black nationalism affirmative

8/18/2019 Black Nationalism Affirmative

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Black Nationalism

If you have any questions about the le email:

Eve Robinson: [email protected]

Colin Cozad: [email protected]

Ma !bramson: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Notes


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Black Nationalism"ere#s some stu$ that should hel% you understand the thesis:

& 'enants of (lac) *ationalism according to Melanye +rice, (lac) -elfdetermination

a (lac) %eo%le need control over their lives can only ha%%en through selfgovernance of a blac) nationb -ome say not a blac) nation but instead blac) communities

/ Controla inde%endence and selfsustenance by virtue of its o0n nancial1 %olitical1

and intellectual resources in the form of selfhel% %rograms./ 2ro% the (aggage

a -ever ties 0ith 0hite %eo%le that believe or o%erate on notions of 0hitesu%eriority and blac) inferiority

/ +an!fricanist Identitya 3ind the connections bet0een an african american identity and an !frican

identity and recognize the intersections to create a +an!frican identity

that is )ey to solving blac) o%%ression ad 0hite su%remacy

4(ecause !frican descendants initially arrived in the 5nited -tates designated aschattel rather than fully human citizens and that legacy continued for centuriesafter0ard1 0hites and some blac)s see blac)s as a grou% that should be )e%t in%ermanent servitude. In order for blac)s to embrace inde%endence1 they had to ridthemselves of any beliefs in 0hite su%eriority and blac) inferiority.4

'his is strategic because you defend state action but lin) to none of the 2!#s. -omeof the 2!#s 0ith deontological im%acts could be threatening (555555' y#all get todefend circumvention on the a$ because it doesn#t really matter if the %lan has

durable at. 'he %erce%tion by (lac) !merica of this horridly racist thing 0ould beenough to s%ur blac) nationalist movements. -o because circumvention is a thing1the lin)s to the 2!#s don#t really a%%ly.. ece%t maybe %olitics... but if you#re readingthat against this a$.. hmm


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1AC


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Plan Texts

Plan Text 1 (decrease surveillance): United States federalgovernment sould su!stantiall" curtail surveillance on all

non#!lack $o$ulations%

Plan Text & (increase surveillance): United States federal

government sould su!stantiall" increase surveillance on all

!lack $o$ulations%


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1AC'Surveillancevertl" racist $olicies are ke" to igniting Black Nationalist

movements

Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %oliticsat the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s?? e)r8

In the current %olitical climate1 0here overt racial hostility is %ublicly denounced byeven the most racially conservative sources and more subtle attem%ts at retreatfrom civil rights gains endure1 the s%ace for the resurgence of (lac) *ationalism isboth fertile and fragile. It is fertile because1 as this research indicates1 there is ahigh level of distrust and dissatisfaction 0ith current conditions for blac)s. Many feelblac)s should have %rogressed much further in the forty years since the height of

the Civil Rights Movement. !dditionally1 as the focus of the federal government andfederal dollars shifts from domestic %olicy to international concerns and 0ar1 thosesocial %rograms that 0ere created as remedies to racially biased %olicies and%ractices are more li)ely to come under attac)1 0hich is li)ely to further distanceblac)s from the federal government. It is simultaneously fragile becausecharacteristics and conditions that foster intraracial ties bet0een blac)s seem to be0ea)er than in %revious iterations of (lac) *ationalist %rominence. 'o be sure1blac)s still see their fate as tied to that of other blac)s1 but they are engaging inhigh degrees of blac) blame that lead to conditional rather than un0avering su%%ortfor community em%o0erment e$orts. !s the ga% bet0een the blac) %oor and theblac) middle class continues to 0iden1 the ability to o%t out 6albeit on a limited

basis8 of the blac) community is more attainable than ever before. In the absence of overt residential segregation and other %olicies that reinforce blac)s# communalsolidarity1 some blac)s may sim%ly choose to 0ithdra0 entirely from the !frican!merican community. 5nli)e in the %ast1 0hen the only avenue of retreat fromracial hostility 0as further cloistering oneself in the blac) community1 in the face ofincreased racial hostility and absent overtly racist %olicies1 blac)s no0 have moreo%tions in terms of racial co%ing strategies. 'his seems es%ecially true among those0ho most vehemently reect (lac) *ationalism and are also more li)ely to frame%olicies around individual concerns rather than community or collective benets .Ahether there 0ill be a full recovery for dis%laced >atrina residents is diBcult totell . Ae )no0 that (arac) ;bama 0ill be the fortyfourth %resident of the 5nited

