 92:2646–2653.

51. Bai, H., Wang, Y., Li, X., Mao, H., Li, Y., Han, S., Shi, Z. and Chen, X.

(2011). Isolation and characterization of a novel alphanodavirus. Virol J

8:311.

52. Tan, Y. W., and Shi, Z*. (2011). Genotyping of white spot syndrome

virus in Chinese cultured shrimp during 1998–1999. Virol Sin 26:123–130.

53. Xing, Y., and Shi, Z*. (2011). Nucleocapsid protein VP15 of White spot

syndrome virus colocalizes with the nucleolar proteins nucleolin and

fibrillarin. Can J Microbiol., 57:759–764.

54. Yuan, J., Marsh, G., Khetawat, D., Broder, C. C., Wang, L. F. and Shi, Z*.

(2011). Mutations in the G-H loop region of ephrin-B2 can enhance Nipah

virus binding and infection. J Gen Virol 92:2142–2152.

55. Zhang, Y., Yuan, J., Yang, X., Zhou, J., Yang, W., Peng, C., Zhang, H. L.

and Shi, Z*. (2011). A novel hantavirus detected in Yunnan red-backed vole

(Eothenomys miletus) in China. J Gen Virol 92:1454–1457.

56. Zhou B., Y. Li, J. Belser, M. Pearce, M. Schmolke, A. Subba, Z. Shi, S.

Zaki, D. Blau, A. Sastre, T. Tumpey, D. Wentworth*. (2011). NS deletions

convert the 2009-H1N1 pandemic virus into a live attenuated vaccine.

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 5:388–391.

57. Yu, M., Tachedjian, M., Crameri, G., Shi, Z., and Wang, L. F. (2010).

Identification of key amino acid residues required for horseshoe bat

angiotensin-I converting enzyme 2 to function as a receptor for severe acute

respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Gen Virol 91(Pt 7), 1708–1712.

58. Hou, Y., Peng, C., Yu, M., Li,Y., Han, Z., Wang, L-F., Li, F., Shi, Z.*

(2010). Bat Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 Displays Different Receptor

Activity to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Entry. Arch

Virol., 155, (10 ): 1563–1569.

59. Li, Y., Ge X., Hon C. C., Zhang H., Zhou P., Zhang Y., Wang L. F. and Shi

Z*. (2010). Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Adeno-Associated Viruses

in Bats, China. J Gen Virol. 91(10): 2601–2609.

60. Zhang Y., Zhang H., Dong X., Yuan J., Zhang H., Yang X., Zhou Peng., Ge

X., Li Y., Wang L-F, and Shi Z* (2010). Hantavirus Outbreak Associated

with Laboratory Rats in Yunnan, China. Infection, Genetics and Evolution.

10(5): 638–644.

61. Li, Y., Ge X., Zhang H., Zhou P., Zhu Y., Zhang Y., Yuan J., Wang L-F., Shi

Z.* (2010). Host Range, Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Adenoviruses

in Bats. J. Virol. 84 (8):3889–3897.

62. Yuan, J., Hon,C. C., Li, Y., Wang, D., Xu, G., Zhang, H., Zhou, P., Poon, L.

M., Lam, T. T. Leung, F. C. and Shi, Z*. (2010). Intra-species Diversity of

SARS-Like Coronaviruses (CoVs) in Rhinolophus sinicus and Its

Implications on the Origin of SARS-CoVs in human. J Gen Virol.

91(4):1058–1062.

63. Liao, M., Cheng, K., Yang, J., Zhao, Y., Shi, Z*. (2010). Assessment of

UV-B damage in cyanophage PP. Aquat Microb Ecol 58: 323–328.

64. Shi,Z. (2010) Bat and virus. Protein Cell 2010, 1(2): 109–114

65. Hou, Y., P., Han, Z., Zhou, P., Chen, J. and Shi, Z*. (2010).

Immunogenicity of the Spike Glycoprotein of Bat SARS-like Coronavirus.

Virol Sinica, 25 (1):36–44.

