bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western colorado,...

United StatesDepartmentof Agriculture

Forest Service

Rocky MountainResearch Station

General TechnicalReport RMRS-GTR-48

March 2000

Bird Communitiesof Gambel Oak: ADescriptive AnalysisAndreas LeidolfMichael L. WolfeRosemary L. Pendleton

The Authors ______________________________________Andreas Leidolf is a Graduate Research Assistant in the Department of Fisheries andWildlife at Utah State University (USU). He received a B.S. degree in Forestry/WildlifeManagement from Mississippi State University in 1995. He is currently completing his M.S.degree in Fisheries and Wildlife ecology at USU.

Michael L. Wolfe is a Professor in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at USU. Hereceived a B.S. degree in Wildlife Management at Cornell University in 1963 and hisdoctorate in Forestry/Wildlife Management at the University of Göttingen, Germany, in1967. He conducted post-doctoral studies on moose and wolves at Isle Royale NationalPark from 1967 to 1970, while affiliated with Purdue University. He has been a facultymember at USU since 1970.

Rosemary L. Pendleton is a Research Ecologist for the Shrubland Biology and Restora-tion Work Unit at the Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Shrub Sciences Laboratory inProvo, Utah. Her degrees are from Brigham Young University (B.S. in Botany, 1978; M.S.in Range Science, 1980) and Wayne State University (Ph.D. in Biological Science, 1986).She has worked as a scientist at the Shrub Sciences Laboratory since 1986 and has heldappointments as Adjunct Assistant Research Professor at Brigham Young University sincethat time.

Acknowledgments ________________________________This work was made possible, in part, by financial support from the Utah Army National

Guard and the Ecology Center at Utah State University. Dr. Jimmie R. Parrish of the UtahDivision of Wildlife Resources provided Partners in Flight (PIF) concern scores for speciesdiscussed in this report. Dan Godec of the Arizona Game and Fish Department provideda draft of “Wildlife of Special Concern in Arizona.” Carol Beardmore, PIF Western RegionalCoordinator, provided valuable assistance and helpful comments. We thank Timothy J.Nuttle and Drs. John A. Bissonette, Thomas C. Edwards, James N. Long, and Victoria A.Saab for their comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.

Cover art of Virginia’s warbler in gambel oak by Joyce VanDeWater.

AbstractLeidolf, Andreas; Wolfe, Michael L.; Pendleton, Rosemary L. 2000. Bird communities of gambel oak:

a descriptive analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 30 p.

Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) covers 3.75 million hectares (9.3 million acres) of the westernUnited States. This report synthesizes current knowledge on the composition, structure, and habitatrelationships of gambel oak avian communities. It lists life history attributes of 183 bird speciesdocumented from gambel oak habitats of the western United States. Structural habitat attributesimportant to bird-habitat relationships are identified, based on 12 independent studies. This reportalso highlights species of special concern, provides recommendations for monitoring, and givessuggestions for management and future research.

Keywords: Avian ecology, bird-habitat relationships, neotropical migrant, oakbrush, oak woodlands,scrub oak, Quercus gambelii, Western United States

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Contents

Introduction ...................................................................................... 1

Ecology of Gambel Oak: An Overview ............................................. 1

Avian Communities of Gambel Oak ................................................. 2

Community Composition .......................................................... 2

Community Structure ................................................................ 2

Bird-Habitat Relationships ........................................................ 4

Bird Species of Concern ........................................................... 6

Implications for Management and Future Research ........................ 7

References ..................................................................................... 11

Appendix A ..................................................................................... 13

Appendix B ..................................................................................... 20

Appendix C..................................................................................... 25

Bird Communities of Gambel Oak:A Descriptive Analysis

Andreas LeidolfMichael L. WolfeRosemary L. Pendleton

Leidolf, Wolfe, and PendletonBird Communities of Gambel Oak : A Descriptive Analysis

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 2000 1

Introduction

Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) covers 3.75 mil-lion hectares (9.3 million acres) of the western UnitedStates (Harper and others 1985). In the past, range andwildlife managers considered the abundant gambel oakto be a nuisance species occupying valuable rangeland(Engle and others 1983). Managers often targeted thisplant species for eradication. Investigations of gambeloak-wildlife relationships to date have been largely lim-ited forage and cover value for mule deer (Odocoileushemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus; Harper and others1985).

Recent declines in bird populations (Robbins and oth-ers 1989) have prompted renewed research interest inbird communities. Declines are most pronounced for for-est-interior species but are also prominent among grass-land and shrubland birds (Askins 1993; Robbins and oth-ers 1993). Avian communities of gambel oak havereceived little attention by researchers and, as a result,are still poorly understood. Gambel oak avifaunas, likethose of the sagebrush (Artemisia) and pinyon (Pinus)-juniper (Juniperus) vegetation types, occupy a habitatlargely comprised of a single plant species (Marti 1977).

This review synthesizes current knowledge of bird com-munities of the gambel oak vegetation type. We hope thisreview will be useful to natural resource professionals inmaking more informed decisions. At the same time, wehope that by identifying relationships between gambeloak and birds for which our knowledge is yet incom-plete, others may be encouraged to conduct furtherresearch.

Ecology of Gambel Oak: An Overview

Gambel oak woodlands and shrublands usually occurat elevations ranging from 1500 to 2800 m (4900 to 9200ft; Brown 1958; McKell 1950) in Arizona, Colorado, NewMexico, and Utah (figure 1; Clary and Tiedemann 1986;Little 1971). Extremes of 1000 and 3100 m (3300 to10200 ft) have been recorded in Utah, the central part ofits range (Christensen 1949). The growth form of gambeloak is exceedingly variable. It grows as a tall shrub orsmall tree over much of its range. However, it may alsooccur in dense shrub patches to 1 m (3.3 ft) high or aswidely dispersed trees to 23 m (75 ft) tall and 90 cm(35 inches) in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.=1.4 m[4.5 ft]; Clary and Tiedemann 1986; Reynolds and oth-ers 1970). Gambel oak reproduces both by seed and veg-etatively. However, reproduction by seed is less evident(Christensen 1955; Reynolds and others 1970), especiallyin the northern part of its range (Clary and Tiedemann1992; but see Neilson 1981; Rogers 1982).

Gambel oak may occur in either mixed or pure stands.Where it occurs in mixed stands, it is usually associated

with conifers such as white fir (Abies concolor [Gordon& Glend.] Lindl.), Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperusscopulorum Sarg.), Utah juniper (J. osteosperma [Torr.]Little), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson and C.Lawson), two-needle pinyon (P. edulis Engelm. in Wisl.),and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco;Clary and Tiedemann 1986; Harper and others 1985; West1989). In both mixed and pure stands, gambel oak canalso be associated with a variety of shrubs, forbs, andgraminoids (that is, grasses, sedges, and rushes). Herba-ceous vegetation is sparse under gambel oak but com-monly occurs in open areas between individual oakclumps (Allman 1953; Brown 1958). Although over 250plant taxa have been reported from different gambel oakhabitats (Allman 1953; Arnow 1971; Berrett 1958; Brown1958; Christensen 1949; Forsling and Storm 1929; Hay-ward 1948; Kunzler and others 1981; McKell 1950;Shultz and Hysell 1996), it should be noted that any givengambel oak stand is likely to contain considerably fewerspecies. Kunzler and others (1981) found that gambeloak stands in central Utah supported only 25 plant spe-cies on average.

Gambel oak provides for a variety of uses and values.Because of its good heat-yielding qualities and prolificsprouting habit, it is of particular interest as fuelwood(Clary and Tiedemann 1992; Wagstaff 1984). Gambel oakalso plays an important role in watershed protection bystabilizing soil, controlling erosion, and retarding snowmelt (Brown 1958; Clary and Tiedemann 1992; Wright

Figure 1—Biogeographic distribution of gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) (redrawn from Little 1971).

Leidolf, Wolfe, and Pendleton Bird Communities of Gambel Oak: A Descriptive Analysis

USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-48. 20002

and Bailey 1982). Numerous animal species use gambeloak to satisfy one or more of their habitat requirements,including food, food storage, refuge, and nesting (Hay-ward 1948; Marti 1977; Reynolds and others 1970).Gambel oak provides ample browse and hard mast formany game species, such as mule deer, white-tailed deer(Odocoileus virginianus), elk, peccary (Pecariangulatus), tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti),Merriam’s wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami),band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata), and montezumaquail (Cyrtonyx montezumae; Brown 1958; Clary andTiedemann 1986; Reynolds and others 1970; Wright andBailey 1982). In addition, it is used by many non-gamespecies such as Lewis’ woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis;Hayward 1948; Marti 1977).

Avian Communities of Gambel Oak

Community Composition

The earliest, although somewhat anecdotal, account ofgambel oak bird communities was given by Tanner andHayward (1934), who cite 13 species as occurring in thishabitat. Since then, several authors have investigated birdcommunity composition and structure in different gambeloak habitats in varying degrees of detail (Behle and Perry1975; Berrett 1958; Block and others 1992; Frost 1947;Hayward 1948; LaRue 1994; Marti 1977; Perry 1973;Steinhoff 1978; Tatschl 1967; Walters 1981; Woodburyand Cottam 1962). Although most of these studies arenot quantitative in nature, they do provide descriptiveinformation on bird-habitat relationships in this vegeta-tion type.

Compilation of results from these studies reveals 183bird species that use gambel oak for at least part of theyear (appendix A). Authors of Utah studies reported thatbetween 49 and 140 (13 to 38 percent) of the 367 birdspecies known to occur in Utah could be found in gambeloak woodland and submontane shrub habitats (Behle andPerry 1975; Berrett 1958; Frost 1947; Hayward 1948;Marti 1977; Perry 1973; Walters 1981; Woodbury andCottam 1962). The large variation in total number of spe-cies observed is likely a function of sampling area andeffort. Reporting on bird communities of different gambeloak vegetation types in western Colorado, Steinhoff(1978) documented 62 species in gambel oak woodlands,40 species in ponderosa pine/gambel oak forests, and 37species in mixed conifer/gambel oak forests. Tatschl(1967), reporting only on residents and breeding migrants,documented a total of 50 bird species in a ponderosa pine/gambel oak forest in north-central New Mexico, as op-posed to 20 species in woodland dominated by gambeloak. Block and others (1992), in an investigation ofneotropical migrants, documented 45 species in a mixed

conifer forest in southeastern Arizona, where gambeloak comprised the understory component. LaRue(1994), in his investigation of a similar vegetation typein northern Arizona, found 64 species, as opposed toonly six in submontane shrub dominated by gambel oak(appendix A).

The most common bird species of gambel oak (table 1)vary by geographic (northern vs. southern distribution limitof gambel oak) and habitat range (gambel oak woodlandvs. mixed conifer-gambel oak forest). Species most char-acteristic of gambel oak woodlands in the northern part ofthe range include spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus),Virginia’s warbler (Vermivora virginiae), mourning dove(Zenaida macroura), and lazuli bunting (Passerinaamoena). Species commonly found in the southern part ofthe range are hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus), red-facedwarbler (Cardellina rubrifrons), Grace’s warbler(Dendroica graciae), painted redstart (Myioborus pictus),and plumbeous vireo (Vireo plumbeus). Species commonacross the range include black-headed grosbeak(Pheucticus melanocephalus) and broad-tailed humming-bird (Selasphorus platycerus; table 1).

Although some species are extremely abundant ingambel oak, it should be noted that none of the specieslisted in appendix A and table 1 are confined to this veg-etation type. Rather, gambel oak is the most characteris-tic habitat for many of these species.

Community Structure

Despite numerous accounts of avian community com-position in gambel oak habitat, investigations of residencyand guild structure are few. Several studies, however,suggest that gambel oak avian communities are charac-terized by a high proportion of breeding birds, a markedseasonality of use, and a guild structure dominated byshrub/tree nesting, ground feeding, and insectivorousbirds. Breeding birds, the majority of which are migrants,constitute 79-95% of the gambel oak avian community;non-breeding birds, i.e., winter migrants, comprise 5-21%. From 53 to 87% of birds use gambel oak season-ally as either breeding (67-89%) or winter migrants (11-33%); 13-47% are residents, i.e., they occupy gambeloak year-round (Behle and Perry 1975; Berrett 1958;Hayward 1948; LaRue 1994; Marti 1977; Perry 1973;Walters 1981; table 2). Thus, large numbers of speciesuse gambel oak throughout the year, although the num-ber of species present within one season is low. Bird spe-cies richness is highest during summer, with a maximumof 63 different species having been reported from a par-ticular site (Hayward 1948; appendix A).

We applied life history information from Ehrlich andothers (1988) to bird species using gambel oak (appen-dix B), and subsequently grouped them into categoriesbased on similarities in use of three resources: nesting



substrate, foraging substrate, and food type. For selectedstudies (Behle and Perry 1975; Hayward 1948; Marti1977; Perry 1973), we then summarized life history traitsof all species to describe nesting and feeding guild struc-ture for this community (figure 2). Nesting guild is domi-nated by species nesting in shrubs and trees (56%), fol-lowed by ground (23%) and snag nesters (9%; figure 2A).The feeding guild consists of primarily ground feeders(56%), followed by birds feeding in shrubs and trees(23%) and aerial feeders (18%; figure 2B). Ground-feed-ing birds are especially prominent among permanent resi-dents and less pronounced among summer residents.Aerial feeders are restricted almost exclusively to summerresidents and are absent during winter. Species feeding

on herbaceous vegetation or in the water are extremelyrare (3% and 1%, respectively; figure 2B). Most birdsare insectivores (58%), followed by granivores (16%),carnivores (13%), and omnivores (5%; figure 2C). In-sectivores are especially prominent among summer resi-dents and less pronounced among permanent residents.Granivores are most prominent during winter, whereascarnivores are most pronounced among permanent resi-dents. Omnivores, which account for only a small por-tion of the overall bird community, assume a more promi-nent role among permanent residents (15%; figure 2C).The pronounced seasonal variation of food habits is sup-ported by Frost (1947), who examined 278 stomachs of56 bird species in gambel oak (figure 3).