-tates. -till1 it is li)ely that blac)s 0ill continue to su%%ort some level of racial grou%inde%endence. If the %endulum shifts to0ard increased racial hostility and blac)frustration1 then there should be increased su%%ort for (lac) *ationalism. 'he abilityof this ideology to gain traction among ordinary citizens in the %ostCivil Rights erais undermined by the diminished im%ortance of racial grou% membershi% amongyounger !frican !mericans. Aithout legal and social barriers that )ee% the !frican!merican community bounded1 dening %roblems through a narro0 grou%membershi% lens fails to account for real changes in the !frican !merican


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community that ma)e it more diverse than in any other %eriod. 5nderstanding1negotiating1 and accounting for ingrou% diversity are the tests of %ostCivil Rightsblac) %olitics. !s a result1 the e$ort to achieve %olitical em%o0erment remains acollective one. "enderson 6/DDD8 notes: 2u(ois 0as quite %rescient in his vie0 thatthe %roblems of the t0entieth century 0ould be the %roblem of the color line. . . .

Cruse 0as no less %rescient his %endulum thesis suggests that the challenge of thet0entyrst century 0ill be the challenge of the culture lineFat home and abroad.6GH8

Te $lantation as recreated itself in te surveillance state'

re*ection is ke" to a !lack critical consciousness

+illiams 1, 6Jason Michael Ailliams (.- and M.- in Criminal Justice from *e0 Jersey City 5niversity 6*JC58 and his +h2 in !dministration of Justice from 'eas-outhern 5niversity Criminal Justice de%artment chair at the "am%ton Institute1,D.G.,&1


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anecdotal e%ression of 0hite conservation it is neither true nor achievable becausecolorblindness color ignorance is the quintessential enemy of individualism. Moreim%ortant1 an ada%tation to colorblindness color ignorance %resents to society thesame issue that colorblindness color ignorance attem%ts to solve 1 a society in 0hich%eo%le cannot be themselves. 3urthermore1 many %eo%le 0onder if a consciousness 0ill

ever arise out the 5.-. regarding the issue of subective citizenshi% by 0ay ofcriminal sanctions1 yet one must also 0onder if it serves the best interests of the maority to rid it. Aould themaority be 0illing to sacrice and allo0 others to be themselves and %artici%ate in the greater !merican society

0ithout having to be someone else Maor contem%orary im%lications regarding the criminal usticesystem as a tool of racial control 0ould be the %ost,, era and the su%erheightened surveillance com%le that %resently invades minority life . !lthoughmany 6regardless of race?ethnicity8 in the 5.-. are no0 com%lainants against the strongsurveillance state 0hich no0 eists1 they should be reminded that such a reality is nothing ne0 tominority communities yet the maority only sees such mechanisms as strange 0hen theyare the target. 5ntil citizenshi% is conce%tualized as an equal %ossession for all1 the lives of certain sectors0ithin society 0ill continue to be micromanaged via the criminal ustice system1 4democratically4 of course.

"o0ever1 those 0ho have lived under aus%ices of validation and su%eriority for so long

may soon need to rethin) their %osition given the onslaught of the surveillancecom%le 0hich is slo0ly but surely becoming racially indiscriminate in its %rocesses.*o0 is the time to bind together as one des%ite these di$erences. Ahether this is %ossibleor not remains to be seen.

Te a-rmative is critical to countering notions of .ite

su$remac"

Sel!" /0 6'ommie -helby +h2 in %hiloso%hy +rofessor of !frican and !fricana-tudies and +hiloso%hy at "arvard /DDG *!'I;*!7I-M Martin 2elany on the Meaning of (lac) +olitical -olidarity=8??CC

2elany maintains that once this association of blac) s)in 0ith lo0 social status had

been established 1 there 0as virtually nothing blac)s could do 6short of etensive


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color 0hile remaining in the 5 nited - tates1 and thus he urges them to emigrateelse0here. "e mounts a %o0erful case1 on %ragmatic nationalist grounds1 in su%%ortof this radical conclusion. 'he 3ugitive -lave 7a0 of ,NHD e$ectively denied fullcitizenshi% to even


