black hawk
TRANSCRIPT
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
HELIPORT DESIGN with particular reference to
PPR and Hospital Heliports WORKSHOP #2
Dr John Leverton
HAI Heliport Design AC Focal Point
Advisor - Infrastructure Development, AHS
Leverton Associates International
HELIPORT DESIGN
ADVISORY CIRCULAR 150/5390-2B / DRAFT 150/5390-2C
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SAFETY AREAS
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HELIPORT TERMINOLOGY
FATO: Final Approach and Takeoff Area
TLOF: Touchdown and Liftoff Area
Safety
Area
FATO –
TLOF
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SAFETY AREA REQUIREMENTS
Table 2-1. Minimum VFR Safety Area Width as a Function
of GA and PPR Heliport Markings
TLOF perimeter marked:
FATO edge marked:
Std. H marking:
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
GA heliports:
1/3 RD but
not less than
20‟ (6.1 m)
1/3 RD but
not less than
30‟ (9.1 m)
½ OL but
not less than
20‟ (6.1 m)
½ OL but
not less than
30‟ (9.1 m)
PPR heliports:
1/3 RD but
not less than
10‟ (3 m) **
1/3 RD but
not less than
20‟ (6.1 m) **
½ OL but
not less than
20‟ (6.1 m)
½ OL but
not less than
30‟ (9.1 m)
OL: overall length of the design helicopter RD: rotor diameter of the design helicopter
** Also applies to PPR heliports when the FATO is NOT marked. The FATO should not be marked
if (a) the FATO (or part of the FATO) is a non-load bearing surface and (b) the TLOF is elevated
above the level of a surrounding load bearing area.
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TLOF NOT Marked
TLOF Marked.
TLOF MARKING IMPACT PPR GROUND LEVEL HELIPORT
„SAFETY AREA‟ IS INCREASED
IF TLOF NOT MAARKED
1/3 RD or 10 ft (3 m)
½ D or 20 ft (6 m)
1/3 RD=0.25D
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Logo Used „H‟ Marked.
TLOF MARKING IMPACT PPR GROUND LEVEL HELIPORT
„LOGO‟ CAN BE USED IN PLACE OF „H‟
… BUT SAFETY AREA IS INCREASED
1/3 RD or 10 ft 1/3 RD or 20 ft
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SAFETY AREA
HOSPITAL HELIPORT
TLOF perimeter
marked:
FATO perimeter
marked:
Standard
Hospital marking
symbol:
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Hospital
heliports:
1/3 RD but
not less than
10 ft (3 m)**
1/3 RD but
not less than
20 ft (6 m)**
½ OL but
not less than
20 ft (6 m)
½ OL but
not less than
30 ft (9 m)
Table 4-1. Minimum VFR Safety Area Width as a Function Hospital Heliport Markings
OL: overall length of the design helicopter RD: rotor diameter of the design helicopter
** Also applies when the FATO is NOT marked. The FATO should not be marked if (a)
the FATO (or part of the FATO) is a non-load bearing surface and (b) the TLOF is elevated
above the level of a surrounding load bearing area.
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HELIPORT LAYOUT
FATO – 1.5 D [1.5 OL]
TLOF –1RD Safety
Area
1/3 RD
[0.25 D]
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SAFETY AREA
FATO – 1.5 OL
TLOF –1RD Safety
Area
1/3 RD
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SAFETY AREA
FATO – 1.5 OL
TLOF –1RD Safety
Area
1/3 RD
√
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SAFETY AREA
FATO – 1.5 OL
TLOF –1RD Safety
Area
1/3 RD
X
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SAFETY AREA
FATO – 1.5 OL
TLOF –1RD Safety
Area
½ OL √
√
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MARKINGS
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‘Touchdown/Positioning Circle’ Marking TDPC marking **
** Often referenced as TDP or TD/P marking or TDPM
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Not in AC-2B … but included in the „DRAFT AC-2B‟: required to be used
on the TLOF… optional for “turn-around” Parking Positions. Not
required if TLOF is less than 16 ft (4.9 m)!!
Not practical on Unpaved/turf TLOFs [Not stated in Draft AC-2C]
Not used on „taxi through‟ or „back-out‟ parking positions – „shoulder
lines‟ used for these parking positions. [Not stated, but implied in Draft AC-2C]
In Annex 14 Vol II 3rd Edition issued in 2009 (tranche 1), this marking is required
for the TLOF and in the „Tranche 2‟ changes, nominally agreed in 2010, it will be a
requirement for parking stands (areas).
In Annex 14 Vol II it is called a Touchdown/positioning marking – the FAA are
calling it a Touchdown/Positioning Circle marking to avoid any confusion with other
markings and make it clear it is a „circle‟.
TOUCHDOWN/POSITIONING CIRCLE (TDPC) MARKING
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A TDP „circle‟ marking is a circle of 0.5 D (0.5 OL) inner
diameter of the design helicopters with a line width of 18 in (0.5
m) „positioned‟ in the center of the TLOF or Parking Position.