Table 1–List of most frequent/abundant bird species in three gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) community studies.

Gambel oak woodland Mixed conifer-Gambel oak forest(North-central Utah) (Southeast Arizona)

Hayward (1948) Wolfe and Reynolds (1996) Block and others (1992)

Speciesa % Frequencyb Species % Abundance Species % Frequencyc

Spotted towhee 93.3 Spotted towhee 34.8 Hermit thrush 70.9Virginia’s warbler 80.0 Blue-gray gnatcatcher 10.2 Red-faced warbler 70.9Black-headed grosbeak 73.3 Virginia’s warbler 8.6 Black-headed grosbeak 65.8Black-billed magpie 73.3 Lazuli bunting 4.9 Grace’s warbler 63.3Broad-tailed hummingbird 56.6 Warbling vireo 4.3 Painted redstart 60.8Green-tailed towhee 53.3 Lark sparrow 3.1 Plumbeous vireo 60.8Mourning dove 50.0 Brown-headed cowbird 3.1 Western tanager 57.0Red-tailed hawk 50.0 Gray flycatcher 2.5 American robin 54.4Western scrub-jay 50.0 Mourning dove 2.2 Yellow-rumped warbler 46.8Lazuli bunting 36.6 Rock wren 2.2 Broad-tailed hummingbird 45.6

Dark-eyed junco 2.2

a Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).b Expressed as percent of times a species was observed (n=30).c Expressed as percent of census stations where a species was observed (n=79).

Table 2–Proportion of breeding/non-breeding and resident/migrant birds in different gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.)communities.

Gambel oak woodland Submontane shrub Mixed coniferHayward Berrett Perry Marti Behle and Walters LaRue LaRue

(1948) (1958) (1973) (1977) Perry (1975) (1981) (1994) (1994)

Breeding birds 0.83 0.79 0.88 0.83 0.93 0.80 0.80 0.95Residents 0.43 0.35 0.39 0.25 0.51 0.17 0.50 0.55Migrants 0.57 0.65 0.61 0.75 0.49 0.83 0.50 0.45

Non-breeding birds (winter migrants) 0.17 0.21 0.12 0.17 0.07 0.20 0.20 0.05

Residents 0.36 0.28 0.35 0.21 0.47 0.13 0.40 0.52Migrants 0.64 0.72 0.65 0.79 0.53 0.87 0.60 0.48

Breeding migrant 0.73 0.71 0.82 0.78 0.88 0.77 0.67 0.89Winter migrants 0.27 0.29 0.18 0.22 0.12 0.23 0.33 0.11



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Bird-Habitat Relationships

Feeding relationships–Gambel oak provides birdswith a variety of food resources on a year-round basis,including acorns, fruits, buds, seeds, insects, and mam-malian and avian prey (Woodbury and Cottam 1962). Infall and winter, acorns are used by several species, in-cluding montezuma quail, Merriam’s wild turkey, band-tailed pigeon, Lewis’ woodpecker, Steller’s jay(Cyanocitta stelleri), western scrub-jay (Aphelocomacalifornica), pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus),black-billed magpie (Pica pica), and spotted towhee(Christensen 1949; Frost 1947; Harper and others 1978;Hayward 1948; Hoffman 1962; Reynolds and others1970). Neff (1947) found that the inland range of the

band-tailed pigeon closely coincides with the range ofgambel oak. Ligon (1946) noted that gambel oak is themost dependable and preferred acorn producer withinMerriam’s wild turkey range.

Shrubs associated with gambel oak (for example, ser-viceberry, Amelanchier alnifolia [Nutt.] Nutt. exM.Roem.; chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L.; and netleafhackberry, Celtis laevigata Willd. var. reticulata [Torr.]L.D.Benson) provide fruits that are used by northernflicker (Colaptes auratus), American robin (Turdusmigratorius), Townsend’s solitaire (Myadestestownsendi), waxwings (Bombycilla spp.), and spottedtowhee throughout fall and winter. The winter buds ofmany shrubs are eaten by blue grouse (Dendragapusobscurus), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), eveninggrosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), and pine gros-beak (Pinicola enucleator).

Ground-feeding birds, such as California quail(Callipepla californica), ring-necked pheasant(Phasianus colchicus), western meadowlark (Sturnellaneglecta), house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), rosyfinch (Leucosticte arctoa), pine siskin (Carduelis pinus),American goldfinch (C. tristis), spotted towhee, dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis), and white-crowned spar-row (Zonotrichia leucophrys) glean a variety of seedsfrom the herbaceous plant layer and the well-developedlitter layer found under gambel oak during late summer,fall, and winter (Frost 1947; Hayward 1948).

Invertebrates from vegetation, ground, and air repre-sent the primary food source for many birds during springand summer, including black-capped chickadee (Poecileatricapillus), rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), warbling

Figure 3—Proportion of animal matter, plant matter, and gravelby month in 278 stomachs of 56 bird species collected fromgambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) woodland in north-centralUtah (Frost 1947).

Figure 2—Proportion of overall (white, S = 135), resident (gray,S = 33), breeding migrant (black, S = 75), and winter migrant(hatched, S = 27) bird species in different nesting (A) and feed-ing (B, C) guilds for gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) wood-lands/shrublands in north-central Utah (life history informationfrom Ehrlich and others 1988; occurrence data from Hayward1948, Perry 1973, Behle and Perry 1975, and Marti 1977). Whereauthors differed on residency status, personal knowledge ofgambel oak avian communities in north-central Utah was usedto determine residency status.



vireo (Vireo gilvus), orange-crowned warbler (Vermivoracelata), Virginia’s warbler, yellow-rumped warbler(Dendroica coronata), and lazuli bunting (Frost 1947).Hayward (1948) compared invertebrate densities amongdifferent layers of gambel oak vegetation. He found sixtimes fewer invertebrates on the ground in open areasthan under oak, where invertebrates were protected andable to move more freely, and 30 times as many inverte-brates on the ground under oak than in either the herb/low shrub or the tall shrub layer (table 3). In winter, dor-mant invertebrates found on twig surfaces are used byblack-capped chickadee and mountain chickadee (Poecilegambeli), whereas insect larvae found in twig and leafgalls of gambel oak and netleaf hackberry (Brewster1951; Hayward 1948) are used by western scrub-jay,Steller’s jay, and northern flicker.

The gambel oak vegetation type also provides a vari-ety of mammalian and avian prey for carnivorous birds.Raptors such as red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis),golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and long-eared owl(Asio otus) take advantage of high rodent and lagomorphdensities associated with gambel oak (Hayward 1948),whereas sharp-shinned and Cooper’s hawk (Accipiterstriatus, A. cooperii) are able to prey on an abundanceof avian species.

Nesting relationships–The lack in structural diversityof gambel oak reported by some authors (Marti 1977;Woodbury and Cottam 1962) suggests limited opportu-nities for bird diversity. Nonetheless, this habitat offers avariety of nesting opportunities for breeding birds.Ground-nesting birds, such as Virginia’s warbler and spot-ted towhee, are known to take advantage of the denselitter layer and abundant roots under oak thickets to con-ceal their nests. The herbaceous layer, which is too sparseand fragile to support any nests itself, affords additionalprotection to ground nests (Hayward 1948). The densebranching habit of gambel oak also provides ample sub-strate for shrub-nesting birds, such as gray flycatcher(Empidonax wrightii), western scrub-jay, black-billedmagpie, MacGillivray’s warbler (Oporornis tolmiei),green-tailed towhee (Pipilo chlorurus), black-headedgrosbeak, and lazuli bunting (Hayward 1941, 1948).These bird species rely exclusively on dense foliage forprotection. Clary and Tiedemann (1986, 1987) found thatsnags comprised 12.3% and 7.6% of aboveground stand-ing biomass in shrub/small tree and large tree gambeloak stands, respectively. This apparent abundance ofsnags provides opportunities for cavity-nesting birds, suchas Lewis’ woodpecker, northern flicker, black-cappedchickadee, and mountain bluebird (Sialia currucoides).The rocky substrate often associated with this vegetationtype also features an abundance of crevices, which areused for nesting by canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus)and rock wren (Ehrlich and others 1988).

The dense branches and foliage of gambel oak are well-suited as escape cover for many bird species (Woodburyand Cottam 1962). Hayward (1948) noted that rather thanfleeing from shrub to shrub, birds in gambel oak habitatoften rely on the protection offered by the interior of in-dividual oak clumps, from which they are difficult to dis-lodge. Birds that exemplify this behavior includeVirginia’s warbler, western scrub-jay, and spotted towhee(Hayward 1948). Ground-feeding birds, such as dark-eyed junco or chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina), of-ten use exposed branches to watch for predators betweenfeeding bouts, and when disturbed, also seek refuge inclumps of gambel oak (Hayward 1948).

Gambel oak also provides birds with perch sites forsinging and displaying. Although some species, such asblack-headed grosbeak, sing from well within the pro-tection of dense foliage, many birds, including the spot-ted towhee and lazuli bunting, prefer exposed positions.These snags and dead branches (Hayward 1948) can makeup 18.9-23.4% of aboveground standing biomass ingambel oak stands (Clary and Tiedemann 1986, 1987).

Spatial distribution of bird-habitat relationships–Using mostly anecdotal evidence, Hayward (1948) in-vestigated relationships between birds and gambel oakhabitat by recognizing three layers used by birds: groundlayer, shrub layer, and aerial layer. He found that manybird species used different layers for different activities,such as nesting and feeding (table 4). The spotted to-whee uses the ground layer for nesting, feeding, and es-cape cover, but perches and sings from exposed branchesin the shrub layer. The Virginia’s warbler nests on theground, but uses the shrub layer for feeding and cover.Lazuli bunting and black-headed grosbeak are entirelyconfined to the shrub layer. Both western scrub-jay andblack-billed magpie nest in the shrub layer; however,the western scrub-jay feeds in the shrub layer and seekscover on the ground, whereas the black-billed mag-pie feeds on the ground and escapes into the shrub layerwhen disturbed. The common poorwill (Phalaenoptilusnuttallii) nests and hides on the ground but feeds exclu-sively in the aerial layer.

Table 3–Invertebrate densities in different layers of gambel oak(Quercus gambelii Nutt.) woodland in north-centralUtah, 1940-1945 (Hayward 1948).

Layer Average no. of invertebrates/m2

Ground, open 255.9Ground, under oak 1641.4Herb/low shrub 54.3Tall shrub 48.4



Bird Species of Concern

A number of species occurring in gambel oak habitatrequire special management consideration, either becausethey are listed as endangered or threatened under the fed-eral Endangered Species Act (ESA; 16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531-1543), or because they are listed as endangered, threat-ened, or of special concern by a state wildlife agency(table 5). Currently, only two species likely to be foundin gambel oak are listed under ESA by the United StatesFish and Wildlife Service: bald eagle (Haliaeetusleucocephalus), and southwestern willow flycatcher(Empidonax traillii extimus; table 5). A third, the Ameri-can peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum), was re-cently delisted (effective date August 25, 1999). The bald

eagle and American peregrine falcon forage in a widevariety of vegetation types, including gambel oak. Thesouthwestern willow flycatcher is found in riparian ar-eas, including those within the gambel oak vegetationtype. In addition to these species, 12 others are listed asendangered, threatened, or of special concern by indi-vidual states. These listings are usually the responsibil-ity of the state wildlife agency and may afford legal pro-tection to the species in question. Species may also belisted to characterize their conservation status only, withno special protection afforded, such as in Utah (Messmerand others 1998).

Conservation concerns have also been identified forspecies experiencing population declines, as determined

Table 4–Principal nesting and feeding layers of 30 bird speciesfound in gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) wood-land in north-central Utah (Hayward 1948).

Principal Principalnesting feeding

Speciesa layer layer

Turkey vulture Ground GroundSharp-shinned hawk Shrub ShrubRed-tailed hawk Ground GroundAmerican kestrel Ground GroundPrairie falcon Ground GroundRing-necked pheasant Ground GroundRuffed grouse Ground GroundMourning dove Shrub GroundCommon poorwill Ground AerialWhite-throated swift Ground AerialBroad-tailed hummingbird Shrub GroundNorthern flicker Shrub GroundWarbling vireo Shrub ShrubSteller’s jay Shrub ShrubWestern scrub-jay Shrub ShrubBlack-billed magpie Shrub GroundBlack-capped chickadee Shrub ShrubRock wren Ground GroundCanyon wren Ground GroundAmerican robin Shrub GroundOrange-crowned warbler Ground ShrubVirginia’s warbler Ground ShrubYellow-rumped warbler Shrub ShrubMacGillivray’s warbler Shrub ShrubGreen-tailed towhee Ground GroundSpotted towhee Ground GroundChipping sparrow Shrub ShrubDark-eyed junco Ground GroundBlack-headed grosbeak Shrub ShrubLazuli bunting Shrub Shrub

a Common names and order in which species are presented followAmerican Ornithologists’ Union (1998).

Table 5–Bird species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) vegetation type listed as endangered(E), threatened (T), or of special concern (SC) by theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Fed) under the Endan-gered Species Act (16 U.S.C.A. §§ 1531-1543), or bythe responsible state agency in the four principal statesof gambel oak range.