66. Li, H., Zheng, Z., Zhou, P., Zhang, B., Shi, Z., Hu, Q. and Wang, H.

(2010). The cysteine protease domain of porcine reproductive and

respiratory syndrome virus non-structural

protein 2 antagonizes interferon regulatory factor 3 activation. J Gen Virol.

91(12), 2947–2958.

67. Zhou, B., Li, Y., Belser, J. A., Pearce, M. B., Schmolke, M., Subba, A. X.,

Shi, Z., Zaki, S. R., Blau, D. M., Garcia-Sastre, A., Tumpey, T. M. &

Wentworth, D. E. (2010). NS-based live attenuated H1N1 pandemic

vaccines protect mice and ferrets. Vaccine 28, 8015–8025.

68. Tang, X. C.‚ Li, G.‚ Vasilakis, N.‚ Zhang, Y.‚ Shi, Z.L‚ Zhong, Y.‚ Wang, L.F.‚

Zhang, S. Y. (2009) Differential stepwise evolution of SARS Coronavirus

functional proteins in different host species. BMC Evol Biol 9: 52.

69. Zhou, P., Han, Z., Wang, L.F. and Shi, Z*. (2009) Immunogenicity

difference between the SARS coronavirus and the bat SARS-like

coronavirus spike (S) proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 387(2),

326–329.

70. Tan, Y., Xing, Y., Zhang, H., Feng, Y., Zhou, Y. and Shi, Z*. (2009)

Molecular detection of three shrimp viruses and genetic variation of white

spot syndrome virus in Hainan province, China, in 2007. J Fish Dis, 32:

777–784.

71. Yuan, J., Li, Y., Zhang, H., Zhou, P., Ke, Z., Zhang, Y. and Shi, Z*. (2009)

Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the nucleocapsid

protein of SARS-like coronaviruses. Virol Sinica 24 (2): 146–151.

72. Li, L., Zhang, H., Zhang C., Shi Z*. (2009) Identification and

characterization of nuclear localization signals within the nucleocapsid

protein VP15 of White Spot Syndrome Virus. Virol Sinica 24 (1):71–76

73. Wang, J., Zhang, H. and Shi, Z*. (2008) Expression and assembly

mechanism of the capsid proteins of a satellite virus (XSV) associated with

Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus. Virol Sinica 23 (1):73–77.

74. Tang, Y., Shi, Z*. (2008) Proteomic analyses of the shrimp white spot

syndrome virus. Virol Sinica 23 (3):157–166.

75. Bai, B., Hu, Q., Hu, H., Zhou, P., Shi, Z., Meng, J., Huang, Y., Lu, B.,

Mao, P., Wang, H. (2008) Virus-like particles of SARS-like coronavirus

formed by membrane proteins from different origins demonstrate

stimulating activity in human dendritic cells. 3(7), e2685.

76. Li,Y., Wang, J., Hickey, A. C., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, H., Yuan,

J., Han, Z., McEachern, J., Broder, C. C., Wang, L. F. and Shi, Z*. (2008)

Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses in bats, China. Emerg Infect Dis

14(12):1974–1976.

77. Wang, J., Wang, L-F. and Shi, Z*. (2008) Construction of a non-

infectious SARS coronavirus replicon for application in drug screening and

analysis of viral protein function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun

374(1):138–142.

78. Yu, M., Stevens, V., Berry, J. D., Crameri, G., McEachern, J., Tu, C., Shi,

Z., Liang, G., Weingart, H., Cardosa, J., Eaton, B. T., Wang, L. F. (2008)

Determination and application of immunodominant regions of SARS

coronavirus spike and nucleocapsid proteins recognized by sera from

different animal species. J Immunol Methods 331(1–2):1–12.

79. Hon, C. C., Lam, T. Y., Shi, Z., Drummond, A. J., Yip, C. W., Zeng, F.,

Lam, P. Y. and Leung, F. C.. (2008) Evidence of the recombinant origin of a

bat severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus and its

implications on the direct ancestor of SARS coronavirus. J Virol 82(4):

1819–1826.

80. Ren, W., Qu, X., Li, W., Han, Z., Yu, M., Zhang, S., Wang, L. F., Deng, H.,

Shi, Z*. (2008) Difference in receptor usage between SARS coronavirus and

SARS-like coronavirus of bat origin. J Virol 82(4): 1899–1907.