TOUCHDOWN/POSITIONING
CIRCLE (TDPC) MARKING
What is it?
AC-2C Definition:-
Touchdown/Positioning Circle (TDPC) Marking. A circular marking located in the center of a TLOF or a
parking position. Note: When the pilot's seat is over the touchdown/positioning circle marking and the fuselage is
over the heliport identification making, the whole of the helicopter undercarriage will be within the TLOF or
parking position and all parts of the helicopter rotor system will be clear of any obstacle by a safe margin.
Used world wide – used on helidecks in GOM –Concept/use supported by
HAI: some EMS operators have questioned its use!
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Touchdown/Positioning
Circle Marking
FATO - 1.5 D/1.5OL
TLOF - 1RD
Safety Area – 1/3RD
1D/1OL
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Perimeter markings and the „H‟ (heliport designation
marking) provides the pilot with visual cues on the
location of the heliport and information on the rate-of-
closure on approach etc., but does not provide
information on where to touchdown on the TLOF or
position the helicopter during maneuvers on the TLOF
or parking area. A Touchdown/Positioning Circle
marking – TDPC marking – provides such information.
TDPC markings are widely used by the offshore (oil)
industry on helidecks and on heliports in many nations.
It is a requirement in ICAO Annex 14 Vol II - Heliports
WHY USE A „TDPC‟ MARKING ?
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A TDP marking provides the pilot with information on where
to position the helicopter and ensures:
(i) the rotor system, and in particular the tail rotor, is clear of
obstacles in the vicinity of the heliport/helideck or parking
area (helicopter stand),
(ii) the undercarriage is positioned within the load bearing
area (TLOF) or helicopter parking area by an adequate safe
margin, and
(iii) the rotor system and undercarriage are stay well with the
safety and load bearing area (TLOF) during air (hover)
turning maneuvers.
„TDPC‟ MARKING – WHAT DOES IT DO?‟
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A TDP marking provides the pilot with information on where
to position the helicopter and ensures:
(i) the rotor system, and in particular the tail rotor, is clear of
obstacles in the vicinity of the heliport/helideck or parking
area (helicopter stand),
(ii) the undercarriage is positioned within the load bearing
area (TLOF) or helicopter parking area by an adequate safe
margin, and
(iii) the rotor system and undercarriage are stay well with the
safety and load bearing area (TLOF) during air (hover)
turning maneuvers.
„TDPC MARKING‟ – WHAT DOES IT DO?
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A TDP marking provides the pilot with information on where
to position the helicopter and ensures:
(i) the rotor system, and in particular the tail rotor, is clear of
obstacles in the vicinity of the heliport/helideck or parking
area (helicopter stand),
(ii) the undercarriage is positioned within the load bearing
area (TLOF) or helicopter parking area by an adequate safe
margin, and
(iii) the rotor system and undercarriage are stay well with the
safety and load bearing area (TLOF) during air (hover)
turning maneuvers.
It is of major importance when the
helicopter using the heliport is of the
maximum size for which the heliport
was designed.
„TDPC‟ MARKING – WHAT DOES IT DO?
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S-76
RD = 44 ft (13.4 m)
D = 52.5 ft (16 m)
D = 1.19 RD
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S-76: Landing/Parked Forward of „H‟
1RD TLOF
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S-76: Landing/Parked aft of „H‟
1RD TLOF
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S-76: Arc of Tail
Rotor turning about
the rotor hub
1RD TLOF
S-76: Landing/Parked Forward of „H‟
turning about the rotor hub
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S-76: Landing/Parked Forward of „H‟
turning about the rotor hub
1RD TLOF
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Bell 427:Turning around the „Rotor Hub‟
Arc of Tail Rotor
“size of arc” 1.4 D (1.4 OL)