Speciesa Category Listing Agencyb

Bald eagle T Fed, CO, NM, UTSC AZ

American peregrine falcon E UTT NM

*cSouthwestern willow flycatcher E Fed, NM, UTSC AZ

*Northern goshawk SC AZ, UT*Swainson’s hawk SC AZ, UT*Ferruginous hawk T UT

SC AZ, CO*Northern sage grouse SC CO, UT*Gunnison’s sage grouse SC CO*Burrowing owl T CO

SC UT*Short-eared owl SC UT*Lewis’s woodpecker SC UT*Williamson’s sapsucker SC UT*Bell’s vireo T NM

SC UT*Blue grosbeak SC UT*Veery SC AZ*Gray catbird SC AZ

a Nomenclature for common and scientific names, as well asorder in which species are presented, follow American Ornithologists’Union (1998).

b Sources: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Database; ArizonaGame and Fish Department (In prep.); Colorado Division of WildlifeDatabase; New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Database;Messmer and others (1998). Arizona does not list threatened orendangered species; New Mexico does not list species of specialconcern.

c Asterisks denote species for which oak is a primary nestinghabitat.



by Breeding Bird Survey data (DeGraaf and Rappole1995; appendix C). Twelve species known to nest andfeed in the gambel oak vegetation type experienced sig-nificant (P < 0.05) declines within the physiographicprovinces of gambel oak range. Five species (westernwood-pewee [Contopus sordidulus], horned lark[Eremophila alpestris], MacGillivray’s warbler, chippingsparrow, and savannah sparrow [Passerculussandwichensis]) show significant, long-term declinesbetween 1966 and 1994. Of these, western wood-pewee,horned lark, and chipping sparrow also declined through-out Western North America. Four additional species(American kestrel [Falco sparverius], common night-hawk [Chordeiles minor], yellow-rumped warbler, andvesper sparrow [Pooecetes gramineus]) show a more re-cent, short-term decline over the period of 1980 to 1994.Of these, American kestrel declined across Western NorthAmerica during the same time period. Three species (log-gerhead shrike [Lanius ludovicianus], violet-green swal-low [Tachycineta thalassina], and Brewer’s blackbird[Euphagus cyanocephalus]) declined over both periods,with Brewer’s blackbird showing a similar decreasethroughout Western North America. An additional 18species known to use gambel oak that do not show a sig-nificant trend within gambel oak range show a signifi-cant decline across Western North America (appendix C).

Eleven species within the physiographic provinces orstates comprising the Gambel oak vegetation zone areaccorded a very high conservation priority by Partnersin Flight (PIF; tables 6 and 7; figure 4), based on cumu-lative concern scores ranging from 7 to 35 (appendix C).Three of these, the Virginia’s warbler, Grace’s warbler,and red-faced warbler, are common species of gambeloak vegetation (table 1). All three are neotropical migra-tory birds that use gambel oak extensively for both nest-ing and feeding. An additional two species, the Lewis’woodpecker, which is also considered to be of specialconcern in Utah (table 5), and the ferruginous hawk (Bu-teo regalis), are considered characteristic of gambel oakand mixed gambel oak woodlands (Steinhoff 1978). TheBell’s vireo (Vireo bellii), which is listed as threatened inNew Mexico (table 5), is a breeding migrant in the south-ern portion of gambel oak range (tables 6 and 7).

An additional 76 species are given high conservationpriority by PIF (tables 6 and 7). Of these, the most com-mon or characteristic of gambel oak and mixed gambeloak/conifer woodlands include California quail, broad-tailed hummingbird, western wood-pewee, gray fly-catcher, cordilleran flycatcher (Empidonax occidentalis),ash-throated flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens),plumbeous vireo, warbling vireo, western scrub-jay, rockwren, western bluebird (Sialia mexicana), mountain blue-bird, black-throated gray warbler (Dendroica nigrescens),painted redstart, western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana),

green-tailed towhee, lark sparrow (Chondestesgrammacus), black-headed grosbeak, and lazuli bunting.Ten of the 76 species are listed by Steinhoff (1978) asbeing dependent on (dusky flycatcher [Empidonaxoberholseri] and pinyon jay) or influenced by (pygmynuthatch [Sitta pygmaea]) mixed oak/conifer woodlands,or as strongly influenced by all gambel oak vegetationtypes (blue grouse, band-tailed pigeon, common night-hawk, common poorwill, violet-green swallow,Townsend’s solitaire, and MacGillivray’s warbler).

Implications for Management and FutureResearch

Oak woodlands provide a variety of resources includ-ing watershed protection, grazing, and recreation (Harperand others 1985; Thomas 1997). Recent publications in-dicate an increasing concern over loss of oak habitat instates bordering the Pacific coast, as a burgeoning popu-lation puts increasing pressure on oak vegetation throughrecreation and urban expansion (Pillsbury and others1997; Saab and Rich 1997). The gambel oak vegetationtype, with its foothill location and proximity to manyurban centers, is likely to suffer a similar fate. Residen-tial and commercial development and a concomitant in-crease in recreation from expanding populations mayresult in substantial habitat loss, fragmentation, and suc-cessional changes over the next decade. Issues of landownership and public perceptions regarding managementoptions may further exacerbate these changes.

Gambel oak vegetation is particularly vulnerable todamage and loss. For example, Utah Gap analysis(Edwards and others 1997) reveals that fully one-third(36%) of the 800,000 ha (2 million acres) dominated byoak are privately owned and designated as category 4management status; that is, they have little or no govern-ment protection from development. Much of this landmay thus be lost to urbanization and commercial devel-opment in the near future. Another 58% of oak wood-lands in Utah are accorded limited protection as publiclands with unrestricted access (category 3). These landswill be subject to increased fragmentation due to recre-ational activities, trail building, and campground devel-opment. Currently, only 0.01% of oak woodlands in Utahare strictly protected (category 1).

Traditional management practices are aimed at in-creasing understory vegetation to provide for grazingof domestic livestock and big game species. Gambeloak can provide up to 75% of the forage available tooverwintering deer populations (Harper and others1985). Grazing and the suppression of natural fire cycleshave resulted in a decrease in herbaceous undergrowthand an increase in less fire-tolerant woody species such



Table 6–Species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type that are of conservation concern, based on Partners in Flight (PIF) state scoresa.

Range in PIFconcern scoreand definition(Hunter and Speciesb and PIF concern score, in decreasing order of concern, by stateothers 1993) Arizonac Coloradoc New Mexicoc Utahd

30-35 none none none noneExtremely

highconservation

priority

24-29 Red-faced warbler - 28 Sage grouse - 25 Red-faced warbler - 26 Lewis’ woodpecker - 28Very high Virginia’s warbler - 26 Ferruginous hawk - 24 Virginia’s warbler - 25 Virginia’s warbler -26

conservation Cassin’s kingbird - 25 Virginia’s warbler - 24 Sage grouse - 24 Sage grouse -25priority Bell’s vireo - 25 Bell’s vireo -25

Lewis’ woodpecker - 24 Black rosy-finch -25

19-23 Willow flycatcher - 23 Black-chinned hummingbird - 23 Prairie falcon - 23 Ferruginous hawk -23High Gray flycatcher - 23 Bell’s vireo - 23 Lewis’s woodpecker - 23 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 23

conservation Western bluebird - 23 Burrowing owl - 22 Greater pewee - 23 Gray flycatcher -23priority Painted redstart - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22 Cassin’s kingbird - 23 Cordilleran flycatcher - 23

Swainson’s hawk - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Bell’s vireo - 23 Black-throated gray warbler -23Ferruginous hawk - 22 Grace’s warbler - 22 Olive warbler - 23 Brewer’s sparrow -23Prairie falcon - 22 Flammulated owl - 21 Ferruginous hawk - 22 Franklin’s gull -22Flammulated owl - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Flammulated owl - 22 Western screech-owl - 22Greater pewee - 22 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Black-chinned hummingbird - 22 Calliope hummingbird - 22Olive warbler - 22 Black-throated gray warbler - 21 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Northern harrier - 20 Loggerhead shrike - 22 Olive-sided flycatcher - 22Grace’s warbler - 22 Swainson’s hawk - 20 Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Hammond’s flycatcher - 22Rufous-crowned sparrow - 22 Prairie falcon - 20 Grace’s warbler - 22 Northern goshawk - 21Scott’s oriole - 22 Blue grouse - 20 Painted redstart - 22 Peregrine falcon - 21Blue grouse - 21 Short-eared owl - 20 Swainson’s hawk - 21 Prairie falcon - 21Common poorwill - 21 Common poorwill - 20 Blue grouse - 21 Ruffed grouse - 21Black-chinned hummingbird - 21 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 21 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Blue grouse - 21Williamson’s sapsucker - 21 Gray flycatcher - 20 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Northern pygmy-owl - 21Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 21 Red-naped sapsucker - 21Dusky flycatcher - 21 Cassin’s kingbird - 20 Gray flycatcher - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 21Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Violet-green swallow - 21 Cassin’s kingbird - 21Pygmy nuthatch - 21 Juniper titmouse - 20 Juniper titmouse - 21 Plumbeous vireo - 21Mountain bluebird - 21 MacGillivray’s warbler - 20 Mountain bluebird - 21 Pinyon jay - 21Sage sparrow - 21 Western tanager - 20 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 21 Juniper titmouse - 21Band-tailed pigeon - 20 Sage sparrow - 20 Sage sparrow - 21 Pygmy nuthatch - 21Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Scott’s oriole - 20 Scott’s oriole - 21 Townsend’s solitaire - 21Hammond’s flycatcher - 20 Peregrine falcon - 19 Common poorwill - 20 Veery - 21Hutton’s vireo - 20 Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Dusky flycatcher - 20 Grace’s warbler - 21Pinyon jay - 20 Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Cordilleran flycatcher - 20 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 21Juniper titmouse - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 19 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Blue grosbeak - 21Bald eagle - 19 Western scrub-jay - 19 Hutton’s vireo - 20 Scott’s oriole - 21Northern goshawk - 19 Violet-green swallow - 19 Warbling vireo - 20 Bald eagle - 20Peregrine falcon - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 20 Common poorwill - 20Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Western bluebird - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 20 Black-chinned hummingbird - 20Western wood-pewee - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Northern goshawk - 19 Willow flycatcher - 20Sulphur-bellied flycatcher - 19 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 19 Peregrine falcon - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 20Plumbeous vireo - 19 Brewer’s sparrow - 19 Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Mountain chickadee - 20Rock wren - 19 Lazuli bunting - 19 Burrowing owl - 19 Mountain bluebird - 20Canyon wren - 19 Common nighthawk - 19 Gray catbird - 20MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Western wood-pewee - 19 Sage thrasher - 20Green-tailed towhee - 19 Pinyon jay - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 20Black-throated sparrow - 19 Western bluebird - 19 Black-throated sparrow - 20Black-headed grosbeak - 19 MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Sage sparrow - 20

Black-headed grosbeak - 19 White-throated swift - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19 Flammulated owl - 19

Burrowing owl - 19Short-eared owl - 19Western wood-pewee - 19Clark’s nutcracker - 19Canyon wren - 19Golden-crowned kinglet - 19Western bluebird - 19Lark sparrow - 19Black-headed grosbeak - 19Lazuli bunting - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19

a PIF assigns species concern scores using a geographically based prioritization scheme that can be defined either ecologically (by physiographic province) or politically (by state). Species areassigned a rank score from 1 (low concern) to 5 (high concern) in seven criteria that reflect a species’ potential to become extirpated: global abundance, global breeding distribution, global winteringdistribution, threats to breeding within state or physiographic province, threats to non-breeding within state or physiographic province, state or physiographic province population trend, and areaimportance (abundance and distribution relative to global range). The cumulative concern score thus ranges from 7 to 35 (Hunter and others 1993).

b Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).c Source: Colorado Bird Observatory Database.d Source: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Database.



Table 7–Species occurring in the gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type that are of conservation concern, based on Partners in Flight (PIF) physiographic province scoresa.

Range in PIFconcern score and

definition Speciesb and PIF concern scorec, in decreasing order of concern, by physiographic province number and name(Hunter and others 62 69 80 84 87

1993) Southern Rocky Mountains Utah Mountains Basin and Range Mogollon Rim Colorado Plateau

30-35Extremely high none none none none none

conservationpriority

24-29Very high none Lewis’ woodpecker - 24 Sage grouse - 25 Red-faced warbler - 27 Red-faced warbler - 25

conservation Virginia’s warbler - 24 Prairie falcon - 24 Virginia’s warbler - 26priority Franklin’s gull - 24 Cassin’s kingbird - 24

