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Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era

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Page 1: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era

Page 2: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Black CodesAfter the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

freedom. They wanted to return blacks, in effect, to their prewar status as slaves. In order to do

this "legally," they passed new laws that appeared, on the surface, to be neutral and fair

to all races. In actuality however, these laws were actually designed specifically to repress

black people.

Page 3: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

South Carolina Black Codes• Black Codes that were passed around this time

stated: • "No person of color shall migrate into and

reside in this state, unless, within twenty days after his arrival within the same, he shall enter into a bond with two freeholders as sureties"

• "Servants shall not be absent from the premises without the permission of the master"

• Servants must assist their masters "in the defense of his own person, family, premises, or property"

• No person of color could become an artisan, mechanic, or shopkeeper unless he obtained a license from the judge of the district court – a license that could cost $100 or more.

Page 4: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Black codes=Jim Crow Laws

At first these laws were called Black Codes, but because of their deceptive nature, they

eventually came to be known as the laws of Jim Crow. Jim

Crow was the name of character in a minstrel show. Minstrel shows were popular

during that time, and they featured white actors in

"black face," or black make-up. Because of this, the

name Jim Crow represented the fact that Black Codes

were based on racial disguise.

Page 5: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Sheet music cover illustration with caricatures of ragged African-American

musicians and dancers.

Page 6: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

1866: One of a number of highly racist posters issued as part of a smear campaign against PA Repubican gubernatorial nominee John White Geary by supporters of Democratic candidate Hiester Clymer. Indicative of Clymer's white-supremacy platform, the posters attack postwar Republican efforts to pass a constitutional amendment enfranchising blacks.

Page 7: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Another in a series of racist posters attacking Radical Republican exponents of black suffrage, issued during the 1866 PA gubernatorial race.

Page 8: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

November 1867: "The First Vote"--African American men, in dress indicative of their professions, in a queue waiting for their turn to vote.

Page 9: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

A well-dressed African-American man, perhaps "parroting" the dress of the white middle class, converses with an actual--and chained--parrot

Page 10: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Philadelphia, 1889: Removing an African American from a Philadelphia Railway car--after the implementation of Jim

Crow, the integration imposed by Reconstruction was stripped away by new laws.

Page 11: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Sign in Virginia, posted in the 1920s. Note that the term "Lynch law" began during the American Revolution and that it described

punishment for somewhat political offenses even then.

Page 12: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

1899: Accounts of nine lynchings as recorded in two major Georgia newspapers as a commentary on southern white racism, together with results of a private investigation of the incidents to ascertain

the facts. Wells-Barnett hoped to use this information in an appeal to stop such lawlessness.

Page 13: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Number of White And Colored Persons Lynched in United States, 1889-1918

THE SOUTH

2,834 425 15 2,409 85

  Delaware 1 0 0 1 100

 Maryland 17 2 11.7 15 88.3

 Virginia 78 11 15.1 67 84.9

West Virginia

29 7 24 22 76

North Carolina

53 12 22.6 41 77.4

South Carolina

120 3 2.5 117 97.5

Georgia 386 26 6.7 360 93.3

Florida 178 17 9.6 161 90.4

Total White % white Negro % Negro

Page 14: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound
Page 15: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

New York City, 1936: From their headquarters at 69 5th Avenue, the NAACP flew a flag to report

lynchings until 1938, when the threat of losing its lease forced the association to discontinue the

practice.

Page 16: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Booker T. Washington between 1890-1900.

Page 17: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Watertown, N.Y, 1870: Ku Klux Klan, Watertown Division 289. Ten men posed seated and standing, wearing hats with "KKK" in large letters, and with a skull and bones arranged on the floor in front of

them.

Page 18: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Mississippi 1870s: Artist unknown. Caption: "Mississippi Ku-Klux in the disguises in

which they were captured."

Page 19: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Beaumont, Texas, June 1924: "The Awakening"--A James H. Hull production for Beaumont Klan No. 7--KKK. Scene from

a theatrical production showing actors as wounded soldiers and actresses as Red Cross nurses.

Page 20: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

The Rex Theater for Colored People, Leland, Mississippi, 1939: Although many motion picture houses admitted both black and white patrons, they did so by segregating the audience. In such movie houses the blacks were seated upstairs in the balcony. A few theaters, like the Rex, completely separated the races, however, playing to all black audiences. The Rex was probably a black-owned theater.

Page 21: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Republic Theatre, New York City, 1947: NAACP members picketing to protest a screening of the

1915 movie "Birth of a Nation."

Page 22: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

"Every Saturday morning there was a matinee at these movies, and we would pay 15

cents ... but we were separated; we went upstairs, the white kids went downstairs."

Page 23: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, July 1939: "Colored" water fountains were fixtures

throughout the South during the Jim Crow era.

Page 24: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Detroit 1944: Pallbearers with casket walking in front of sign reading "here lies Jim Crow" during the NAACP Detroit branch "Parade for Victory."