Approx. 1.7 RD
Helicopter in „true center‟ of TLOF **
** Unlikely in practice!
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1RD TLOF
S-76: Turning about
„the pilot‟
Arc of Tail Rotor
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Bell 427:Turning about „the pilot‟
Arc of Tail Rotor
RD = 37 ft (11.3 m)
D = 42.6 ft (13 m)
D = 1.15
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Bell 427:Turning about „the pilot‟
FATO Safety Area
TLOF
Arc of Tail Rotor
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S-76: Arc of Tail Rotor using TDPC marking
1RD TLOF
Diameter
1D (1 OL)
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S-76
S-76 Parked over TDPC marking
1RD TLOF
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S-76: Arc of Tail Rotor using TDP „circle‟ marking
1RD TLOF
Diameter
1D
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S-76: Parked over TDPC Marking …
Turning about the rotor hub
1RD TLOF
Arc of Tail Rotor
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1RD TLOF
Diameter 1D
Bell 427: Arc of Tail Rotor using
TDPC marking
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Black Hawk/S-70 Fire Hawk Study
OL (1D) = 64.83 ft (19.76 m)
1RD = 53.67 ft
(16.36 m)
UC = 29.00
ft (8.84 m)
34.48 ft (10.54 m)
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TDPC marking 0.5OL (0.5D) inner diameter
[32.42 ft/9.88 m]
1RD [53.67 ft/16.36 m]
Tail Wheel Position (arc)
Main Rotor ‘Tip Path’
Tail Wheel Location
Black Hawk turning using the ‘TDPC’ marking
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TDPC marking 0.5OL (0.5D) inner diameter
[32.42 ft/9.88 m]
1RD [53.67 ft/16.36 m]
Tail Wheel Position (arc)
Main Rotor ‘Tip Path’
Tail Wheel Location
Tail Wheel Position - turning using the ‘TD/P circle’
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1D [64.80 ft/19.75m]
Tail Wheel Position (arc) [Outside 1RD
TLOF – just inside 1D TLOF]
Main Rotor ‘Tip Path’
Tail Wheel Location
1RD [53.67 ft/16.36 m]
Black Hawk turning around the rotor axis
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TD/P (Circle) marking 0.5OL (0.5D) inner diameter
[32.42 ft/9.88 m]
1RD [53.67 ft/16.36 m]
Main Rotor ‘Tip Path’
Tail Wheel Location
Black Hawk/S-70 (LAI) Study Results
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TD/P (Circle) marking 0.5OL (0.5D) inner diameter
[32.42 ft/9.88 m]
1RD [53.67 ft/16.36 m]
Main Rotor ‘Tip Path’
Tail Wheel Location
(i) with TDPC marking + education program ….. TLOF of 1RD just OK ** ..… but use of ‘2UC length’ better. .…. Use of 1D (1 OL) even better. (ii) With NO TDPC markings – TLOF required 1.5RD ** just meets safety margin target. [Based on safety margin of 8 ft (2.5 m) ]
Black Hawk/S-70 (LAI) Study Results
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TLOF „H‟ MARKING
AC-2B: „Height‟ of „H‟ for GA Heliports – lesser of:-
0.6 TLOF length, 1.2 TLOF width
i.e. for 50 ft (15 m) square TLOF, height of „H‟ = 30 ft (9 m).
Maximum value: General Aviation - 60 ft (18.3 m)
PPR - 10 ft (3 m)
Transport – 75 ft (22.9 m)
Hospital Heliports require 10 ft (3 m) „H‟ – it is part of hospital standard marking.
AC-2C: „H‟ standardize on 10 ft (3m) i.e. „H‟ for GA is same as
for PPR heliports and Hospital Heliports.
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TLOF „H‟ MARKING
AC-2B / AC-2C
Text in AC-2B and AC-2C state “Lines/markings may be outlined with a 6-inch wide (15
cm) line of a contrasting color to enhance conspicuity.” – some mark „white H‟ with 6 in
(15 cm) border: 3 in (7.5 cm) „inside border‟ shown on figure in AC-2C
9 ft / 9 ft 6 in !!
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AC-2A (1994)
TLOF „H‟ MARKING
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SIZE LIMITATION MARKING
AC-2B Requires the Design „Rotor Diameter‟ (TLOF)
Size)‟ to be marked on the TLOF. *
AC-2C Requires design „D – value‟ (length of design helicopter) to be marked on the TLOF. *
NEW REQUIREMENT
* OPTIONAL FOR TURF TLOFs AND FOR PPR HELIPORTS. REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
This is the same markings used world wide and in the
GOM for helidecks: HAI supports this change.
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HELIPORT WEIGHT LIMITATION
AC-2B Requires maximum design weight in terms of number of “1000 lbs” to be added if TLOF has a weight limitation*:
3 ft (0.9 m) high numbers to be used. Value indicated to be rounded to nearest
number of 1000lbs. [METRIC VALUES NOT TO BE USED.]
AC-2C – Same requirements: Use of smaller „number/letter‟ allowed –
Dimensions for 18 in (45.7 cm) high numbers/letters introduced.
* NOT REQUIRED FOR PPR HELIPORTS – see Note:
Note: At PPR heliports, this marking is not required. However, the PPR heliport operator should ensure that all pilots using the facility are thoroughly knowledgeable with this and any other facility limitations
* REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
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HELIPORT DESIGN AC-2B TLOF SIZE MARKING
• AC-2B REQUIRES DESIGN „ROTOR DIAMETER (TLOF SIZE)‟ TO BE MARKED ON HELIPORT *
….. AND MAXIMUM DESIGN WEIGHT IN TERMS OF NUMBER OF “1000LBS” TO BE ADDED IF TLOF HAS A WEIGHT LIMITATION**.
*OPTIONAL FOR TURF TLOFs AND FOR PPR HELIPORTS.
*REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL HELIPORTS.
** NOT REQUIRED FOR PPR HELIPORTS – see Note (following209 g): Note: At PPR heliports, this marking is not required. However, the PPR heliport operator should
ensure that all pilots using the facility are thoroughly knowledgeable with this and any other facility limitations
* *REQUIRED FOR HOSPITAL HELIPORTS. [Problem if Turf heliport]
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WEIGHT (MASS) / (TLOF?)SIZE MARKINGS
„Size marking‟ is NOT the actual TLOF size – TLOF is 1RD: D
value is maximum length of helicopter on which design is based
or in other words the „overall length‟ of the largest helicopter
which can use the heliport. Termed “D-value” marking in
Annex 14 Vol II – in AC-2C it is still called „TLOF size‟: not
clear if FAA will change this!