Grace’s warbler - 24

19-23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 23 Gray flycatcher - 22 Ferruginous hawk - 23 Flammulated owl - 23 Black-chinned hummingbird - 23High conservation Williamson’s sapsucker - 23 Dusky flycatcher - 22 Virginia’s warbler - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 23 Gray flycatcher - 23

priority Virginia’s warbler - 23 Black-throated gray warbler - 22 Sage sparrow - 23 Gray flycatcher - 23 Ferruginous hawk - 22Grace’s warbler - 23 Prairie falcon - 21 Black rosy-finch - 23 Bell’s vireo - 23 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22Flammulated owl - 22 Calliope hummingbird - 21 Flammulated owl - 22 Western bluebird - 23 Cassin’s kingbird - 22Swainson’s hawk - 21 Pinyon jay - 21 Short-eared owl - 22 Black-throated gray warbler - 23 Bell’s vireo - 22Ferruginous hawk - 21 Lazuli bunting - 21 Calliope hummingbird - 22 Painted redstart - 23 Juniper titmouse - 22Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Swainson’s hawk - 20 Lewis’ woodpecker - 22 Black-chinned hummingbird - 22 Virginia’s warbler - 22Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Scott’s oriole - 20 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 22 Grace’s warbler - 22Prairie falcon - 20 Golden eagle - 19 Gray flycatcher - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 22 Swainson’s hawk - 21Blue grouse - 20 Common poorwill - 19 Pinyon jay - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 22 Flammulated owl - 21Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Clark’s nutcracker - 19 California quail - 21 Greater pewee - 22 Common poorwill - 21Hammond’s flycatcher - 20 Juniper titmouse - 19 Black-chinned hummingbird - 21 Rufous-crowned sparrow - 22 Williamson’s sapsucker - 21Plumbeous vireo - 20 Canyon wren - 19 Red-naped sapsucker - 21 Scott’s oriole - 22 Red-naped sapsucker - 21Black-throated gray warbler - 20 Western bluebird - 19 Hammond’s flycatcher - 21 Swainson’s hawk - 21 Dusky flycatcher - 21Sage sparrow - 20 Townsend’s solitaire - 19 Black-throated gray warbler - 21 Ferruginous hawk - 21 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21Lazuli bunting - 20 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Scott’s oriole - 21 Willow flycatcher - 21 Pinyon jay - 21Peregrine falcon - 19 Blue grouse - 20 Dusky flycatcher - 21 Black-throated gray warbler - 21Band-tailed pigeon - 19 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 20 Cordilleran flycatcher - 21 Scott’s oriole - 21Common poorwill - 19 Rufous hummingbird - 20 Juniper titmouse - 21 Prairie falcon - 20Dusky flycatcher - 19 Cordilleran flycatcher - 20 Pygmy nuthatch - 21 Blue grouse - 20Cassin’s kingbird - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 20 Black-headed grosbeak - 21 Band-tailed pigeon - 20Pinyon jay - 19 Sage thrasher - 20 Northern goshawk - 20 White-throated swift - 20Violet-green swallow - 19 Brewer’s sparrow - 20 Blue grouse - 20 Willow flycatcher - 20Pygmy nuthatch - 19 Northern harrier - 19 Band-tailed pigeon - 20 Hammond’s flycatcher - 20Wilson’s warbler - 19 Northern goshawk - 19 Hutton’s vireo - 20 Western bluebird - 20Green-tailed towhee - 19 Swainson’s hawk - 19 Pinyon jay - 20 Green-tailed towhee - 20Brewer’s sparrow - 19 Peregrine falcon - 19 Violet-green swallow - 20 Sage sparrow - 20

California gull - 19 Prairie falcon - 19 Black-headed grosbeak - 20Northern pygmy-owl - 19 Common poorwill - 19 Burrowing owl - 19Common poorwill - 19 Olive-sided flycatcher - 19 Short-eared owl - 19Dusky flycatcher - 19 Say’s phoebe - 19 Broad-tailed hummingbird - 19Plumbeous vireo - 19 Ash-throated flycatcher - 19 Western wood-pewee - 19Juniper titmouse - 19 Plumbeous vireo - 20 Western kingbird - 19Veery - 19 Bewick’s wren - 19 Loggerhead shrike - 19Black-headed grosbeak - 19 Mountain bluebird - 19 Western scrub-jay - 19Lazuli bunting - 19 MacGillivray’s warbler - 19 Pygmy nuthatch - 19Bullock’s oriole - 19 Green-tailed towhee - 19 Red-naped sapsucker - 21

Mountain bluebird - 19MacGillivray’s warbler - 19Rufous-crowned sparrow - 19

a PIF assigns species concern scores using a geographically based prioritization scheme that can be defined either ecologically (by physiographic province) or politically (by state). Species are assigned a rank score from 1 (lowconcern) to 5 (high concern) in seven criteria that reflect a species’ potential to become extirpated: global abundance, global breeding distribution, global wintering distribution, threats to breeding within state or physiographic province,threats to non-breeding within state or physiographic province, state or physiographic province population trend, and area importance (abundance and distribution relative to global range). The cumulative concern score thus ranges from 7 to35 (Hunter and others 1993).

b Common names follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).c Source: Colorado Bird Observatory Database.

as bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) andwhite fir (Harper and others 1985). Fire, herbicides, andmechanical treatments coupled with seeding programshave been used to reduce the dominance of oak and in-crease palatable grasses and forbs (Harper and others1985, and references therein).

More recently, increased emphasis has been placedon recreation management issues, both in gambel oakand other vegetation types. Managers and recreationistsare recognizing the importance of non-game species,including birds, both in inherent value and as part of thetotal “outdoor experience” sought by an urban populace.



With over half of gambel oak woodlands occurring onpublic lands, it will become increasingly important forfederal and state managers to consider non-game birdpopulations in their overall management plan. The ef-fects of management practices on non-game birds mustbe considered if viable bird populations are to be main-tained. Currently, little information exists on the effectsof specific management actions on avian communities.Steinhoff (1978) provides some information on individualspecies’ responses to fire, grazing, and cutting for Colo-rado oak associations; however, this information is notreadily available because it is an unpublished report.

Future research of avian ecology in gambel oak shouldfocus on closing apparent gaps in our knowledge of thiscommunity. A question that warrants further investiga-tion is the response of gambel oak bird communities towildfire, browsing by native ungulates, fuelwood har-vesting, and management practices commonly associatedwith oakbrush control such as prescribed burning, herbi-cide application, or browsing by domestic livestock. Inparticular, it would be useful to investigate how type,intensity, and frequency of disturbance affects structuralcharacteristics of gambel oak stands.

Figure 4—Physiographic provinces in gambel oak (Quercusgambelii Nutt.) range used by Partners in Flight for purpose ofspecies prioritization: 62 = Southern Rocky Mountains, 69 = UtahMountains, 80 = Basin and Range, 84 = Mogollon Rim, 87 = Colo-rado Plateau.

Other research needs include more basic questionsabout individual species’ life histories and resource andhabitat requirements. This includes species for which lifehistory information in general is still sparse (for example,green-tailed towhee), as well as species that have not beenstudied in the gambel oak vegetation type, even thoughtheir life history may be very well known in other veg-etation types. This understanding of individual species’relationships with different vegetation types may provecrucial in understanding and managing the dynamics ofindividual populations.

Increasing anthropogenic pressure predicted forgambel oak associations suggests that managers will needto use active management strategies to mitigate the ef-fects of habitat loss and fragmentation. In the absence ofneeded definitive studies and until such studies can becompleted, a few common-sense suggestions can bemade.

The protection of riparian areas within the oak zone isof critical importance. Riparian areas are disproportion-ately valuable to birds and other wildlife species, par-ticularly in the arid west (Saab and Rich 1997). In addi-tion, some areas of contiguous habitat should bemaintained. Where possible, management practicesshould mimic natural disturbance regimes such that avariety of successional stages, including the mature plantcommunity, are available (Anderson 1980; Saab and Rich1997). To ensure that this goal is being accomplished,monitoring of population trends of individual bird spe-cies may be desirable. Unfortunately, the current state ofour knowledge about gambel oak woodlands does notallow us to easily identify species that may serve as indi-cators of the relative health of this community.

Until such knowledge becomes available, natural re-source professionals involved in gambel oak managementare referred to the list of frequent and abundant speciesprovided in table 1. Because all species listed in this tableare common, monitoring of population trends should bean easy task (for a review of methods, refer to Hameland others 1996; Ralph and others 1993, 1995). In se-lecting species from this list, care should be taken tochoose a representative sample of the community. Asample might include the following, for example: ground-nesting species requiring an extensive litter layer, suchas Virginia’s warbler or spotted towhee; shrub-nestingspecies requiring dense, thicket-like gambel oak stands,such as western scrub-jay, black-billed magpie, or lazulibunting; and tree-nesting species, requiring tall tree standsof gambel oak characteristic of wetter sites, such asplumbeous vireo, warbling vireo, or chipping sparrow.With this kind of sample, it may be possible to assess thestatus of individual successional stages/growth forms ofgambel oak.



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Ap

pen

dix

A–B

ird

sp

ecie

s re

po

rted

fro

m d

iffe

ren

t g

amb

el o

ak (

Qu

ercu

s g

amb

elii

Nu

tt.)

co

mm

un

itie

s in

th

e W

este

rn U

nit

edS

tate

s. R

esid

ency

sta

tus

is g

iven

as

R =

res

iden

t, B

= b

reed

ing

mig

ran

t, W

= w

inte

r m

igra

nt,

T =

loca

l tra

nsi

ent

fro

mad

jace

nt

hab

itat

s o

r tr

ansi

ent

du

rin

g s

pri

ng

/fal

l mig

rati

on

, X =

pre

sen

ce/a

bse

nce

on

ly, N

/A =

sp

ecie

s d

oes

no

t o

ccu

r in

resp

ecti

ve s

tate

, as

det

erm

ined

by

Lig

on

(19

61),

Mo

nso

n a

nd

Ph

illip

s (1

981)

, Beh

le a

nd

oth

ers

(198

5), a

nd

An

dre

ws

and

Rig

hte

r (1

992)

.

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld

Her

on

s an

d v

ult

ure

s (C

ico

niif

orm

es)

Gre

at b

lue

hero

n (A

rdea

her

odia

s )-

T-

--

--

--

--

--

--

-B

lack

-cro

wne

d ni

ght-

hero

n (N

yctic

orax

nyc

ticor

ax)

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Tur

key

vultu

re (

Cat

harte

s au

ra)

-B

--

-X

-B

-B

-X

BX

-B

Wat

erfo

wl (

An

seri

form

es)

Mal

lard

(A

nas

plat

yrhy

ncho

s )-

T-

--

--

--

--

--

--

-N

orth

ern

pint

ail (

Ana

s ac

uta )

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Buf

flehe

ad (

Buc

epha

la a

lbeo

la)

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Com

mon

gol

dene

ye (

Buc

epha

la c

lang

ula )

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Rap

tors

(F

alco

nif

orm

es)

Bal

d ea

gle

(Hal

iaee

tus

leuc

ocep

halu

s )-

--

--

--

W-

--

--

-T

-N

orth

ern

harr

ier

(Circ

us c

yane

us)

-T

BT

W-

-B

-R

W-

--

W-

Sha

rp-s

hinn

ed h

awk

(Acc

ipite

r stri

atus

)X

RT

BB

X-

B-

--

-B

XR

-C

oope

r’s h

awk

(Acc

ipite

r coo

perii

)-

BR

--

X-

BX

B-

XR

-R

-N

orth

ern

gosh

awk

(Acc

ipite

r gen

tilis

)-

R-

-M

X-

B-

--

XR

XR

-S

wai

nson

’s h

awk

(But

eo s

wai

nson

i )-

T-

T-

--

B-

--

--

--

-R

ed-t

aile

d ha

wk

(But

eo ja

mai

cens

is)e

-R

BB

-X

-B

-R

-X

--

RB

Fer

rugi

nous

haw

k (B

uteo

rega

lis)

-B

--

--

-B

-R

--

-X

--

Rou

gh-le

gged

haw

k (B

uteo

lago

pus )

--

--

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Gol

den

eagl

e (A

quila

chr

ysae

tos )

-R

RR

TX

-R

-R

--

--

--

Am

eric

an k

estr

el (

Falc

o sp

arve

rius )

eX

BB

BT

X-

BX

R-

X-

X-

-M

erlin

(Fa

lco

colu

mba

rius )

--

--

--

-W

-T

--

--

--

Per

egrin

e fa

lcon

(Fa

lco

pere

grin

us)

--

--

--

--

XT

--

--

--

Pra

irie

falc

on (

Falc

o m

exic

anus

)-

B-

--

--

BX

R-

--

--

-

(con

.)



(con

.)

Gal

linac

eou

s b

ird

s (G

allif

orm

es)

Chu

kar

(Ale

ctor

is c

huka

r )f,

g-

--

RB

--

R-

R-

--

--

-G

ray

part

ridge

(P

erdi

x pe

rdix

)f, g

--

--

-N

/AN

/AB

-R

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Rin

g-ne

cked

phe

asan

t (P

hasi

anus

col

chic

us)f,

gX

RR

RR

--

-X

R-

--

--

-R

uffe

d gr

ouse

(B

onas

a um

bellu

s )f

-R

-R

T-

N/A

RX

RN

/A-

N/A

-N

/AN

/AS

age

grou

se (

Cen

troce

rus

urop

hasi

anus

)f-

--

-T

--

WX

RN

/A-

--

N/A

N/A

Blu

e gr

ouse

(D

endr

agap

us o

bscu

rus )

f-

R-

RT

X-

R-

R-

--

--

-C

alifo

rnia

qua

il (C

allip

epla

cal

iforn

ica )

f-

RR

RR

N/A

N/A

R-

RN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A

Sh

ore

bir

ds

(Ch

arad

riif

orm

es)

Spo

tted

sand

pipe

r (A

ctiti

s m

acul

aria

)-

BT

--

--

--

--

--

--

-F

rank

lin’s

gul

l (La

rus

pipi

xcan

)-

--

-T

--

--

--

--

--

-R

ing-

bille

d gu

ll (L

arus

del

awar

ensi

s )-

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

-C

alifo

rnia

gul

l (La

rus

calif

orni

cus )

-T

T-

T-

N/A

--

--

-N

/A-

--

Pig

eon

s an

d d

ove

s (C

olu

mb

ifo

rmes

)R

ock

dove

(C

olum

ba li

via )

g-

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

-B

and-

taile

d pi

geon

(C

olum

ba fa

scia

ta)

--

--

-X

-B

X-

--

BX

-B

Mou

rnin

g do

ve (

Zena

ida

mac

rour

a )X

BB

BB

X-

BX

B-

XB

X-

B

Ow

ls (

Str

igif

orm

es)

Bar

n ow

l (Ty

to a

lba )