81. Shi, Z. and Hu, Z. (2008) A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the

SARS coronavirus. Virus research 133:74–87.

82. Cheng, K., Zhao, Y., Du, X., Zhang, Y., Lan, S., Shi, Z*. (2007) Solar

radiation-driven decay of cyanophage infectivity, and photoreactivation of

the cyanophage by host cyanobacteria. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 48(1):

13–18.

83. Cui, J., Han, N., Streicker, D., Li, G.., Tang, X., Shi, Z., Hu, Z., Zhao, G.,

Fontanet, A., Guan, Y., Wang, L., Jones, G., Field, H. E., Daszak, P. and

Zhang, S. (2007) Evolutionary relationships among bat coronaviruses and

their hosts. Emerg Infect Dis 13(10):1526–1532.

84. Zhang, C, Yuan, J, Shi, Z*. (2007) Molecular epidemiological

investigation of infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus

and taura syndrome virus in Penaeus vannamei cultured in China. Virol

Sinica 22(5): 380–388.

85. Gu, W., Yuan, J., Xu, G., Li, L., Liu, N., Zhang, C., Zhang, J. and Shi, Z*.

(2007) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibody of shrimp

white syndrome virus envelope protein VP28. Virol Sinica 22(1): 21–25.

86. Wang, L. F., Shi, Z., Zhang, S., Field, H., Daszak, P. and Eaton B. T.

(2006) A review of bats and SARS: virus origin and genetic diversity. Emerg

Infect Dis 12(12): 1834–1840.

87. Ren, W., Li, W., Yu, M., Hao, P., Zhang, Y., Zhou, P., Zhang, S., Zhao, G.,

Zhong, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L. F. and Shi, Z*. (2006) Full genome sequences

of two SARS-like coronaviruses in horseshoe bats and genetic variation

analysis. J Gen Virol 87(11): 3355–3359.

88. Zhang, H., Wang, J., Yuan, J., Li, L., Zhang, J., Bonami, J. R. and Shi,

Z*. (2006) Quantitative relationship of two viruses (MrNV and XSV) in

white tail disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Dis Aquat Org

71(1): 11–17.

89. Li, L., Yuan, J., Cai, C., Gu, W. and Shi, Z*. Multiple envelope proteins

are involved in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in crayfish.

Arch Virol, 2006, 151(7): 1309–1317.

90. Li, W., Shi Z*., Yu M., Ren W., Smith C., Epstein H. J., Wang H., Crameri

G., Hu Z., Zhang H., Zhang J., Mceachern J., Field H., Daszak P., Eaton T.B.,

Zhang S*., and Wang L. F*. (2005) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like

coronaviruses. Science 310(5748): 676–679.

91. Huang, R., Xie, Y., Zhang, J. and Shi, Z*. (2005) A novel envelope

protein involved in white spot syndrome virus infection. J Gen Virol 86 (5):

1357–1361.

92. Shi, Z., Wang, H., Zhang, J., Xie, Y., Li, L., Chen, X., Edgerton, B. F. and

Bonami, J. R. (2005) Response of crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, haemocytes

infected by white spot syndrome virus. J Fish Dis 28(3): 151–156.

93. Bonami, J. R, Shi, Z., Qian, D. and Sri Widada, J. (2005) White tail

disease of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii:

separation of the associated virions and characterization of MrNV as a new

type of nodavirus. J Fish Dis 28(1): 23–31.

94. Zhang, S., Shi, Z. and Bonami, J. R. (2004) Purification,

characterization and morphology of a freshwater crab reovirus. J Fish Dis

27(12): 687–692.

95. Sri Widada, J., Richard, V., Shi, Z., Qian, D. and Bonami, J. R. (2004)

Dot-blot hybridization and RT-PCR detection of extra small virus (XSV)

associated with white tail disease of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Dis

Aquat Org 58(1): 83–87.