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3 ft (0.9 m) High Numbers/Letter
18 in (0.45 m) High Numbers/Letter
Black Numbers – White Background
No Weight (Mass) Limit
Weight (mass) in 1000‟s of lbs
D- value (overall length) in ft.
WEIGHT (MASS) / SIZE MARKINGS
AC-2C
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Figure 4-21
from AC-2C
9 ft.(2.7 m) „Box‟
TLOF MARKINGS
40 ft. TLOF
TDPC Marking (color
should be yellow)
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Figure 4-21
from AC-2C
9 ft.(2.7 m) „Box‟
TLOF MARKINGS
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30 ft. TLOF
AC-2C
Weight (mass)/Size
Limit Marking
Located in lower
right-hand corner
5 ft. „Box
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TLOF MARKINGS
AC-2C
Weight (mass)/ Size
Limit Marking
Located on
right-hand side
12 in (30 cm)
30 ft. TLOF
5 ft. „Box‟
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TLOF MARKINGS
AC-2C
Weight (mass)/ Size
Limit Marking
Located on
right-hand side
12 in (30 cm) TLOF
5 ft. „Box‟
AC-2C States: . “The numbers are 3 feet (0.9 m) high or,
for smaller heliports, no less than 20 18 inches (51 46 cm).
If necessary, this marking may interrupt the
Touchdown/Positioning Circle marking but may not
extend to within the circle, except for circular TLOFs.”
Even so markings are „tight‟! HAI requested further study
of this aspect and offered to „work‟ on this topic … to date
FAA have NOT responded.
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TLOF NOT Marked TLOF Marked.
MARKING PROBLEM PPR GROUND LEVEL HELIPORT
Problem: If „Paved Area‟ of 2U/C is used than H (10 ft)
could be similar size to the Paved Area!!
No FAA guidance but size will need to be adjusted.
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TLOF 2UC DLB Area if 30 inches (76 cm) or LESS above
“Surrounding Area” of 1RD [Surrounding Area - GEA ]
MARKING PROBLEM PPR ELEVATED HELIPORT
Where can/should the
„WEIGHT (MASS) -ROTOR
SIZE LIMIT BOX‟ ** be
located if required by STATE
or my User.?
– it is required on the „TLOF‟
but there is no space!!
** OPTIONAL FOR PPR
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FATO/TLOF PERIMETER
MARKINGS
- TLOF: 12 in (30 cm) wide white line or „closely spaced‟ in-ground makers *.
- FATO: 12 in (30 cm) wide white dashed line or in-ground markers*.
• „White lines‟ may be outlined with a 6 in (15 cm) wide line of contrasting color.
• In-ground makers 1ft (30 cm) x 5 ft (1.5 m).
Note : Markings are placed inside the TLOF and FATO areas
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Safety
Area
FATO
TLOF
DIMENSIONS
TLOF Size
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PROTECTION ZONE
Heliport Design Workshop - HeliExpo 2008
General Aviation Heliport - Required
PPR – Optional
Hospital Heliport - Recommended
280 ft (85 m)
The heliport proponent should own or control the property containing the protection zone.
AC-2C
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HOSPITAL HELIPORT AC-2B
REQUIREMENTS
HOSPITAL HELIPORTS
AC-2B Chapter 4
One (1) Flight Allowed.
Protection Zone not required.
GENERAL AVIATION
HELIPORTS
AC-2B Chapter 2 [GA Heliports]
Two (2) Flight paths
separation based on wind
direction or 135° or more
apart.
Protection Zone (280 ft/85 m)
required.
Chapter 4
Chapter 2
HOSPITAL HELIPORTS
WITH „FEDERAL FUNDS‟
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TOTAL LENGTH
AC-2B / AC-2C
• TWO FLIGHT PATHS: RECOMMENDED FOR PRIVATE USE/PPR
AND HOSPITAL HELIPORTS, REQUIRED FOR GENERAL AVIATION
AND TRANSPORT HELIPORTS.
•PROTECTION ZONE: - PRIVATE USE/PPR OPTIONAL (NOT REQUIRED)
- HOSPITAL HELIPORTS RECOMMENDED
- 280 FT. GENERAL AVIATION
- 400 FT. TRANSPORT
TOTAL LENGTH (ASSUMING FLIGHT PATHS IN STRAIGHT LINE)
- FATO + 2 x SAFETY ZONE WIDTH + 2 x PROTECTION ZONE
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APPROXIMATE
RELATIONSHIPS
•BASIC SIZE: FATO + 2 x SAFETY ZONE WIDTH
•FATO = 1.5 D [1.5 X OVERALL LENGTH (OL)]
• TAIL ROTOR SIZE: 1/6 TO 1/5 RD
• D = 1.16 RD TO 1.2 RD
• ASSUME „D‟ = 1.2 RD
THAN 1.5 D FATO = 1.8 RD and 1 RD = 0.83 D
• FATO + 2 x SAFETY ZONE* = 1.5D (1.8 RD) + 2 x 1/3 RD *
= 2.46 [2.5 RD Approx.]