--

--

--

-R

--

--

--

--

Fla

mm

ulat

ed o

wl (

Otu

s fla

mm

eolu

s )-

--

--

X-

--

--

--

-T

-W

este

rn s

cree

ch-o

wl (

Otu

s ke

nnic

ottii

)-

R-

--

--

R-

R-

--

-R

-G

reat

hor

ned

owl (

Bub

o vi

rgin

ianu

s )X

R-

R-

X-

B-

R-

X-

XR

-N

orth

ern

pygm

y-ow

l (G

lauc

idiu

m g

nom

a )-

--

--

--

R-

R-

--

-R

-B

urro

win

g ow

l (A

then

e cu

nicu

laria

)-

--

--

--

B-

--

--

--

-Lo

ng-e

ared

ow

l (A

sio

otus

)-

R-

--

--

BX

R-

--

-R

-S

hort

-ear

ed o

wl (

Asi

o fla

mm

eus )

--

--

--

-B

--

--

--

--

Nor

ther

n sa

w-w

het o

wl (

Aeg

oliu

s ac

adic

us)

X-

--

--

-R

XR

--

--

B-

Nig

htj

ars

(Cap

rim

ulg

ifo

rmes

)C

omm

on n

ight

haw

k (C

hord

eile

s m

inor

)-

B-

TT

X-

BX

B-

X-

X-

-C

omm

on p

oorw

ill (

Pha

laen

optil

us n

utta

llii )

XB

-T

--

-B

XB

--

B-

--

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Sw

ifts

an

d h

um

min

gb

ird

s (A

po

dif

orm

es)

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

swift

(A

eron

aute

s sa

xata

lis)

-B

B-

TX

-B

-B

--

B-

-B

Bla

ck-c

hinn

ed h

umm

ingb

ird (

Arc

hilo

chus

ale

xand

ri )-

BB

BB

--

BX

B-

-B

-B

-C

allio

pe h

umm

ingb

ird (

Ste

llula

cal

liope

)-

--

--

--

TX

B-

--

--

-B

road

-tai

led

hum

min

gbird

(S

elas

phor

us p

laty

cerc

us)

XB

BB

BX

BB

XB

-X

BX

BB

Ruf

ous

hum

min

gbird

(S

elas

phor

us ru

fus )

-T

--

-X

-T

X-

--

--

-B

Kin

gfi

sher

s (C

ora

ciif

orm

es)

Bel

ted

king

fishe

r (C

eryl

e al

cyon

)-

B-

--

--

--

R-

--

--

-

Wo

od

pec

kers

(P

icif

orm

es)

Lew

is’ w

oodp

ecke

r (M

elan

erpe

s le

wis

)-

T-

--

X-

-X

R-

--

--

-W

illia

mso

n’s

saps

ucke

r (S

phyr

apic

us th

yroi

deus

)-

--

--

X-

--

--

--

XT

-R

ed-n

aped

sap

suck

er (

Sph

yrap

icus

nuc

halis

)X

T-

-T

X-

W-

--

XB

-T

BD

owny

woo

dpec

ker

(Pic

oide

s pu

besc

ens )

XR

T-

--

-B

--

-X

--

--

Hai

ry w

oodp

ecke

r (P

icoi

des

villo

sus )

--

--

W-

-B

X-

-X

RX

R-

Nor

ther

n fli

cker

(C

olap

tes

aura

tus )

XR

R-

TX

RB

--

-X

RX

R-

So

ng

bir

ds

and

pas

seri

nes

(P

asse

rifo

rmes

)O

live-

side

d fly

catc

her

(Con

topu

s co

oper

i )X

T-

--

--

B-

--

--

--

BG

reat

er p

ewee

(C

onto

pus

perti

nax )

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

-N

/AN

/AN

/A-

N/A

-N

/A-

BW

este

rn w

ood-

pew

ee (

Con

topu

s so

rdid

ulus

)-

BB

--

-B

B-

--

-B

-B

BW

illow

flyc

atch

er (

Em

pido

nax

traill

ii )-

B-

-T

--

--

B-

--

--

-H

amm

ond’

s fly

catc

her

(Em

pido

nax

ham

mon

dii )

-T

--

TX

-B

--

-X

--

--

Gra

y fly

catc

her

(Em

pido

nax

wrig

htii )

--

--

-X

-B

--

--

-X

B-

Dus

ky fl

ycat

cher

(E

mpi

dona

x ob

erho

lser

i )-

B-

BT

--

BX

B-

--

-B

BC

ordi

llera

n fly

catc

her

(Em

pido

nax

occi

dent

alis

)-

--

B-

XB

BX

B-

-B

-B

BS

ay’s

pho

ebe

(Say

orni

s sa

ya)

--

--

-X

-B

--

-X

--

B-

Dus

ky-c

appe

d fly

catc

her

(Myi

arch

us tu

berc

ulife

r )N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A-

-N

/AN

/AN

/A-

--

--

BA

sh-t

hroa

ted

flyca

tche

r (M

yiar

chus

cin

eras

cens

)-

--

--

X-

B-

--

-B

-B

BS

ulph

ur-b

ellie

d fly

catc

her

(Myi

odyn

aste

s lu

teiv

entri

s )N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A-

N/A

N/A

N/A

-B

Cas

sin’

s ki

ngbi

rd (

Tyra

nnus

voc

ifera

ns)

--

--

--

-T

--

--

--

--

Wes

tern

kin

gbird

(Ty

rann

us v

ertic

alis

)-

-B

-T

--

B-

--

--

--

-E

aste

rn k

ingb

ird (

Tyra

nnus

tyra

nnus

)-

--

--

--

B-

--

--

--

-Lo

gger

head

shr

ike

(Lan

ius

ludo

vici

anus

)-

--

--

X-

R-

--

--

--

-N

orth

ern

shrik

e (L

aniu

s ex

cubi

tor )

--

W-

--

-W

--

--

--

-- (con

.)

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Bel

l’s v

ireo

( Vire

o be

llii )

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-B

Plu

mbe

ous

vire

o (V

ireo

plum

beus

)-

-T

--

XB

BX

B-

XB

-B

BH

utto

n’s

vire

o (V

ireo

hutto

ni)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

X-

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

--

--

War

blin

g vi

reo

(Vire

o gi

lvus

)X

BT

BB

-B

BX

B-

-B

--

BR

ed-e

yed

vire

o (V

ireo

oliv

aceu

s )-

--

--

-N

/AT

--

--

N/A

--

-S

telle

r’s ja

y (C

yano

citta

ste

lleri )

fX

RW

WW

XR

R-

W-

XR

XR

-B

lue

jay

(Cya

noci

tta c

rista

ta)

--

--

--

-T

--

--

--

--

Wes

tern

scr

ub-ja

y (A

phel

ocom

a ca

lifor

nica

)X

RR

RR

X-

BX

RR

-R

XR

-P

inyo

n ja

y (G

ymno

rhin

us c

yano

ceph

alus

)-

T-

-T

X-

T-

--

--

-R

-C

lark

’s n

utcr

acke

r (N

ucifr

aga

colu

mbi

ana )

-T

--

--

--

--

--

--

R-

Bla

ck-b

illed

mag

pie

(Pic

a pi

ca)

XR

RR

RX

-B

XR

-X

-X

--

Am

eric

an c

row

(C

orvu

s br

achy

rhyn

chos

)-

W-

-T

X-

W-

--

-R

--

-C

omm

on r

aven

(C

orvu

s co

rax )

-R

--

-X

-B

-R

-X

-X

R-

Hor

ned

lark

(E

rem

ophi

la a

lpes

tris )

--

--

--

-B

--

--

--

--

Tre

e sw

allo

w (

Tach

ycin

eta

bico

lor )

-T

--

-X

--

--

-X

--

--

Vio

let-

gree

n sw

allo

w (

Tach

ycin

eta

thal

assi

na)

-T

T-

TX

BB

-B

-X

BX

BB

N. r

ough

-win

ged

swal

low

(S

telg

idop

tery

x se

rrip

enni

s )-

-B

-T

--

B-

--

--

--

-B

ank

swal

low

(R

ipar

ia ri

paria

)-

BB

--

--

--

--

--

--

-C

liff s

wal

low

(H

irund

o py

rrho

nota

)-

B-

--

X-

--

--

--

--

-B

arn

swal

low

(H

irund

o ru

stic

a )-

--

-T

--

B-

--

--

X-

-B

lack

-cap

ped

chic

kade

e (P

oeci

le a

trica

pillu

s )X

RW

RR

X-

RX

R-

X-

X-

-M

ount

ain

chic

kade

e (P

oeci

le g

ambe

li )f

XW

WW

W-

RT

-W

-X

R-

R-

Juni

per

titm

ouse

(B

aeol

ophu

s gr

iseu

s )-

T-

--

--

B-

--

-R

-R

-B

usht

it (P

saltr

ipar

us m

inim

us)

-T

T-

--

-B

XR

--

--

R-

Red

-bre

aste

d nu

that

ch (

Sitt

a ca

nade

nsis

)-

--

--

--

--

--

-R

XW

-W

hite

-bre

aste

d nu

that

ch (

Sitt

a ca

rolin

ensi

s )-

--

--

XR

R-

R-

XR

-R

-P

ygm

y nu

that

ch (

Sitt

a py

gmae

a )-

--

--

--

W-

--

-R

-R

-B

row

n cr

eepe

r (C

erth

ia a

mer

ican

a )X

W-

--

--

W-

--

-R

-R

-R

ock

wre

n (S

alpi

ncte

s ob

sole

tus )

XB

--

--

R-

--

--

-X

--

Can

yon

wre

n (C

athe

rpes

mex

ican

us)

XR

T-

--

-B

--

--

--

R-

Bew

ick’

s w

ren

(Thr

yom

anes

bew

icki

i )-

-T

--

--

WX

R-

--

XR

-H

ouse

wre

n (T

rogl

odyt

es a

edon

)X

BT

BT

X-

BX

B-

-B

X-

BW

inte

r w

ren

(Tro

glod

ytes

trog

lody

tes )

-W

--

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Gol

den-

crow

ned

king

let (

Reg

ulus

sat

rapa

)-

W-

--

--

W-

--

--

-W

-R

uby-

crow

ned

king

let (

Reg

ulus

cal

endu

la)

XW

TW

T-

-W

-W

--

R-

T-

Blu

e-gr

ay g

natc

atch

er (

Pol

iopt

ila c

aeru

lea )

XT

TB

BX

-B

XB

--

-X

BB

(con

.)

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Wes

tern

blu

ebird

(S

ialia

mex

ican

a )-

--

--

X-

BX

B-

-R

-R

BM

ount

ain

blue

bird

(S

ialia

cur

ruco

ides

)X

B-

B-

X-

BX

B-

X-

XR

-T

owns

end’

s so

litai

re (

Mya

dest

es to

wns

endi

)X

WT

--

--

B-

W-

XR

XR

BV

eery

(C

atha

rus

fusc

esce

ns)

-B

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

Her

mit

thru

sh (

Cat

haru

s gu

ttatu

s )X

B-

--

--

B-

--

XB

-B

BA

mer

ican

rob

in (

Turd

us m

igra

toriu

s )X

RB

RB

XR

BX

R-

XR

XR

BG

ray

catb

ird (

Dum

etel

la c

arol

inen

sis )

-B

--

B-

-B

-B

--

--

--

Nor

ther

n m

ocki

ngbi

rd (

Mim

us p

olyg

lotto

s )-

--

--

--

R-

--

--

--

-S

age

thra

sher

(O

reos

copt

es m

onta

nus )

-T

T-

T-

-T

--

--

--

--

Eur

opea

n st

arlin

g (S

turn

us v

ulga

ris)g

--

--

T-

-B

-R

--

--

--

Boh

emia

n w

axw

ing

(Bom

byci

lla g

arru

lus )

XW

--

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Ced

ar w

axw

ing

(Bom

byci

lla c

edro

rum

)X

W-

--

--

W-

--

--

--

-O

live

war

bler

(P

euce

dram

us ta

enia

tus )

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

-N

/AN

/AN

/A-

N/A

-N

/A-

BT

enne

ssee

war

bler

(V

erm

ivor

a pe

regr

ina )

--

--

-X

N/A

--

--

XN

/A-

--

Ora

nge-

crow

ned

war

bler

(V

erm

ivor

a ce

lata

)X

BT

B-

--

BX

BB

--

-B

BN

ashv

ille

war

bler

(V

erm

ivor

a ru

ficap

illa )

XT

--

--

-T

--

--

--

--

Virg

inia

’s w

arbl

er (

Ver

miv

ora

virg

inia

e )X

BB

BB

XB

BX

BB

XB

-B

BY

ello

w w

arbl

er (

Den

droi

ca p

etec

hia )

-B

-B

B-

--

-B

--

--

--

Yel

low

-rum

ped

war

bler

(D

endr

oica

cor

onat

a )X

BT

BT

X-

-X

B-

XB

-B

BB

lack

-thr

oate

d gr

ay w

arbl

er (

Den

droi

ca n

igre

scen

s )-

-T

--

X-

B-

--

-B

-B

BH

erm

it w

arbl

er (

Den

droi

ca o

ccid

enta

lis)

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-B

Gra

ce’s

war

bler

(D

endr

oica

gra

ciae

)-

--

--

--

--

--

-B

-B

BA

mer

ican

red

star

t (S

etop

haga

rutic

illa )

--

--

--

-B

--

--

--

--

Nor

ther

n w

ater

thru

sh (

Sei

urus

nov

ebor

acen

sis )

--

--

--

-T

--

--

--

--

Mac

Gill

ivra

y’s

war

bler

(O

poro

rnis

tolm

iei )

XB

TB

TX

BT

XB

T-

B-

--

Wils

on’s

war

bler

(W

ilson

ia p

usill

a )X

T-

--

--

T-

--

--

--

BR

ed-f

aced

war

bler

(C

arde

llina

rubr

ifron

s )N

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/AN

/A-

N/A

N/A

N/A

-N

/A-

N/A

-B

Pai

nted

red

star

t (M

yiob

orus

pic

tus )

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

--

-B

Yel

low

-bre

aste

d ch

at (

Icte

ria v

irens

)-

BB

-B

--

BX

B-

--

--

-H

epat

ic ta

nage

r (P

irang

a fla

va)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

--

-B

Wes

tern

tana

ger

(Pira

nga

ludo

vici

ana )

XT

TM

/TT

XB

T-

B-

XB

-B

BG

reen

-tai

led

tow

hee

(Pip

ilo c

hlor

urus

)-

BT

BT

XB

BX

B-

XB

X-

-S

potte

d to

whe

e (P

ipilo

mac

ulat

us)

XR

RR

RX

RB

XR

R-

RX

RB

Ruf

ous-

crow

ned

spar

row

(A

imop

hila

rufic

eps )

--

--

--

--

--

-X

--

--

Am

eric

an tr

ee s

parr

ow (

Spi

zella

arb

orea

)-

--

--

--

WX

--

X-

--

-

(con

.)

