birds
TRANSCRIPT
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Birds
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The evolutionary origin of birds has always been a subject of considerable debate. Birds and flying reptiles have delicate, lightweight skeletons which do not fossilize well - hindering studies on how the birds evolved. The first bird fossil to be found was a feather, which was discovered in 1860 in a limestone quarry in Bavaria. The feather was given the name Archaeopteryx, which is Greek for 'ancient feather'. A year later an almost complete skeleton of Archaeopteryx was discovered in the same quarry, with the feathers and other fine structures preserved in minute detail.
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The skeleton showed several features which are intermediate between reptiles and birds, suggesting that Archaeopteryx and the other birds evolved from a dinosaur similar to the Velociraptor featured in the film 'Jurassic Park'. Seven partial or complete Archaeopteryx skeletons have now been found, and they are still among the most famous, and scientifically valuable, fossils.
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Feathers make the bird
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Alabama Birds
Checklist of Alabama Birds - Geographical & Seasonal Distribution
Alabama Ornithological Society
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Order Gaviiformes
LoonsSpecialized for swimming and diving. Come ashore
only to breed. In flight, head lower than body. Wingbeats fast. Eat fish, crustaceans, some water
plants.
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Common loon – Gavia immer
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Order Podicipediformes
GrebesSwimming and diving birds, smaller than loons. Flat
lobes on toes. Short legs far back on body. Flight weak and hurried. Taxi before becoming airborne. Dive and
pursue aquatic animals.
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Pied-billed grebe – Podilymbus podiceps
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Order Pelecaniformes
Pelicans and their AlliesLarge, aquatic fish-eating birds with all four toes webbed. Most nest in large colonies and are silent
outside breeding grounds.
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American white pelican – Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
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White pelicans in flight.
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Brown pelican
Pelecanus occidentalis
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Brown pelican diving
For fish.
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Double-crested cormorant – Phalacrocorax auritus
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Double-crested cormorant
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Anghinga (snake bird) – Anhinga anhinga
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Order Anseriformes
WaterfowlAquatic, with webs between the three front toes. Long necks and narrow pointed wings. Flattened bills with
tooth-like edges that serve as strainers.
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Geese
Subfamily Anserinae
Tribe Anserini
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Canada goose – Branta canadensis
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Snow goose – Chen caerulescens
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Surface-feeding Ducks (Dabblers)
Subfamily Anserinae
Tribe Anatini
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Mallard – Anas platyrhynchos
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Summer Distribution
Winter Distribution
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Pintail – Anas acuta
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Blue-winged teal
Anas discors
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Blue-winged teal
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Green-winged teal – Anas crecca
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Perching or Wood Ducks
Subfamily Anserinae
Tribe Carinini
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Wood duck (drake) – Aix sponsa
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Female wood duck
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Wood duck
distribution
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Bay Ducks (Divers)
Subfamily Anatinae
Tribe Aythyini
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Redhead – Aythya americana
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Redhead distribution
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Canvasback – Aythya valisneria
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Ring-necked duck – Aythya collaris
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Ring-necked duck
distribution
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Lesser scaup – Aythya affinis
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Lesser scaup
distribution
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Sea Ducks
Subfamily Anatinae
Tribe Mergini
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Common goldeneye – Bucephala clangula
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Common goldeneye
distribution
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Canvasback distribution
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Bufflehead – Bucephala albeola
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Bufflehead distribution
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Hooded merganser – Lophodytes cucullatus
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Hooded merganser distribution
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Order Falconiformes
Eagles, Hawks, Falcons, Vultures
Diurnal birds of prey. Strong beaks and talons.
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Turkey vulture – Cathartes aura
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Turkey vulture in flight
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Black vulture – Coragyps atratus
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Vultures (two black, one turkey) feeding on carrion.
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Mississippi kite
Ictinia mississippiensis
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Swallow-tailed kit
Elanoides forficatus
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Cooper’s hawk
Accipiter cooperii
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Cooper’s hawk in flight
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Sharp-shinned and Cooper’s hawks
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Sharp-shinned hawk
Accipiter striatus
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Northern harrier – Circus cyaneus
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Red-tailed hawk
Buteo jamaicensis
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Red-tailed hawk in flight
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Red-shouldered hawk
Buteo lineatus
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Red-shouldered hawk in flight
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Golden eagle
Aquila chrysaetos
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Bald eagle
Haliaetus leucocephalus
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Osprey – Pandion haliaetus
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American kestrel – Falco sparverius
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Peregrine falcon- Falco peregrinus
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Order Galliformes
Gallinaceous BirdsHeavy-bodied, chicken-like land birds. Short, heavy
bill. Wings short and rounded. Legs rather long. Flight not fast, but can burst into full flight from a
sitting position. Capable runners that forage on the ground. Males of many species have elaborate
courtship displays.
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Northern bobwhite – Colinus virginianus
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Male bobwhite
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Wild turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
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Order Ciconiiformes
Herons and their alliesWading birds with long legs, neck and bill. Most feed
on aquatic animal life in shallow water. Some have long plumes in the breeding season. Wings are broad
and rounded, tail short.