= 2D (2OL) **
* Safety Zone of minimum value
** Same „size‟ as in Annex 14 Vol II for Performance Class 2 and 3 Heliports.
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APPROX. TOTAL SIZE
•APPROX. TOTAL LENGTH OF HELIPORT
PRIVATE USE/PPR – 2D (2.4 RD)
HOSPITAL – 2D (2.4RD) … …+ 560 ft. if HPZ used
GENERAL AVIATION – 2D (2.5 RD) + 560 ft;
TRANSPORT - 2.5 RD + 800 ft [Minimum 1060 ft];
•APPROX. TOTAL WIDTH OF HELIPORT
PRIVATE USE/PPR - 2.5 RD
HOSPITAL – 2D (2.5 RD)
GENERAL AVIATION – 2D (2.5 RD)
TRANSPORT - 2D (2.5 RD) [Minimum 160 ft ]
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MINIMUM HELIPORT
DIMENSIONS
PPR +
Hospital
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LIGHTING
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Remember ……. „standards‟ for the intensity
of perimeter lights are defined in new
Engineering Brief (EB) # 87 (Jan 2011)
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Engineering Brief # 87
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AC-2C 215. HELIPORT LIGHTING. For night operations, the heliport
must be lighted with FATO and/or TLOF perimeter lights as described below.
This means ‘FATO and TLOF perimeter lights’ or ‘TLOF perimeter light’s only.
AC -2B 210. HELIPORT LIGHTING. For night operations, the TLOF, the
FATO, taxiways, taxi routes, and the windsock need to be lighted, as described
within this paragraph.
LIGHTING
Significant Change – however floodlights can still be used: i.e.
215. c. Floodlights. If ambient light does not adequately illuminate markings for
night operations, floodlights should be used to illuminate the TLOF, the FATO,
and/or the parking area.
Industry/HAI proposed text change to: 215. HELIPORT LIGHTING. For
night operations, the heliport must should be lighted with FATO and/or TLOF
perimeter lights with FATO and/or TLOF perimeter lights, and/or floodlights, as
described below.
“Same requirements in Chapter 4”
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AC-2B 210 c/ 410 c. Load-bearing FATO-Perimeter Lights. Green lights should define the
perimeter of the load bearing FATO.
AC-2C 215 b /413 b. Load-bearing FATO Perimeter FATO Lights. Green flush or raised
lights meeting the requirements of EB 87 may be used to define the perimeter of a load
bearing FATO. The FATO perimeter is not lighted if any portion of the FATO is not a
load-bearing surface.
Extract – AC-2B / AC-2C Table 2-1
“** ……. . The FATO should not be marked if (a) the FATO (or part of the
FATO) is a non-load bearing surface and (b) the TLOF is elevated above the
level of a surrounding load bearing area.”
FATO LIGHTS
The text is some what confusing: the FATO can be solid (i.e. technically load
bearing) but if the FATO is not designated as a „load bearing area‟ which could
be used by the helicopter, it is assumed to be „non-load bearing‟ and only TLOF
lights required: „raised TLOF lights‟ can be used! Still confusing in AC-2C!!
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
PERIMETER LIGHTING
• COLOR: “GREEN”.* [Previously Yellow in AC-2A]
• GROUND LEVEL - FATO OR TLOF
FATO – Raised or Flush **
TLOF – PPR and HOSPITAL : Flush or Raised depending on FATO load bearing characteristics.
TLOF – GA: Flush
– FLOODLIGHTS ALLOWED
• ELEVATED - FATO OR TLOF
*UNLESS NEAR AIRPORT RUNWAY LIGHTS WHEN YELLOW LIGHTS CAN STILL BE USED.
** Flush and Raised Lights are terms used in AC-2B and AC-2C: Flush lights are often referred to as „in-set‟ lights – new term „semi-flushed lights‟ used in EB # 87
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
PERIMETER LIGHTING
• COLOR: “GREEN”.* [Previously yellow in AC-2A]
• GROUND LEVEL - FATO OR TLOF
FATO – Raised or Flush **
TLOF – PPR and HOSPITAL : Flush or Raised depending on FATO load bearing characteristics.
TLOF – GA: Flush
– FLOODLIGHTS ALLOWED
• ELEVATED - FATO OR TLOF
*UNLESS NEAR AIRPORT RUNWAY LIGHTS WHEN YELLOW LIGHTS CAN STILL BE USED.