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Chi

ppin

g sp

arro

w (

Spi

zella

pas

serin

a )X

BT

BT

XB

BX

B-

XB

XB

-C

lay-

colo

red

spar

row

(S

pize

lla p

allid

a )-

--

--

--

T-

--

--

--

-B

rew

er’s

spa

rrow

(S

pize

lla b

rew

eri )

-T

T-

BX

-B

--

--

--

--

Ves

per

spar

row

(P

ooec

etes

gra

min

eus )

-T

-B

T-

-B

XB

--

--

B-

Lark

spa

rrow

(C

hond

este

s gr

amm

acus

)X

-B

-T

--

TX

B-

--

X-

-B

lack

-thr

oate

d sp

arro

w (

Am

phis

piza

bili

neat

a )-

--

--

--

B-

--

--

--

-S

age

spar

row

(A

mph

ispi

za b

elli )

--

--

--

-B

--

--

--

--

Sav

anna

h sp

arro

w (

Pas

serc

ulus

san

dwic

hens

is)

--

--

TX

-T

--

--

-X

--

Fox

spa

rrow

(P

asse

rella

ilia

ca)

XB

T-

--

-B

-B

--

--

--

Son

g sp

arro

w (

Mel

ospi

za m

elod

ia)

XR

W-

-X

-B

-R

--

--

--

Linc

oln’

s sp

arro

w (

Mel

ospi

za li

ncol

nii )

--

--

--

-T

--

--

--

--

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

spar

row

(Zo

notri

chia

alb

icol

lis)

--

--

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Har

ris’ s

parr

ow (

Zono

trich

ia q

ueru

la)

--

-W

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Whi

te-c

row

ned

spar

row

(Zo

notri

chia

leuc

ophr

ys)

XW

W-

T-

-T

--

--

--

--

Gol

den-

crow

ned

spar

row

(Zo

notri

chia

atri

capi

lla)

--

--

--

-W

--

--

--

--

Dar

k-ey

ed ju

nco

(Jun

co h

yem

alis

)X

RW

R-

--

TX

--

XR

XB

-S

now

bun

ting

(Ple

ctro

phen

ax n

ival

is)

--

--

--

-W

--

N/A

--

-N

/AN

/AR

ose-

brea

sted

gro

sbea

k (P

heuc

ticus

ludo

vici

anus

)-

--

--

--

T-

--

--

--

-B

lack

-hea

ded

gros

beak

(P

heuc

ticus

mel

anoc

epha

lus )

XB

BB

B-

BB

XB

--

B-

BB

Blu

e gr

osbe

ak (

Gui

raca

cae

rule

a )-

--

--

--

R-

--

-B

--

-La

zuli

bunt

ing

(Pas

serin

a am

oena

)X

BB

BB

--

BX

B-

--

--

BW

este

rn m

eado

wla

rk (

Stu

rnel

la n

egle

cta )

XR

-T

TX

-B

-R

--

--

--

Bre

wer

’s b

lack

bird

(E

upha

gus

cyan

ocep

halu

s )-

TB

--

X-

B-

--

--

--

-B

row

n-he

aded

cow

bird

(M

olot

hrus

ate

r )-

-B

-B

X-

B-

--

XB

X-

BB

ullo

ck’s

orio

le (

Icte

rus

bullo

ckii )

--

-B

B-

-B

-B

-X

--

--

Sco

tt’s

orio

le (

Icte

rus

paris

orum

)-

--

--

--

B-

--

--

--

BB

lack

ros

y-fin

ch (

Leuc

ostic

te a

trata

)-

WW

-W

--

W-

--

--

--

-P

ine

gros

beak

(P

inic

ola

enuc

leat

or)

-W

--

--

-W

--

--

--

W-

Cas

sin’

s fin

ch (

Car

poda

cus

cass

inii )

X-

--

--

-B

--

--

--

BB

Hou

se fi

nch

(Car

poda

cus

mex

ican

us)

XR

RR

TX

-B

-R

--

-X

--

Red

cro

ssbi

ll (L

oxia

cur

viro

stra

)-

--

--

--

--

--

-R

-R

-C

omm

on r

edpo

ll (C

ardu

elis

flam

mea

)-

--

--

-N

/AW

--

N/A

-N

/A-

N/A

N/A

Pin

e si

skin

(C

ardu

elis

pin

us)

XR

RW

BX

R-

XR

-X

R-

RB

Less

er g

oldf

inch

(C

ardu

elis

psa

ltria

)X

-B

--

--

R-

R-

-B

--

-A

mer

ican

gol

dfin

ch (

Car

duel

is tr

istis

)X

RR

RT

X-

--

R-

--

--

-

(con

.)

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Eve

ning

gro

sbea

k ( C

occo

thra

uste

s ve

sper

tinus

)X

WT

--

--

WX

W-

--

-T

-H

ouse

spa

rrow

(P

asse

r dom

estic

us)g

--

--

T-

-B

--

--

--

--

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

spe

cies

:53

104

6649

6762

2014

049

786

4050

3764

N/A

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

res

iden

ts:

N/A

2711

156

N/A

816

N/A

362

N/A

21N

/A30

N/A

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

bre

edin

g m

igra

nts:

N/A

3620

2318

N/A

1280

N/A

352

N/A

29N

/A25

45T

otal

num

ber

of w

inte

r m

igra

nts:

N/A

138

55

N/A

N/A

24N

/A5

1N

/AN

/AN

/A3

N/A

Tot

al n

umbe

r of

loca

l/mig

ratio

nal t

rans

ient

s: N

/A28

276

38N

/AN

/A20

N/A

21

N/A

N/A

N/A

6N

/A

a Com

mon

and

sci

entif

ic n

ames

, as

wel

l as

orde

r in

whi

ch s

peci

es a

re p

rese

nted

, fol

low

Am

eric

an O

rnith

olog

ists

’ Uni

on (

1998

).b C

olum

n he

adin

gs in

dica

te s

ourc

e: A

= F

rost

(19

47),

B =

Hay

war

d (1

948)

, C =

Ber

rett

(195

8), D

= P

erry

(19

73),

E =

Mar

ti (1

977)

, F =

Ste

inho

ff (1

978)

, G =

Tat

schl

(19

67),

H =

Wal

ters

(19

81),

I =

Woo

dbur

y an

d C

otta

m (

1962

), J

= B

ehle

and

Per

ry (

1975

), K

= L

aRue

(19

94),

L =

Blo

ck a

nd o

ther

s (1

992)

.c A

utho

r re

port

s br

eedi

ng b

irds

only

.d A

utho

r re

port

s su

mm

er r

esid

ents

onl

y.e S

peci

es is

pre

sent

yea

r ro

und,

but

indi

vidu

al b

irds

mig

rate

latit

udin

ally

, suc

h th

at b

reed

ing

bird

s ar

e re

plac

ed b

y m

igra

nts

from

fart

her

nort

h du

ring

win

ter.

f Spe

cies

is a

ltitu

dina

l mig

rant

.g S

peci

es is

intr

oduc

ed.

Ap

pen

dix

A (

Con

.)

Po

nd

ero

sa p

ine/

Mix

ed c

on

ifer

/S

ub

mo

nta

ne

gam

bel

oak

gam

bel

oak

Gam

bel

oak

wo

od

lan

dsh

rub

fore

stfo

rest

N.C

.W

.N

.C.

N.C

.N

.W

.N

.C.

W.

N.

S.E

.U

TC

ON

MU

TU

TU

TA

ZC

ON

MC

OA

ZA

ZS

pec

iesa

Ab

BC

DE

FG

cH

IJ

KF

Gc

FK

Ld



Appendix B–Life history traits (taken from Ehrlich and others 1988) of bird species reported fromthe gambel oak (Quercus gambelii Nutt.) vegetation type in the western United States (occurrencedata from Hayward 1948, Woodbury and Cottam 1962, Tatschl 1967, Perry 1973, Behle and Perry1975, Marti 1977, Steinhoff 1978, Walters 1981, Block and others 1992).

Nesting guild Foraging guildNest Nest Foraging Foraging Food

Speciesa Activityb locationc typed layere methodf typeg

Herons and vultures (Ciconiiformes)Great blue heron D N/A N/A WAT SS PIBlack-crowned night-heron D N/A N/A WAT SS PITurkey vulture D CL - GR HS SC

Waterfowl (Anseriformes)Mallard D N/A N/A WAT DA GVNorthern pintail D N/A N/A WAT DA GVBufflehead D N/A N/A WAT SD INCommon goldeneye D N/A N/A WAT SD IN

Raptors (Falconiformes)Bald eagle D N/A N/A GR HS CANorthern harrier D GR PL GR LS CASharp-shinned hawk D TR PL AIR AP CACooper’s hawk D TR PL AIR AP CANorthern goshawk D TR PL AIR AP CASwainson’s hawk D TR PL GR HS CARed-tailed hawk D TR PL GR HS CAFerruginous hawk D TR PL GR HP CARough-legged hawk D N/A N/A GR HP CAGolden eagle D CL PL GR HS CAAmerican kestrel D SN CA GR HP IN/CAMerlin D N/A N/A AIR AP CAPeregrine falcon D N/A N/A AIR AP CAPrairie falcon D CL SC AIR AP CA

Gallinaceous birds (Galliformes)Chukar D GR SC GR GG GVGray partridge D GR SC GR GG GVRing-necked pheasant D GR SC GR GG OMRuffed grouse D GR SC GR GG OMSage grouse D GR SC GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FOBlue grouse D GR SC GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FOCalifornia quail D GR SC GR GG GV

Shorebirds (Charadriiformes)Spotted sandpiper D GR SC GR GG INFranklin’s gull D N/A N/A GR GG INRing-billed gull D GR SA GR GG OMCalifornia gull D N/A N/A WAT LD IN

Pigeons and doves (Columbiformes)Rock dove D CL SA GR GG GVBand-tailed pigeon D TR PL SH/TR FG GV/FRMourning dove D SH/TR SA GR GG GV

(con.)



Owls (Strigiformes)Barn owl N SN CA GR LS CAFlammulated owl N SN CA AIR HA INWestern screech-owl N SN CA GR SW CAGreat horned owl N TR - GR SW CANorthern pygmy-owl N SN CA GR SW CABurrowing owl D/N GR BU GR SW IN/CALong-eared owl N TR - GR LS CAShort-eared owl N GR SC GR LS CANorthern saw-whet owl N SN CA GR SW CA

Nightjars (Caprimulgiformes)Common nighthawk D/N GR - AIR AF INCommon poorwill N GR - AIR AF IN

Swifts and hummingbirds (Apodiformes)White-throated swift D CL CR AIR AF INBlack-chinned hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NECalliope hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NEBroad-tailed hummingbird D SH/TR CU HERB HG NERufous hummingbird D VN/TR CU HERB HG NE

Kingfishers (Coraciiformes)Belted kingfisher D BA BU WAT HD PI

Woodpeckers (Piciformes)Lewis’ woodpecker D TR/SN CA AIR/GR HA/GG IN/GVWilliamson’s sapsucker D TR CA TR BG INRed-naped sapsucker D TR CA TR BG INDowny woodpecker D SN CA TR BG INHairy woodpecker D TR CA TR BG INNorthern flicker D SN CA GR/TR GG/BG IN

Songbirds and passerines (Passeriformes)Olive-sided flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INGreater pewee D TR CU AIR HA INWestern wood-pewee D TR CU AIR HA INWillow flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INHammond’s flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INGray flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INDusky flycatcher D SH CU AIR HA INCordilleran flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INSay’s phoebe D CL CU AIR HA INDusky-capped flycatcher D TR CU AIR HA INAsh-throated flycatcher D TR CA SH/TR HG INSulphur-bellied flycatcher D TR CA AIR HA INCassin’s kingbird D N/A N/A AIR HA INWestern kingbird D TR CU AIR HA INEastern kingbird D TR CU AIR HA INLoggerhead shrike D TR CU GR SW IN/CANorthern shrike D N/A N/A GR SW CA

Appendix B (Con.)



(con.)



Appendix B (Con.)



(con.)