96. Sri Widada, J., Durand, S., Cambournac, I., Qian, D., Shi, Z., Dejonghe,

E., Richard, V. and Bonami J. R. (2003) Genome-based detection methods

of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, a pathogen of the giant freshwater

prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii dot-blot, in situ hybridization and RT-

PCR. J Fish Dis 26(10): 583–590.

97. Shi, Z., Qian, D., Zhang, J., Cao, Z. and Bonami, J. R. (2004) Isolation,

purification and nucleic acid characterization of two viral particles from

freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Chin J Virol 20 (1): 58–61.

(English abstract).

98. Shi, Z., Xie, Y., Tang, X., Sri Widada, J. and Bonami J.R. (2004) Nucleic

acid detection and partial sequence analysis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

nodavirus. Chin J Virol 20 (1): 62–66. (English abstract).

99. Qian, D#., Shi, Z#., Zhang, S., Li, L., Xie, Y. and Bonami, J. R. (2003)

Extra small particles (XSP) and nodavirus associated with whitish muscle

disease in the giant fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. J Fish

Dis, 26 (9): 521–527.

100.Zhang, S., Bonami, Jean-Robert, Shi, Z*. (2003) cDNA library

construction of a Chinese mitten crab reovirus RNA1 and partial sequence

analysis of its RNA polymerase gene. Virol Sinica 18(1): 72–75. (English

abstract).

101.Wang, C., Guo, Y., Cheng, K., Zhao, Y. and Shi, Z*. (2003) The

correlation of host’s growth stage with enlargement of plaque and

absorption rate of cyanophage. Acta Hydrobiol Sinica 27(6): 660–663.

(English abstract).

102.Luo, W., Ju, C., Cheng, K., Zhao, Y. and Shi, Z*. (2003) A backflushing

ultrafiltration technique for concentrating cyanophage. Virol Sinica 18(4):

397–400. (English abstract).

103.Xie, Y., Huang, R. and Shi Z*. (2003) Sequence analysis, cloning and

expression of a putative cytokine receptor gene of white spot syndrome

virus. Virol Sinica, 18(4): 362–366. (English abstract).

104.Xie Y., Zhang S., Huang R. and Shi Z*. (2003) A modified technique for

purifying white spot syndrome virus. Virol Sinica 18(4): 391–393. (English

abstract).

105.Guo, Y., Cheng, K., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Wang, C., Shi, Z. and Liu, Y.

(2003) The distribution and infectivity of cyanophage and other algae-lysin

factor in fresh water. China Environ Science 23(2): 167–170. (English

abstract).

106.Cheng, K., Wang, C., Guo, Y., Shi, Z. and Zhao, Y. (2002) Measurement

of lysing cycle and burst size of cyanophage infecting filamentous

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Virol Sinica 17(4): 374–376. (English

abstract).

107.Shi, Z. and Zhu, H. (2002) Aquatic crustacean viruses — Bacilliform

viruses. Virol Sinica 17(3): 282–288. (English abstract).

108.Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Huang, C., Bonami, J.R. and Shi Z. (2002)

Preliminary studies on two types of reo-like viruses from crab Eriocheir

sinensis. Virol Sinica 17(3): 264–267. (English abstract).

109.Zhu H., Shi, Z. and Zhao, Y. (2002) Analysis of one gene from white

spot syndrome virus of shrimp. Acta Hydrobiol Sinica 26(5): 560–563.

(English abstract).

110.Corbel, V., Zuprizal, Shi, Z., Huang, C, Arcier, J.M and Bonami, J.R.

(2001) Experimental infection of European crustaceans with white spot

syndrome virus (WSSV). J Fish Dis 224: 377–382.

111.Huang, C., Shi, Z., Zhang, L., Xie, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, D. and Wu, Q.

(2001). Homology comparison of white spot syndrome baculovirus (WSSV)

from Penaeid shrimp. Virol Sinica 16: 81–84. (English abstract).

112.Shi, Z., Huang C., Zhang J., Chen D. and Bonami J.R. (2000). White

spot syndrome virus (WSSV) experimental infection of the freshwater

crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. J. Fish Dis 23: 285–288.

113.Shi, Z., Durand S. and Bonami J.R. (2000). Screening of DNA

polymerase gene from white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by using

degenerated oligonucleotides. Virol Sinica 15: 302–307. (English abstract).