** Flush and Raised Lights are terms used in AC-2B Flush lights are often referred to as „in-set‟ lights
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Requirements for both FATO and TLOF PRIVATE USE/PPR and HOSPITAL HELIPORTS Square or Rectangular 3 per side - one at each corner: 25 ft (7.6 m) max. interval. Circular Evenly spaced: at least 8 lights - 25 ft (7.6 m) max. interval
GENERAL AVIATION/GA HELIPORTS Square or Rectangular 4 per side - one at each corner: 25ft (7.6 m) max. interval. Circular Evenly spaced: at least 8 lights - 25 ft (7.6 m) max. interval Note: In case of TLOF 7.6 m is quoted as 8 m in 410 a. (Hospital Heliports)!
NUMBER OF LIGHTS
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TLOF PERIMETER LIGHTS PPR and HOSPITAL –GROUND LEVEL
Flush or Raised depending on the FATO characteristics
If FATO „load bearing‟ – FLUSH TLOF perimeter lights
If FATO „non load bearing‟ (i.e. when only TLOF Load Bearing), **
TLOF perimeter lights can be:-
(i) Flush lights (Recommended in AC-2B and AC-2C)
or (ii) „Raised lights‟ limited to 2 in (5cm) penetration above TLOF
surface height
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
PERIMETER LIGHT LOCATION
FATO – Flush lights within 1 ft (30 cm) [inside or outside] of FATO edge or raised lights, no more than 8 in (20 cm) in height, located 10 fit (3 m) out from the FATO edge.
TLOF - Flush lights with 1 ft (30 cm) [inside or outside] of TLOF edge or raised lights (2 inch above the TLOF surface height) located:-
- PPR/Hospital Ground Level Heliports: outside the TLOF edge and within 10 ft (3m) out from the TLOF edge.
- PPR/Hospital Elevated Heliports: outside of the TLOF edge, inner edge ot outer egde of the safety net.
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
HELIPORT LIGHTING
• HELIPORT LIGHTING. For night operations, the TLOF, the FATO, taxiways, taxi routes, and the windsock need to be lighted, as described within this paragraph.
• a. Ground-level TLOF–Perimeter Lights. Flush green lights should define the TLOF perimeter.
• b. Elevated TLOF - Perimeter Lights. The TLOF perimeter should be lit with green lights
• c. Load-bearing FATO-Perimeter Lights. Green lights should define the perimeter of the load bearing FATO. ….
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
PERIMETER LIGHTING
GROUND LEVEL GA HELIPORTS
NOT TO SCALE
TLOF
AC-2B TLOF -Flush ONLY
FATO
FATO - Flush OR Raised
Perimeter Lights: TLOF and ‘load bearing FATO’
8 in (20 cm) **
10 ft (3 m)
** Height not defined relate to TLOF or FATO
surface! Issue being address by HAI with FAA
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TLOF PERIMETER LIGHTING
PPR +HOSPITAL HELIPORTS
2 in (5 cm)
10 ft (3 m)
TLOF
FATO - Non-Load Bearing
NOT TO SCALE
TLOF - Flush OR Raised
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
„FATO Surface‟ (Grass)
Ground area sunken so that light
can be seen from distance.
Suggested angle (at least) ± 30°
TLOF
(Helipad)
„Light‟
Concrete Pad
(Sloped to aid
drainage)
TLOF PERIMETER LIGHTS
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TLOF PERIMETER LIGHTS
2 inches
TLOF (Helipad)
Concrete „pad‟ for mounting
light fixture – slope pad to
provide drainage
FATO surface
Slope „grass‟ (soil) away from TLOF
(helipad)
Decrease height of „grass‟
(soil) so full „light‟ area
can be seen from distance
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TLOF PERIMETER LIGHTS
Photo provided by Ray Syms, Raymond A.Syms & Associates Heliport Design Consultants
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
PERIMETER LIGHTS
ELEVATED HELIPORT
Note: AC-2C Par 215 b states the Par 215 a also applies to FATO if ‘Elevated FATO’ is load bearing with safety net.
Figure for TLOF
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Interpretation of AC-2B Para 210/410 by some, including
some within the FAA, is that, if FATO is load bearing, both
FATO and TLOF perimeter lights are required.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Interpretation of AC-2B Para 210/410 by some, including
some in FAA, is that both FATO and TLOF perimeter lights are
required. Not correct: If FATO load bearing both can be used but Para 210/410 states “ the FATO, the TLOF ... need to be lighted” and Para 210/410 g states “Floodlights may be used to illuminate the TLOF, the FATO...” – hence both NOT required!!
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Interpretation of AC-2B Para 210/410 by some, including
some in FAA, is that both FATO and TLOF perimeter lights are
required. Not correct: If FATO load bearing both can be used but Para 210/410 states “ the FATO, the TLOF ... need to be lighted” and Para 210/410 g states “Floodlights may be used to illuminate the TLOF, the FATO...” – hence both NOT required!!