Bell’s vireo D SH CU SH/TR FG INPlumbeous vireo D TR CU SH/TR FG INHutton’s vireo D TR CU SH/TR FG INWarbling vireo D SH/TR CU SH/TR FG INRed-eyed vireo D N/A N/A SH/TR HG INSteller’s jay D SH/TR CU GR GG OMBlue jay D N/A N/A GR GG OMWestern scrub-jay D SH/TR CU GR GG OMPinyon jay D N/A N/A GR GG OMClark’s nutcracker D N/A N/A SH/TR FG OMBlack-billed magpie D SH/TR SP GR GG OMAmerican crow D TR CU GR GG OMCommon raven D CL CU GR GG OMHorned lark D GR SA GR GG GVTree swallow D N/A N/A AIR AF INViolet-green swallow D SN CA AIR AF INN. rough-winged swallow D BA BU AIR AF INBank swallow D BA BU AIR AF INCliff swallow D VF SP AIR AF INBarn swallow D VF CU AIR AF INBlack-capped chickadee D TR CA SH/TR FG INMountain chickadee D TR CA SH/TR FG INJuniper titmouse D TR CA SH/TR FG INBushtit D TR PN SH/TR FG INRed-breasted nuthatch D TR CA SH/TR BG INWhite-breasted nuthatch D TR CA TR BG INPygmy nuthatch D TR CA TR BG INBrown creeper D TR CA TR BG INRock wren D GR CR GR GG INCanyon wren D CL CR GR GG INBewick’s wren D TR CA GR GG INHouse wren D TR CA GR GG INWinter wren D N/A N/A GR GG INGolden-crowned kinglet D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INRuby-crowned kinglet D TR PN SH/TR FG INBlue-gray gnatcatcher D TR CU SH/TR FG INWestern bluebird D SN CA AIR HA INMountain bluebird D SN CA GR SW INTownsend’s solitaire D GR CU AIR HA INVeery D GR CU GR GG INHermit thrush D SH/TR CU GR GG INAmerican robin D SH/TR CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FRGray catbird D SH CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG INNorthern mockingbird D SH CU GR/SH/TR GG/FG IN/FRSage thrasher D N/A N/A GR GG OMEuropean starling D TR CA GR GG INBohemian waxwing D N/A N/A SH/TR FG FRCedar waxwing D N/A N/A SH/TR FG FROlive warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INTennessee warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INOrange-crowned warbler D GR/SH CU SH/TR FG IN



Nashville warbler D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INVirginia’s warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INYellow warbler D SH CU SH/TR FG INYellow-rumped warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INYellow-rumped warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INBlack-throated gray warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INHermit warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INGrace’s warbler D TR CU SH/TR FG INAmerican redstart D TR CU SH/TR HG INNorthern waterthrush D N/A N/A WAT/GR GG INMacGillivray’s warbler D SH CU SH/TR FG INWilson’s warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INRed-faced warbler D GR CU SH/TR FG INPainted redstart D GR CU SH/TR FG INYellow-breasted chat D SH CU SH/TR FG INHepatic tanager D TR SA SH/TR FG INWestern tanager D TR CU SH/TR FG INGreen-tailed towhee D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/OMSpotted towhee D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/OMRufous-crowned sparrow D GR CU GR GG INAmerican Tree sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVChipping sparrow D SH/TR CU GR GG IN/GVClay-colored sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVBrewer’s sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVVesper sparrow D GR CU GR GG IN/GVLark sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG GV/INBlack-throated sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVSage sparrow D SH CU GR GG IN/GVSavannah sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVFox sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/GVSong sparrow D GR/SH CU GR GG IN/GVLincoln’s sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG IN/GVWhite-throated sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVHarris’s sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVWhite-crowned sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVGolden-crowned sparrow D N/A N/A GR GG GVDark-eyed junco D GR CU GR GG GVSnow bunting D N/A N/A GR GG INRose-breasted grosbeak D N/A N/A SH/TR FG INBlack-headed grosbeak D SH/TR CU SH/TR FG INBlue grosbeak D SH CU GR GG INLazuli bunting D SH CU GR GG INWestern meadowlark D GR CU GR GG IN/GVBrewer’s blackbird D SH/TR CU GR GG INBrown-headed cowbird D SH/TR CU GR GG INBullock’s oriole D TR PN SH/TR FG INScott’s oriole D TR PN SH/TR FG INBlack rosy-finch D N/A N/A GR GG GVPine grosbeak D N/A N/A HERB/SH/TR FG GVCassin’s finch D TR CU GR GG GVHouse finch D SH/TR CU GR GG GVRed crossbill D TR CU SH/TR FG GV

Appendix B (Con.)



(con.)



Appendix B (Con.)



Common redpoll D N/A N/A HERB/SH FG GVPine siskin D TR SA HERB/SH/TR FG GVLesser goldfinch D SH/TR CU HERB/SH/TR FG GVAmerican goldfinch D SH CU HERB/SH/TR FG GVEvening grosbeak D N/A N/A GR/SH/TR GG/FG GV/FOHouse sparrow D TR CA GR GG GV

a Common and scientific names, and order in which species are presented, follow American Ornithologists’ Union (1998).b D = diurnal, N = nocturnal.c BA = bank, CL = cliff, GR = ground, SH = shrub, SN = snag, TR = tree, VF = vertical face, VN = vine, N/A = species does not nest in gambel

oak habitat.d BU = burrow, CA = cavity, CR = crevice, CU = cup, PL = platform, PN = pendant, SA = saucer, SC = scrape, SP = sphere, - = species does

not build nest, N/A = species does not nest in gambel oak habitat.e AIR = air, GR = ground, HERB = herbaceous vegetation, SH = shrub, TR = tree, WAT = water.f AF = aerial feed, AP = aerial pursuit, BG = bark glean, DA = dabble, FG = foliage glean, GG = ground glean, HA = hawk, HD = high

dive, HG = hover and glean, HP = hover and pounce, HS = high soar, LD = low dive, LS = low soar, SD = surface dive, SS = stalk and strike,SW = swoop.

g CA = carnivore (excl. fish, invertebrates), FO = folivore, FR = frugivore, GV = granivore, IN = insectivore (incl. other invertebrates), NE =nectarivore, OM = omnivore, PI = piscivore, SC = scavenger.



(con

.)

Ap

pen

dix

C–P

op

ula

tio

n t

ren

ds

(DeG

raaf

an

d R

app

ole

199

5) a

nd

Par

tner

s in

Flig

ht

(PIF

) co

nce

rn s

core

s o

f b

ird

sp

ecie

sre

po

rted

fro

m t

he

gam

bel

oak

(Q

uer

cus

gam

bel

ii N

utt

.) v

eget

atio

n t

ype

in t

he

Wes

tern

Un

ited

Sta

tes

(occ

urr

ence

dat

a fr

om

Hay

war

d 1

948,

Wo

od

bu

ry a

nd

Co

ttam

196

2, T

atsc

hl 1

967,

Per

ry 1

973,

Beh

le a

nd

Per

ry 1

975,

Mar

ti 1

977,

Ste

inh

off

197

8,W

alte

rs 1

981,

an

d B

lock

an

d o

ther

s 19

92)a . P

op

ula

tio

n t

ren

db

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

Her

on

s an

d v

ult

ure

s (C

ico

niif

orm

es)

Gre

at b

lue

hero

n-

--

-13

1214

1712

-14

1413

Bla

ck-c

row

ned

nigh

t-he

ron

--

--

1413

1416

14-

1514

14T

urke

y vu

lture

--

-I

1212

1112

1212

1013

13

Wat

erfo

wl (

An

seri

form

es)

Mal

lard

--

--

1211

10-

11-

1113

11N

orth

ern

pint

ail

--

DD

1213

14-

13-

1413

13B

uffle

head

--

--

-17

--

17-

--

-C

omm

on g

olde

neye

--

--

--

--

--

--

-

Rap

tors

(F

alco

nif

orm

es)

Bal

d ea

gle

--

--

1918

-20

--

1818

18N

orth

ern

harr

ier

--

--

1720

1718

17-

19-

17S

harp

-shi

nned

haw

k-

-I

-17

1516

1515

-17

1616

Coo

per’s

haw

k-

--

-18

1518

1815

-17

1816

Nor

ther

n go

shaw

k-

--

-19

1719

2117

-19

2018

Sw

ains

on’s

haw

k-

-I

-22

2221

1721

2019

2121

Red

-tai

led

haw

kI

-I

I12

1112

1313

1312

1412

Fer

rugi

nous

haw

k-

-I

-22

2422

2321

-23

2122

Rou

gh-le

gged

haw

k-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Gol

den

eagl

e-

--

-18

1717

1616

1917

1418

Am

eric

an k

estr

el-

D-

D15

1714

1315

1313

1315

Mer

lin-

--

--

13-

18-

-16

--

Per

egrin

e fa

lcon

--

--

1919

1921

19-

1917

18P

rairi

e fa

lcon

--

D-

2220

2321

2021

2419

20

Gal

linac

eou

s b

ird

s (G

allif

orm

es)

Chu

kar

--

--

1010

1117

10-

11-

10G

ray

part

ridge

--

--

N/A

N/A

N/A

17-

-10

--

Rin

g-ne

cked

phe

asan

t-

--

-10

1411

18-

-13

-11

Ruf

fed

grou

se-

--

-N

/A15

N/A

21-

-17

--

Sag

e gr

ouse

--

--

N/A

2524

25-

-25

--

Blu

e gr

ouse

--

--

2120

2121

20-

2020

20C

alifo

rnia

qua

il-

--

-N

/AN

/AN

/A18

--

21-

-



Ap

pen

dix

C (

Con

.)

Po

pu

lati

on

tre

nd

b

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

(con

.)

Sh

ore

bir

ds

(Ch

arad

riif

orm

es)

Spo

tted

sand

pipe

r-

--

-13

1312

1513

-12

-12

Fra

nklin

’s g

ull

--

--

--

-22

--

24-

-R

ing-

bille

d gu

ll-

--

I-

--

15-

-13

--

Cal

iforn

ia g

ull

--

--

-17

N/A

15-

-19

--

Pig

eon

s an

d d

ove

s (C

olu

mb

ifo

rmes

)R

ock

dove

--

--

1111

1111

12-

910

10B

and-

taile

d pi

geon

--

DD

2019

1918

19-

-20

20M

ourn

ing

dove

--

DD

1211

149

1311

1012

12

Ow

ls (

Str

igif

orm

es)

Bar

n ow

l-

--

-18

1617

16-

-18

1615

Fla

mm

ulat

ed o

wl

--

--

2221

2219

22-

2223

21W

este

rn s

cree

ch-o

wl

--

--

1817

1822

15-

1818

17G

reat

hor

ned

owl

--

--

1311

1312

1313

1114

13N

orth

ern

pygm

y-ow

l-

--

-18

1717

2117

-19

1717

Bur

row

ing

owl

--

II

1822

1919

--

1717

19Lo

ng-e

ared

ow

l-

--

-16

1616

1516

-16

1717

Sho

rt-e

ared

ow

l-

-D

--

20-

1918

-22

-19

Nor

ther

n sa

w-w

het o

wl

--

--

1515

1516

15-

1516

15

Nig

htj

ars

(Cap

rim

ulg

ifo

rmes

)C

omm

on n

ight

haw

k-

D-

-17

1419

1513

1515

1618

Com

mon

poo

rwill

--

--

2120

2020

1919

1919

21

Sw

ifts

an

d h

um

min

gb

ird

s (A

po

dif

orm

es)

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

swift

--

--

1718

1719

18-

1618

20B

lack

-chi

nned

hum

min

gbird

-I

--

2123

2220

--

2122

23C

allio

pe h

umm

ingb

ird-

--

--

--

22-

2122

--

Bro

ad-t

aile

d hu

mm

ingb

ird-

--

I20

2021

2320

-20

2219

Ruf

ous

hum

min

gbird

--

D-

--

--

--

20-

-

Kin

gfi

sher

s (C

ora

ciif

orm

es)

Bel

ted

king

fishe

r-

--

-15

1414

1515

1515

1515

Wo

od

pec

kers

(P

icif

orm

es)

Lew

is’ w

oodp

ecke

r-

--

-24

2223

2823

2422

2322

Will

iam

son’

s sa

psuc

ker

--

--

2122

2222

23-

2222

21



Ap

pen

dix

C (

Con

.)

Po

pu

lati

on

tre

nd

b

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

(con

.)

Red

-nap

ed s

apsu

cker

--

--

2121

2121

21-

2122

21D

owny

woo

dpec

ker

--

--

1313

1414

13-

1415

14H

airy

woo

dpec

ker

--

--

1715

1514

15-

1417

16N

orth

ern

flick

er-

--

-13

1213

1314

1414

1412

So

ng

bir

ds

and

pas

seri

nes

(P

asse

rifo

rmes

)O

live-

side

d fly

catc

her

--

DD

1919

1722

17-

1819

18G

reat

er p

ewee

--

--

22N

/A23

N/A

--

-22

-W

este

rn w

ood-

pew

eeD

-D

-19

1719

1917

1615

1819

Will

ow fl

ycat

cher

--

--

2318

1820

18-

1821

20H

amm

ond’