Page 25: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Example of Jim Crow Laws

Page 26: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Nurses

• No person or corporation shall require any white female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either public or private, in which negro men are placed. Alabama

Page 27: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Buses

All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have

separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and

colored races. Alabama

Page 28: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

RailroadThe conductor of each passenger train is authorized and required to assign each passenger to the car or the division of the car, when it is divided by a partition, designated for the race to which such passenger belongs. Alabama

Page 29: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

RestaurantIt shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. Alabama

Page 30: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Billiard Halls

It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Alabama

Page 31: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Toilet Facilities

Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males

reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. Alabama

Page 32: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

IntermarriageThe marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay,

or Hindu shall be null and void. Arizona

Page 33: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Intermarriage

All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth

generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Florida

Page 34: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Cohabitation

Any negro man and white woman, or any white man and negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars. Florida

Page 35: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

SchoolsThe schools for white children and the schools for negro children shall be conducted separately. Florida

Page 36: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Juvenile Delinquents

There shall be separate buildings, not nearer than one fourth mile to each other, one for white boys and one for negro boys. White boys and negro boys shall not, in any manner, be associated together or worked together. Florida

Page 37: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Mental HospitalsThe Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together. Georgia

Page 38: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

IntermarriageIt shall be unlawful for a white person to marry anyone except a white person. Any marriage in violation of this section shall be void. Georgia

Page 39: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

BarbersNo colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. Georgia

Page 40: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Burial The officer in charge shall not bury, or allow to be buried, any colored persons upon ground set apart or used for the burial of white persons. Georgia

Page 41: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Restaurant All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license. Georgia

Page 42: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Amateur Baseball It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race. Georgia

Page 43: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

ParksIt shall be unlawful for colored people to frequent any park owned or maintained by

the city for the benefit, use and enjoyment of white persons...and unlawful for any white

person to frequent any park owned or maintained by the city for the use and benefit

of colored persons. Georgia

Page 44: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Wine and Beer

All persons licensed to conduct the business of selling beer or wine...shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room at any time. Georgia

Page 45: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Reform Schools

The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other. Kentucky

Page 46: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

CircusesAll circuses, shows, and tent exhibitions, to which the attendance of...more than one race is invited or expected to attend shall provide for the convenience of its patrons not less than two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers, and not less than two entrances to the said performance, with individual ticket takers and receivers, and in the case of outside or tent performances, the said ticket offices shall not be less than twenty-five (25) feet apart. Louisiana

Page 47: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Housing

Any person...who shall rent any part of any such building to a negro person or a negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a negro person or negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. Louisiana

Page 48: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

The BlindThe board of trustees shall...maintain a separate building...on separate ground

for the admission, care, instruction, and support of all blind persons of the

colored or black race. Louisiana

Page 49: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Intermarriage All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, or between a white person and a member of the Malay race; or between the negro a nd a member of the Malay race; or between a person of Negro descent, to the third generation, inclusive, and a member of the Malay race, are forever prohibited, and shall be void. Maryland

Page 50: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Trains All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of

Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches

for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers. Maryland

Page 51: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

SchoolsSeparate schools shall be maintained for the children of the white and colored races. Mississippi

Page 52: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Promotion of Equality

Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both. Mississippi

Page 53: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Intermarriage

The marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who shall have one-eighth or more of negro blood, shall be

unlawful and void. Mississippi

Page 54: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Hospital EntrancesThere shall be maintained by the governing authorities

of every hospital maintained by the state for treatment of white and colored patients separate entrances for white and colored patients and visitors, and such entrances shall be used by the race only for which they are prepared. Mississippi

Page 55: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

PrisonsThe warden shall see that the white convicts

shall have separate apartments for both eating and sleeping from the negro convicts.

Mississippi

Page 56: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Education

Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school. Missouri

Page 57: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Intermarriage

All marriages between...white persons and negroes or white persons and Mongolians...are prohibited and declared absolutely void...No person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood shall be permitted to marry any white person, nor shall any white person be permitted to marry any negro or person having one-eighth part or more of negro blood. Missouri

Page 58: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Schools

Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms

are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of

Caucasian or other descent. New Mexico

Page 59: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Textbooks

Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools,

but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. North Carolina

Page 60: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Libraries

The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books

or periodicals. North Carolina

Page 61: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

MilitiaThe white and colored militia shall be separately enrolled, and shall never be compelled to serve in the same organization. No organization of colored troops shall be permitted where white troops are

available, and while white permitted to be organized, colored troops shall be under the command of white

officers. North Carolina

Page 62: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Transportation

The...Utilities Commission...is empowered and directed to require the establishment of

separate waiting rooms at all stations for the white and colored races. North Carolina

Page 63: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

InstructionAny instructor who shall teach in any school, college or

institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for

instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined in any

sum not less than ten dollars ($10.00) nor more than fifty dollars ($50.00) for each offense. Oklahoma

Page 64: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Fishing, Boating, and Bathing

The [Conservation] Commission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and

colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating and bathing. Oklahoma

Page 65: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Bathrooms

The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same

building. Oklahoma

Page 66: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Telephone Booths The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with

power and authority to require telephone companies...to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for

such separate booths. That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people

in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the Corporation Commission. Oklahoma

Page 67: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Lunch Counters

No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants

or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the

same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter. South Carolina

Page 68: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Child Custody

It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or

custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the

custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro. South Carolina

Page 69: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

LibrariesAny white person of such county may use the county free

library under the rules and regulations prescribed by the commissioners court and may be entitled to all the

privileges thereof. Said court shall make proper provision for the negroes of said county to be served through a separate branch or branches of the county

free library, which shall be administered by [a] custodian of the negro race under the supervision of the county

librarian. Texas

Page 70: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Education

[The County Board of Education] shall provide schools of two kinds; those for

white children and those for colored children. Texas

Page 71: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Theatres Every person...operating...any public hall, theatre, opera house,

motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate...certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof , or certain seats therein, to be occupied by colored persons. Virginia

Page 72: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

Railroads

The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to

each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the

passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole

judges of his race. Virginia

Page 73: Black Codes of the South in Reconstruction Era. Black Codes After the Civil War, white Southerners moved quickly to eliminate black people's newfound

IntermarriageAll marriages of white persons with Negroes,

Mulattos, Mongolians, or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and

shall be illegal and void. Wyoming