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
OR
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Remember: It is assumed that there is adequate „ambient light‟ for
FATO and TLOF perimeter lines to be clearly visible.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
GA Heliport
Load Bearing FATO - Min number 4 *
TLOF – Ground Level – Min Number 4 *
TLOF – Elevated – Number/Separation not
stated: assume same as for Ground Level
PPR Heliport
Load Bearing FATO - Min number 3 *
TLOF – Ground Level – Min Number 3 *
TLOF – Elevated – Number/Separation not
stated: assume same as for Ground Level
-----------------
All cases: Max separation – 25 ft (7.6 m) [also
stated as 8 m]
* On square or rectangular heliports one (1) light is required
at each corner
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
GA Heliport
Load Bearing FATO - Min number 4 *
TLOF – Ground Level – Min Number 4 *
TLOF – Elevated – Number/Separation not
stated: assume same as for Ground Level
PPR Heliport
Load Bearing FATO - Min number 3 *
TLOF – Ground Level – Min Number 3 *
TLOF – Elevated – Number/Separation not
stated: assume same as for Ground Level
-----------------
All cases: Max separation – 25 ft (7.6 m) [also
stated as 8 m]
* On square or rectangular heliports one (1) light is required
at each corner Preferred Flight Direction
Square FATO and TLOF
LAI Recommendation –
Use more than minimum
number …
… use at least 4 - ideally 5
“since 3 does not define a
„line‟ very well”
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
A minimum of four flush or raised light fixtures is
required per side of a square or rectangular FATO,
except at PPR facilities, for which the minimum
recommended number is three. A light is located at each
corner, with additional lights uniformly spaced between
the corner lights. It is recommended each side comprise
an odd number of lights, thereby including lights along
the centerline of the approach. To define a circular
FATO, an even number of lights, with a minimum of
eight, are uniformly spaced. The maximum spacing of
lights is 25 feet (7.6 m).
AC-2C 215 b Load-bearing FATO-Perimeter Lights.
FATO Perimeter Lights.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
To define a circular
TOLF (and FATO), an
even number of lights,
with a minimum of
eight, are uniformly
spaced.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
LAI Recommendation
Use more than minimum
number
...unless very small heliport
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Lights on located on
“straight lines”
Circular FATO
Total 16 ~ 5 /side
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
LAI Position: There is merit of mounting lights in ‘straight
lines’, since this provide better visual cues and
information to pilots on drift displacement, closure rate,
etc.
Note: This is also stated in Annex14 Volume II - Heliports
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Lights on located on
“straight lines”
Circular FATO
Total 16 ~ 5 /side
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
LAI Position: There is merit of mounting lights in ‘straight
lines’, since this provide better visual cues and
information to pilots on drift displacement, closure rate,
etc.
Note: This is also stated in Annex14 Volume II - Heliports
…. but currant wording limits FATO ‘flush perimeter light’ to with 1 ft (30 cm) of FATO perimeter or ‘raised perimeter lights’ at a
fixed distance of 10 ft (3 m) from FATO perimeter. HAI have asked FAA to clarify text in AC-2C update as it relates to this aspect
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Preferred Flight Direction
Square FATO and TLOF
LOCATION OF LIGHTS
FATO Perimeter lights should
NOT be used if FATO is non-
load bearing. This will
normally be the case for PPR
ground level heliport's and
often the case for „ground level
hospital heliport‟ … it will also
normally be the case for
„elevated PPR and hospital
heliports‟
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
No mention ‘of use of straight lines’ for TLOF if the TLOF is circular or if only TLOF has
perimeter lights Some disagreement in this
case: some say it is better to put the lights on the perimeter
of the TLOF – others support having lights on ‘straight lines’.
.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
FAA said they
would be looking
at this aspect!!
LAI supports the latter view - the edge(s) of the TLOF must be clearly marked and visible
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Raymond A, Syms & Associates, Inc
Use of flight path alignment
lights will provide some
additional visual cues
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Preferred Flight Direction
Square FATO and TLOF
LOCATION OF LIGHTS
Some say two sets of lights are confusing and reduce visual cues and
information to pilots on drift displacement, closure
rate, etc.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Square FATO and TLOF
LOCATION OF LIGHTS
Preferred Flight Direction
Some say two sets of lights (ie FATO and TLOF) are
confusing and reduce visual cues and information to
pilots on drift displacement, closure rate, etc. … some say “particularly true if
minimum number of lights is used.”
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Preferred Flight Direction
Square FATO and TLOF
LOCATION OF LIGHTS
Some say two sets of lights are confusing and reduce visual cues and
information to pilots on drift displacement, closure rate, etc.
LAI does NOT support this view: thus use FATO and/or
TLOF perimeter lights .. more lights per side .. and there is
advantages in using the perimeter of the FATO since the FATO size is ‘larger’ and it can
be seen from a greater distance.
[FATO is 1.8 times larger than TLOF]
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Preferred Flight Direction
Square FATO and TLOF
LOCATION OF LIGHTS
Only „load bearing Perimeter
lights‟ addressed in AC-2B.
Implied that FATO Perimeter
lights should NOT be used if
FATO is non-load bearing.
[Load bearing FATO required
for GA Heliports.]
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
For GA ‘circular heliports’ – difference of opinion …..
Some support the case that TLOF should have ‘perimeter lights in a circle’ since FATO lights provide necessary .