114.Shi, Z., Huang, C., Chen, D., Durand, S. and Bonami J.R. (1998).

Partial cloning of the genome of non-occluded baculovirus from Penaeus

chinensis and preparing the probe for detection. Virol Sinica 13: 263–267.

(English abstract).

115.Huang, C., Shi, Z. Zhang, L., Xie, L., Zhang, L., Chen, D. and Wu, Q.

(2000). Study of white spot syndrome baculovirus infection process in

Penaeus monodon by in situ Hybridization. Chin J Virol 16: 242–246.

(English abstract).

116.Zhao, Y., Shi, Z., Huang, G. and Wang, X. (1999). Blue green algae

viruses (cynoaphages). Virol Sinica, 14(2):100–105. (English abstract).

117.Huang, C., Shi, Z. Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Chen, D. and Bonami, J. R.

(1999). Establishment of a model for proliferating white spot syndrome

virus in vivo. Virol Sinica 14: 358–363. (English abstract).

118.Huang, C., Shi, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, B. and Li, H. (1997) Cytopathic

changes of Penaeus chinensis infected by two kinds of viruses and

immunogold labelling. Virol Sinica 12: 171–177. (English abstract).

119.Huang, C., Zhang, J., Gao, W. and Shi, Z. (1997) Observation and

analysis of histo-and cyto-pathological changes of diseased shrimp with

light and electron Microscopy. Virol Sinica 12 (4): 364–370. (English

abstract).

120.Zhao, Y. and Shi, Z. (1996). Virus and virus-like particles of eukaryotic

algae. Virol Sinica 11(2): 93–102. (English abstract).

121.Shi, Z., Xiao, L. and Chen, D. (1996). Immulogical detection of two

shrimp viruses. Virol Sinica 11: 365–368. (English abstract).

122.Shi, Z., Xiao, L., Gao, W. Zhang, L. and Chen d. (1996). Immunological

detection of two kinds of viruses from Penaeus chinensis. Virol Sinica 11(4):

368–371. (English abstract).

123.Xiao, L., Shi, Z., Gao, W., Zhang, L., Chen, D. (1995) Isolation,

purification of Penaeus chinensis parvovirus and analysis of its nucleic acid

and protein. Virol Sinica 10: 356–361. (English abstract).

124.Li, Y., Shi, Z. and Chen, D. (1994). A Study on some biochemical

characteristics of Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus of Ectropis grisescens Warren.

Virol Sinica 9(3): 266–271. (English abstract).

125.Shi, Z. Zhang, L. and Chen, D. (1992) Immunity studies on the

Euproctis pseudoconspersa nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Virol Sinica 7(3):

276–282. (English abstract).

Appendix B: Professor Zhengli Shi’s Conference Presentations

Shi, Z. (2018) From SARS to SADS: predict of emerging infectious diseases.

US-China Workshop on Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution of Infectious

Diseases. University of California, Berkeley, June 27–29, 2018.

Shi, Z. (2018) Risk assessment of bat coronavirus spillover and prevention

strategy. Sino-Germany symposium “Globalization-Challenge and Response

for Infectious Diseases” September 5, 2018, Hamburg, Germany.

Shi, Z. (2018) Coronaviruses associated with human and animal diseases in

China-From SARS to SADS. U.S. China Dialogue on the Challenges of

Emerging Infections, Laboratory Safety and Global Health Security. January

17, 2018, Galveston, USA.

Shi, Z. (2017) SARS coronavirus may have originated from frequent

recombination events between SARS-related coronaviruses in a single

horseshoe bat habitat. Cell Symposia: Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses

2017. October 1–3, Arlington, USA.

Shi, Z. (2017) Genetic evolution and interspecies infection of bat SARS-like

coronavirus. International Advisory Board Meeting and Coronavirus Mini-

Symposium for the Theme-based Research Scheme Project on MERS

Coronavirus. September 11–12, Hong Kong.

Shi, Z. (2017) SARS coronavirus may have originated from frequent

recombination events between SARS-related coronaviruses in a single

horseshoe bat habitat. 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Virology

(Germany). March 22–25, 2017, Marburg, Germany.