s fly

catc

her

--

--

2019

2122

20-

21-

20G

ray

flyca

tche

rI

-I

I23

2021

23-

2222

2323

Dus

ky fl

ycat

cher

--

--

2120

2021

1922

1921

21C

ordi

llera

n fly

catc

her

--

--

2121

2023

21-

2021

21S

ay’s

pho

ebe

--

--

1717

1816

17-

1619

18D

usky

-cap

ped

flyca

tche

r-

--

-14

-15

N/A

--

--

-A

sh-t

hroa

ted

flyca

tche

r-

-I

-17

1617

1715

1615

1917

Sul

phur

-bel

lied

flyca

tche

r-

--

-19

N/A

N/A

N/A

--

--

-C

assi

n’s

king

bird

--

--

2520

2321

19-

-24

22W

este

rn k

ingb

ird-

--

-17

1617

18-

-17

1819

Eas

tern

kin

gbird

--

--

-14

1418

--

14-

-Lo

gger

head

shr

ike

DD

D-

1716

2220

1718

2018

19N

orth

ern

shrik

e-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Bel

l’s v

ireo

--

--

2523

2325

--

-23

22P

lum

beou

s vi

reo

-I

II

1920

2021

20-

1919

18H

utto

n’s

vire

o-

--

-20

N/A

20N

/A-

--

20-

War

blin

g vi

reo

--

II

1718

2016

18-

1618

17R

ed-e

yed

vire

o-

--

D-

13N

/A-

13-

--

-S

telle

r’s ja

y-

--

-16

1517

1715

-14

1617

Blu

e ja

y-

--

--

1213

--

--

-12

Wes

tern

scr

ub-ja

y-

--

-18

1917

1818

1716

1819

Pin

yon

jay

--

--

2018

1921

1921

2220

21C

lark

’s n

utcr

acke

r-

--

-17

1618

1916

1917

1817

Bla

ck-b

illed

mag

pie

--

--

1517

1717

1716

17-

15A

mer

ican

cro

w-

--

-10

1110

119

1010

1210

Com

mon

rav

en-

--

-10

1012

1110

1212

1112

Hor

ned

lark

D-

DD

1412

169

10-

1112

14T

ree

swal

low

--

--

1515

1415

15-

1615

15V

iole

t-gr

een

swal

low

DD

--

1819

2118

1918

1620

18N

orth

ern

roug

h-w

inge

d sw

allo

w-

--

-17

1516

1515

1617

1617



Ban

k sw

allo

w-

--

--

1314

1713

1413

-14

Clif

f sw

allo

w-

II

-11

1112

1411

1312

1313

Bar

n sw

allo

w-

--

D12

1110

1212

1213

1212

Bla

ck-c

appe

d ch

icka

dee

--

--

-12

1415

1214

13-

15M

ount

ain

chic

kade

e-

--

-17

1515

2016

1816

1817

Juni

per

titm

ouse

--

--

2020

2121

-19

1921

22B

usht

it-

--

-15

1616

18-

1515

1716

Red

-bre

aste

d nu

that

ch-

--

-13

1314

1214

-13

1414

Whi

te-b

reas

ted

nuth

atch

--

--

1413

1514

13-

1416

14P

ygm

y nu

that

ch-

--

-21

1920

2119

--

2119

Bro

wn

cree

per

--

--

1515

1617

15-

1616

15R

ock

wre

n-

--

-19

1617

1815

1616

1616

Can

yon

wre

n-

--

-19

1717

1917

1918

1718

Bew

ick’

s w

ren

I-

-D

1816

1718

1618

1719

16H

ouse

wre

n-

-I

I11

1313

1313

-10

1413

Win

ter

wre

n-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Gol

den-

crow

ned

king

let

--

D-

1616

1719

16-

1517

16R

uby-

crow

ned

king

let

--

--

1516

1515

1616

1416

15B

lue-

gray

gna

tcat

cher

--

--

1615

1517

1516

1516

14W

este

rn b

lueb

ird-

--

-23

1919

1917

19-

2320

Mou

ntai

n bl

uebi

rd-

--

-21

1721

2018

1818

1919

Tow

nsen

d’s

solit

aire

--

--

1817

1821

1719

1718

16V

eery

--

--

1617

1821

17-

1917

18H

erm

it th

rush

--

--

1615

1817

1615

1517

16A

mer

ican

rob

in-

--

-10

1110

1011

1210

1111

Gra

y ca

tbird

--

--

1615

1620

15-

1617

14N

orth

ern

moc

king

bird

--

--

1113

1213

11-

811

12S

age

thra

sher

--

--

1817

1820

18-

20-

18E

urop

ean

star

ling

--

--

1010

910

1010

1011

10B

ohem

ian

wax

win

g-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Ced

ar w

axw

ing

--

--

-13

-17

1313

13-

-O

live

war

bler

--

--

22N

/A23

N/A

--

--

-T

enne

ssee

war

bler

--

-D

--

N/A

--

--

--

Ora

nge-

crow

ned

war

bler

-I

--

1313

1417

12-

1414

14N

ashv

ille

war

bler

--

--

--

--

--

--

-V

irgin

ia’s

war

bler

-I

I-

2624

2526

2324

2326

22Y

ello

w w

arbl

er-

I-

-14

1212

1314

-13

1314

Yel

low

-rum

ped

war

bler

-D

--

1314

1218

14-

1215

14B

lack

-thr

oate

d gr

ay w

arbl

er-

--

-22

2122

2320

2221

2321

Ap

pen

dix

C (

Con

.)

Po

pu

lati

on

tre

nd

b

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

(con

.)



Ap

pen

dix

C (

Con

.)

Po

pu

lati

on

tre

nd

b

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

(con

.)

Her

mit

war

bler

--

--

--

--

--

--

-G

race

’s w

arbl

er-

--

-22

2222

2123

--

2422

Am

eric

an r

edst

art

--

--

1414

-18

14-

1315

13N

orth

ern

wat

erth

rush

--

--

-13

--

--

--

-M

acG

illiv

ray’

s w

arbl

erD

--

-19

2019

1820

-18

1919

Wils

on’s

war

bler

--

--

-17

1617

19-

17-

-R

ed-f

aced

war

bler

--

--

28N

/A26

N/A

--

-27

25P

aint

ed r

edst

art

--

--

23-

22N

/A-

--

23-

Yel

low

-bre

aste

d ch

at-

--

I17

1616

1815

-16

1716

Hep

atic

tana

ger

--

--

1814

16N

/A15

--

1815

Wes

tern

tana

ger

--

-I

1720

1716

17-

1718

16G

reen

-tai

led

tow

hee

--

--

1919

2020

1919

1819

20S

potte

d to

whe

e-

--

I16

1717

1616

1515

1817

Ruf

ous-

crow

ned

spar

row

--

I-

2219

2121

--

-22

19A

mer

ican

Tre

e sp

arro

w-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Chi

ppin

g sp

arro

wD

-D

-13

1616

1416

-13

1516

Cla

y-co

lore

d sp

arro

w-

-D

--

--

--

--

--

Bre

wer

’s s

parr

ow-

-D

D18

1917

2319

-20

-15

Ves

per

spar

row

-D

-I

1515

1513

14-

1615

17La

rk s

parr

ow-

--

-18

1817

1917

1715

1816

Bla

ck-t

hroa

ted

spar

row

--

--

1916

1720

--

1616

18S

age

spar

row

--

--

2120

2120

20-

23-

20S

avan

nah

spar

row

D-

I-

1314

1315

14-

1214

13F

ox s

parr

ow-

--

--

15-

1715

-15

-14

Son

g sp

arro

w-

--

-13

1112

1311

-13

1312

Linc

oln’

s sp

arro

w-

-I

-14

1715

1517

-16

1615

Whi

te-t

hroa

ted

spar

row

--

--

--

--

--

--

-H

arris

’s s

parr

ow-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Whi

te-c

row

ned

spar

row

--

D-

1214

1313

14-

1211

12G

olde

n-cr

owne

d sp

arro

w-

--

--

--

--

--

--

Dar

k-ey

ed ju

nco

--

--

1213

1311

13-

1213

14S

now

bun

ting

--

--

N/A

--

--

--

--

Ros

e-br

east

ed g

rosb

eak

--

I-

-17

--

--

--

-B

lack

-hea

ded

gros

beak

--

--

1917

1919

18-

1921

20B

lue

gros

beak

I-

II

1516

1521

--

1616

15La

zuli

bunt

ing

--

--

1819

1819

2021

1918

18W

este

rn m

eado

wla

rk-

-D

D14

1515

1614

-15

1516

Bre

wer

’s b

lack

bird

DD

DD

1113

1215

13-

1413

13B

row

n-he

aded

cow

bird

--

--

139

810

912

1012

10B

ullo

ck’s

orio

le-

-I

-16

1819

1916

-19

1818



Ap

pen

dix

C (

Con

.)

Po

pu

lati

on

tre

nd

b

Gam

bel

oak

ran

ged

Wes

tern

N. A

mer

icae

PIF

sco

re b

y st

atef

PIF

sco

re b

y p

hys

iog

rap

hic

reg

ion

g

Sp

ecie

sc19

66-1

994

1980

-199

419

66-1

994

1980

-199

4A

Zh

CO

hN

Mh

UT

i62

h69

h80

h84

h87

h

Sco

tt’s

orio

le-

--

-22

2021

21-

2021

2221

Bla

ck r

osy-

finch

--

--

--

-25

--

23-

-P

ine

gros

beak

--

--

1516

1618

16-

-15

16C

assi

n’s

finch

--

--

1818

1818

18-

1618

18H

ouse

finc

h-

--

-12

1014

109

-10

1211

Red

cro

ssbi

ll-

--

-15

1615

1518

-16

1616

Com

mon

red

poll

--

--

N/A

-N

/A-

--

--

-P

ine

sisk

in-

--

-12

1512

1215

-11

1413

Less

er g

oldf

inch

--

D-

1515

1617

15-

1516

15A

mer

ican

gol

dfin

ch-

--

-11

1213

1412

-13

1213

Eve

ning

gro

sbea

k-

--

-14

1413

1613

-14

1414

Hou

se s

parr

ow-

--

-10

128

99

1010

119

a PIF

ass

igns

spe

cies

con

cern

sco

res

usin

g a

geog

raph

ical

ly b

ased

prio

ritiz

atio

n sc

hem

e th

at c

an b

e de

fined

eith

er e

colo

gica

lly (

by p

hysi

ogra

phic

pro

vinc

e) o

r po

litic

ally

(by

sta

te).

Spe

cies

are

ass

igne

d a

rank

sco

re fr

om 1

(lo

w c

once

rn)

to 5

(hi

gh c

once

rn)

in s

even

crit

eria

that

ref

lect

a s

peci

es’ p

oten

tial t

o be

com

e ex

tirpa

ted:

glo

bal a

bund

ance

, glo

bal b

reed

ing

dist

ribut

ion,

glo

bal w

inte

ring

dist

ribut

ion,

thre

ats

to b

reed

ing

with

in s

tate

or

phys

iogr

aphi

c pr

ovin

ce, t

hrea

ts to

non

-bre

edin

g w

ithin

sta

te o

r ph

ysio

grap

hic

prov

ince

, sta

te o

rph

ysio

grap

hic

prov

ince

pop

ulat

ion

tren

d, a

nd a

rea

impo

rtan

ce (

abun

danc

e an

d di

strib

utio

n re

lativ

e to

glo

bal r

ange

). T

he c

umul

ativ

e co

ncer

n sc

ore,

whi

ch th

us r

ange

s fr

om 7

to 3

5, is

then

use

d to

ass

ign

a sp

ecie

s to

one

of f

ive

cons

erva

tion

prio

rity

cate

gorie

s: e

xtre

mel

y hi

gh (

30 to

35)

, ver

y hi

gh (

24 to

29)

, hig

h (1

9 to

23)

, mod

erat

e (1

3 to

18)

, and

low

(7

to 1

2).

Sco

res

are

site

-spe

cific

, tha

t is,

they

can

var

y fo

r a

give

n sp

ecie

s ac

ross

diff

eren

t sta

tes

or p

hysi

ogra

phic

are

as b

ased

on

loca

l con

ditio

ns (

Hun

ter

and

othe

rs 1

993)

.b S

peci

es in

clud

ed h

ave

show

n a

stat

istic

ally

sig

nific

ant (

p <

0.0

5) c

hang

e as

det

erm

ined

by

Bre

edin

g B

ird S

urve

y da

ta; D

= d

eclin

ing,

I =

incr

easi

ng, -

= tr

end

not s

igni

fican

t.c C

omm

on n

ames

and

ord

er in

whi

ch s

peci

es a

re p

rese

nted

follo

w A

mer

ican

Orn

ithol

ogis

ts’ U

nion

(19

98).

d Inc

lude

s th

e fo

llow

ing

phys

iogr

aphi

c re

gion

s: B

asin

and

Ran

ge, P

inyo

n-Ju

nipe

r W

oodl

ands

, and

Sou

ther

n R

ocki

es.

e Inc

lude

s U

.S. a

nd C

anad

a, fr

om th

e R

ocky

Mou

ntai

ns to

the

Pac

ific

Oce

an, e

xclu

ding

Ala

ska.

f - =

no

scor

e re

port

ed (

e.g.

, spe

cies

is w

inte

r m

igra

nt, v

agra

nt, o

r tr

ansi

ent)

; N/A

= s

peci

es d

oes

not o

ccur

in th

e re

spec

tive

stat

e, a

s de

term

ined

by

Ligo

n (1

961)

, Mon

son

and

Phi

llips

(19

81),

Beh

le a

nd o

ther

s (1

985)

, and

And

rew

s an

d R

ight

er (

1992

).g 6

2 =

Sou

ther

n R

ocky

Mou

ntai

ns, 6

9 =

Uta

h M

ount

ains

, 80

= B

asin

and

Ran

ge, 8

4 =

Mog

ollo

n R

im, 8

7 =

Col

orad

o P

late

au (

figur

e 4)

.h S

ourc

e: C

olor

ado

Bird

Obs

erva

tory

Dat

abas

e.i S

ourc

e: U

tah

Div

isio

n of

Wild

life

Res

ourc

es D

atab

ase.

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ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATIONRMRS

The Rocky Mountain Research Station develops scientific informa-tion and technology to improve management, protection, and use ofthe forests and rangelands. Research is designed to meet the needsof National Forest managers, Federal and State agencies, public andprivate organizations, academic institutions, industry, and individuals.

Studies accelerate solutions to problems involving ecosystems,range, forests, water, recreation, fire, resource inventory, land recla-mation, community sustainability, forest engineering technology,multiple use economics, wildlife and fish habitat, and forest insectsand diseases. Studies are conducted cooperatively, and applicationsmay be found worldwide.

Research Locations

Flagstaff, Arizona Reno, NevadaFort Collins, Colorado* Albuquerque, New MexicoBoise, Idaho Rapid City, South DakotaMoscow, Idaho Logan, UtahBozeman, Montana Ogden, UtahMissoula, Montana Provo, UtahLincoln, Nebraska Laramie, Wyoming

*Station Headquarters, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526

bird communities of gambel oak: a descriptive analysis · oak vegetation types in western colorado,...

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