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Circular FATO and TLOF
Location of Lights
Preferred Flight Direction
Thus use FATO or TLOF
perimeter lights .. and more lights than min per side
The raised lights should be
located outside and within 10
foot (3m) of the edge of the
TLOF and should not
penetrate a horizontal plane
at the TLOF elevation by
more than 2 inches (5 cm).
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
OTHER LIGHTS
• HELIPORT INDENTIFICATION BEACON: AC-2C –Optional for General Aviation (including PPR) and Hospital Heliports . [Required for Transport Heliports]
• TAXIWAY LIGHTS: AC-2C - no real change from AC-2B but text revised/simplified.
• LANDING DIRECTIONAL LIGHTS – Optional but defined in AC-2B and AC-2C.
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
HELIPORT IDENTIFICATION
BEACON
Heliport Identification Beacon. A heliport identification beacon is optional equipment. It should be installed when it is needed to aid the pilot in visually locating the heliport. When installed, the beacon, flashing white/green/yellow at the rate of 30 to 45 flashes per minute, should be located on or close to the heliport. Guidance on heliport beacons is found in AC 150/5345-12, Specification for Airport and Heliport Beacon. There may be merit in making operation of the beacon controllable from the approaching helicopter to ensure that it is “on” only when required.
AC-2B Par 210 b – slightly revised wording in AC-2C
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
LANDING DIRECTION LIGHTS
15 ft (4.6 m)
Not less than
20 ft (6 m)
or more than
60 ft (18 m)
TLOF
FATO
15 ft (4.6 m)
15 ft (4.6 m)
15 ft (4.6 m)
Very useful/helpful at some locations – LAI recommends if space not available - consider reduced ‘separation distance’ down to 5 ft (1.5 m)
Leverton Associates International Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT MARKINGS (ARROWS) AND LIGHTS
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Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT ARROWS AND LIGHTS
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Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Raymond A, Syms & Associates, Inc
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT ARROWS AND LIGHTS
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT ARROWS AND LIGHTS
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT ARROWS AND LIGHTS
Siemens Airfield Solutions/ADB
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Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Markings
(Arrows)
Only
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT GUIDANCE
MARKING AND LIGHTING
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Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Lights
Only
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT GUIDANCE
MARKING AND LIGHTING
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Markings
(Arrows)
and Lights
Lights
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT GUIDANCE
MARKING AND LIGHTING
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
Note: ICAO HDWG Accepted US/FAA proposal and it will to be in (new) Tranche 2 ICAO Annex 14 Vol II
HAI supports the introduction of flight path alignment guidance marking and lighting.
FLIGHT PATH ALIGNMENT GUIDANCE
MARKING AND LIGHTING
Color of Arrows: “The markings must be in a color which provides good contrast
against the background color of the surface on which they are marked.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TURBULENCE
6ft (1,8 m) is considered by many to be an absolute minimum - in Tranche 2 of ICAO Annex 14 Vol II it will state “As a general rule, except for shallow
superstructures of three stories or less, a sufficient air-gap will be at-least 3m” (i.e. 10 ft).
FAA Technical Report FAA/RD-84/25, Evaluating Wind Flow Around Buildings on Heliport Placement addresses the wind‟s effect on helicopter operations.
AC-2C 204 /403 c. Turbulence. Air flowing around and over buildings, stands of trees, terrain irregularities, etc.
can create turbulence on ground-level and roof-top heliports that may affect helicopter operations. Where the FATO is
located near the edge and top of a building or structure, or within the influence of turbulent wakes from other
buildings or structures, the turbulence and airflow characteristics in the vicinity of, and across the surface of the
FATO should be assessed to determine if an air-gap between the roof, roof parapet or supporting structure,
and/or some other turbulence mitigating design measure is necessary. FAA Technical Report FAA/RD-84/25,
Evaluating Wind Flow Around Buildings on Heliport Placement addresses the wind‟s effect on helicopter operations.
The following actions may be taken in selecting a site to minimize the effects of turbulence.
(1) Ground-Level Heliports. Helicopter operations from sites immediately adjacent to buildings, trees, and other
large objects are subjected to air turbulence effects caused by such features. Therefore, locate the landing and
takeoff area away from such objects in order to minimize air turbulence in the vicinity of the FATO and the
approach/departure paths.
(2) Elevated Heliports. Establishing a 6 foot (1.8 m) or more air gap above the level of the roof will generally
minimize the turbulent effect of air flowing over the roof edge. If an air gap or some other turbulence mitigating
design measure is warranted but not practical, operational limitations may need to be considered under certain wind
conditions. If an air gap is included in the design it should be kept free at all times of significant objects that would
obstruct the airflow.
Leverton Associates International
Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
TLOF
High level of turbulence
over TLOF „Clean‟ air flow
over TLOF
NO Airgap
TLOF on top of building
Airgap
TLOF above top of building
ELEVATED HELIPORTS - TURBULENCE
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Heliport Design AC Workshop - HeliExpo 2012
End of this section ….
…… MORE TO COME