Shi, Z. (2016) Prevalence, animal origins and diagnosis of MERS-CoV.

Devising Strategies to Control Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fever in

Pakistan. November 14–16, 2016, Lahore, Pakistan.

Shi, Z. (2015) Emerging viral zoonosis in China. Annual meeting of Sino-

Germany Society for Medicine. October 2–3, Berlin, Germany.

Shi, Z. (2015) Bat coronaviruses associated with human diseases. CAS-NAS

Workshop on the Challenges of Emerging Infections, Laboratory Safety, and

Global Health Security. September 29–30, Beijing, China.

Shi, Z. (2015) The animal origin of SARS coronavirus; from genome to

receptor usage. Annual meeting of Hubei Society for Microbilogy. August

22–23, Enshi, China.

Shi. Z. (2015) New evidence in support of bat origin of SARS coronavirus.

In “workshop on Coronavirus and Arterivirus, Special lecture”, ASV2015,

July 5–12, London, Canada.

Shi, Z. (2015) The animal origin of SARS coronavirus; from genome to

receptor usage. The 3rd annual “host pathogen interaction in biodefense

and emerging infectious diseases” conference. Feb. 12, Manassas, Virginia.

Shi, Z et al. (2014) Isolation and identification of bat mammalian

orthoreovirus from Chinese bats. The 6th International Symposium on

Emerging Viral Diseases. October 29–30, Wuhan, China.

Shi, Z, et al., (2013) New evidence further supports bats as natural

reservoirs of SARS coronavirus. The 5th Wuhan International Symposium

on Modern Virology. Oct. 30–31, Wuhan, China.

Shi, Z. (2013) Bat borne viruses. CSIRO-CAS Biosecurity Workshop. 13–15

June 2013, Cairns, Australia.

Shi, Z.(2012) Bat viruses detected in China, 31th annual ASV meeting. Jul

21–25, Madison, USA.

Shi, Z.(2011) Virome in Bat Intestinal Tract, Implication of Important Roles

Played by Bats in Ecosystem, XVIth International Union of Microbiological

Societies 2. Sep 12–16, Sapporo, Japan.

Shi, Z. (2010) Novel hantavirus detected in Yunnan Red-backed Vole,

Eothenomys miletus. Infectious Disease Genomics and Global Health. Sep

11–15, Hinxton, UK.

Shi, Z. (2008) Antibodies to Nipah or Nipah-like viruses among bats in

mainland China. The 3rd International Symposium on Emerging Viral

Diseases. Oct. 26–28, Wuhan, China.

Shi Z. (2008) Genetic Evolution of SARS coronavirus. The 179th forum of

Young Scientists of China Association of Science and Technology. Nov 1–2,

Lijiang, China.

Shi, Z, et al. (2008) The angiotension converting enzymes-2 of bats display

different susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

Annual meeting of Hubei Society for Microbiology. June 26–29, Hohhot,

China.

Shi, Z. (2007) Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and its

associated satellite virus. Aquaculture 2007, Feb. 28- Mar. 2, San Antonio,

USA.

Shi, Z. (2007) Functional analysis of structural envelope proteins of white

spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and prevalence of WSSV and other shrimp

viruses in china — a review. Aquaculture 2007, Feb. 28- Mar. 2, San

Antonio, USA.

Shi, Z. (2007) Evolution on SARS Coronavirus. The First Mexico-China

Scientific Cooperation Conference. Aug. 27–29, Mexico City, Mexico.

Shi, Z. (2006) Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.

France- China Medical Symposium. Oct. 23–24, Paris, France.

Shi, Z. et al. (2006) Genetic diversity of bat SARS-like coronavirus and its

interaction with ACE2. The 8th Session of the International Congress «

Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases »

(MEEGID VIII). Nov. 30 — Dec. 2, Bangkok, Thailand.

Shi Z. (2006) Biology and molecular genetics of white spot syndrome virus.

Society for Invertebrate Pathology 39th Annual Meeting. Aug. 27 to Sept. 1,

Wuhan, China.

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