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Great blue heron
Ardea herodius
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Great egret
Casmerodius albus
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Snowy egret – Egretta thula
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Cattle egret – Bubuculus ibis
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Little blue heron – Egretta caerulea
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Louisiana heron – Egretta tricolor
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Green heron
Butorides striatus
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White ibis – Eudocimus albus
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Wood stork
Mycteria americana
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Order Gruiformes
Cranes and their AlliesHighly diverse group of wading birds with long legs.
Other features such as size, body outline, bill shape and neck length are highly variable.
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Sandhill crane
Grus canadensis
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Sandhill crane
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Whooping crane
Grus americana
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Clapper rail Rallus longirostris
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King rail – Rallus elegans
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Common moorhen – Gallinula chloropus
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Purple gallinule – Porphyrula martinica
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American coot – Fulica americana
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Order Charadriiformes
Shorebirds and GullsDiverse group of wading or swimming birds. mOst are
white, gray or brown, with long pointed wings and webbed feet. Highly migratory. Most feed along
shores, a few inland.
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Killdeer – Charadrius vociferus
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American woodcock – Scolopax minor
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Common snipe – Gallinago gallinago
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Sanderling – Calidris alba
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Herring gull
Larus argentatus
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Laughing gull – Larus atricilla
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Forster’s Tern
Sterna forsteri
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Caspian tern – Sterna caspia
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Common tern – Sterna hirundo
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Order Columbiformes
Pigeons and DovesSmall-headed, short-legged, swift-flying birds with
pointed wings and fanned or tapered tails. All species coo, bob heads when walking. Eat grains, small seeds,
acorns and fruit.
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Mourning dove – Zenaida macroura
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Rock dove – Columba livia
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Order Strigiformes
OwlsLarge-headed, short-necked birds of prey. Mostly
nocturnal. Large eyes are fixed in sockets, so the entire head moves as the bird shifts its gaze. Flat, round or heart-shaped “facial disk” conceals the large external
ear flaps. All fly silently, hunting for rodents and other mammals. Calls are distinctive hoots, wails, or
whistles.
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Eastern screech owl – Otus asio
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Great horned owl
Bubo virginianus
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Barn owl – Tyto alba
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Barn owl
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Barred owl
Strix varia
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Order Caprimulgiformes
GoatsuckersNocturnal insect-eaters with large, flat heads, small
bills, enormous mouths, and distinctive white patches in the wings and tail. Many are named for their call.
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Chuck-will’s-widow – Caprimulgus carolinensis
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Whip-poor-will – Caprilmulgus vociferus
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Common nighthawk – Chordeiles minor
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play_bird_wm.asp-recnum=BD0143.url
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Order Apodiformes
Swifts and Hummingbirds
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Ruby-throated hummingbird – Archilochus colubris
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Order Coraciiformes
KingfishersLarge-headed, short-tailed birds that dive for fish,
which they catch with their long sharp beaks. Perch motionless in the open, over water. Short legs.
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Belted kingfisher – Ceryle alcyon
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Order Piciformes
WoodpeckersHave a strong bill, sharply pointed for chipping and digging into tree trunks or branches for wood-boring insects. Still tail used as a prop. Most species “drum”
on resonant limbs, poles, or drainpipes. Flight is usually undulating, with wings folded against the body
after each series of flaps. Usually nest in a cavity chiseled into a large branch or trunk.
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Yellow-shafted flicker
Colaptes auratus
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Pileated woodpecker
Dryocopus pileatus
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Red-bellied woodpecker
Melanerpes carolinus
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Red-headed woodpecker
Melanerpes erythrocephalus
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Red-cockaded woodpecker
Picoides borealis
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Downy woodpecker
Picoides pubescens
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Hairy woodpecker
Picoides villosus
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Yellow-bellied sapsucker
Sphyrapicus varius
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Order Passeriformes
Perching BirdsSmall to medium land birds. All have feet well adapted
for perching: 3 toes in front and 1 long toe behind. Most are singers. Bill shape, feather colors, and habits
are most useful for family identification. Most insectivorous species and some seed and fruit eaters are
highly migratory.
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Eastern kingbird
Tyrannus tyrannus
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The eastern kingbird spends the summer months in North America, and winters in Amazonia.
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Barn swallow
Hirudo rustica
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Purple martin – Progne subis
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Blue jay
Cyanocitta cristata
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American crow – Corvus brachyrhyncos
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Carolina wren – Thryothorus ludovicianus
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Northern mockingbird – Mimus polyglottus
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Brown thrasher – Toxostoma rufum
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American robin - Turdus migratorius
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Eastern bluebird Siala sialis
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Cedar waxwing – Bombycilla cedrorum
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Loggerhead shrike
Lanius ludovicianus
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Red-winged blackbird – Agelaius phoeniceus
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Brown-headed cowbird – Molothrus ater
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Northern cardinal
Cardinalis cardinalis
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Black-capped chickadee – Poecile carolinensis
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House finch
Carpodacus mexicanus
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Indigo bunting – Passerina cyanea
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Eastern towhee – Pipilo erythrophtalmus
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Sparrows