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the formation of an im%risonment regime un%recedented in human history in scale andcom%leity1 and 0hich loc)s u% 0ell over a million (lac) %eo%le1 signicantly advancing numbersof 4non0hite4 7atinos as1 and in 0hich the 0hite %o%ulation is vastly underre%resented interms of both numbers im%risoned and li)elihood to be %rosecuted 6and thus incarcerated8 for similar alleged

criminal o$enses,P In ecess of its %olitical economic1 geogra%hic1 and uridical registers1 the contem%orary5- %rison regime must be centrally understood as constituting an e%ochdeningstatecraft of race: a historically s%ecic conce%tualization1 %lanning1 and institutional mobilization of stateinstitutional ca%acities and stateinQuenced cultural structures to re%roduce and?or reassemble the socialrelations of %o0er1 dominance1 and violence that constitute the ontology 6e%istemic andconce%tual framings8 of racial meaning itself 6da -ilva1 /DDP Soldberg1 ,G8. In this case1 the racialontology of the %ostslavery and %ostcivil rights %rison is anchored in the crisis of social meaning 0rought on 0hitecivil society by the ,Gth !mendmentTs a%%arent uridical elimination of the (lac) chattel slave being. !cross

historical %eriods1 the social inhabitation of the 0hite civil subect its selfrecognition1 institutionallyaBrmed 6racial8 sovereignty1 and everyday social intercourse 0ith other racial beings is made legiblethrough its %ositioning as the administrative authority and consenting audience for the nation and civilizationbuilding %rocesses of multi%le racial genocides . It is the bare fact of the 0hite subectTsaccess and entitlement to the generalized %osition of administering and consent ing to racial

genocide that matters most centrally here. Im%ortantly1 this 0hite civil subect thrives onthe assum%tion that s?he is they are not1 and 0ill never be the target of racialgenocide.,N 6Ailliams1 /D,D8 .'hose things obtained and secured through genocidal %rocesses land1 %olitical and military hegemony?dominance1 e%ro%riated labor are in thissense secondary to the ra0 relation of violence that the 0hite subect inhabits inrelation to the racial obects 6including %eo%le1 ecologies1 cultural forms1 sacredmaterials1 and other modalities of life and being8 subected to the irre%arableviolations of genocidal %rocesses. It is this ra0 relation1 in 0hich 0hite social eistence materially andnarratively consolidates itself 0ithin the normalized systemic logics of racial genocides1 that forms the condition of%ossibility for the 5- social formation1 from 4abolition4 on0ard. 'o %ush the argument further: the distendedsystems of racial genocides are not the massively deadly means to0ard some other 6rational8 historical ends1 butare ends 0ithin themselves. "ere 0e can decisively de%art from the hegemonic uridical framings of 4genocide4 asdictated by the 5nited *ations1 and eamine instead the logics of genocide that dynamically structure the di$erent

historicalsocial forms that have emerged from the classically identiable genocidal systems of racial colonialconquest1 indigenous %hysical and cultural etermination1 and racial chattel slavery. 'o recall 'ras) and Marable1 thehistorical logics of genocide %ermeate institutional assemblages that variously o%erationalize the historical forces of

%lanned obsolescence1 social neutralization1 and 4ceasing to eist.4 Centering a conce%tion of racialgenocide as a dynamic set of sociohistorical logics 6rather than as contained1 isolatable historicale%isodes8 allo0s the slaveryto%rison continuity to be more clearly mar)ed: the continuityis not one that hinges on the creation of late/Dth and earlylist century 4slave labor14 but rather on a reinstitutionalization of antislave social violence. Aithin this historical schema1 the %ost,PDs %rison regimeinstitutionalizes the ra0 relation of violence essential to 0hite social being 0hile mediating it so it a%%ears as non

genocidal1 nonviolent1 %eace)ee%ing1 and usticeforming. 'his is 0here 0e can also narrate thecontem%orary racial criminalization1 %olicing1 and incarcerating a%%aratuses asbeing historically tethered to the genocidal logics of the %ostabolition1 %ostemanci%ation1 and%ostcivil rights slave state. Ahile it is necessary to continuously clarify and debate 0hether and ho0 this statecraft

of racial im%risonment is veriably genocidal1 there seems to be little reason to question that it is1 at least1%rotogenocidal dis%laying both the ca%acity and inclination for genocidal outcomes in its systemic logic andhistorical traectory. 'his contetualization leads to0ard a some0hat di$erent analytical framing of the 4deadlysymbiosis4 that sociologist 7oiTc Aacquant has outlined in his account of antiblac) carcerals%atial systems. Ahile it0ould be smallminded to suggest that the emergence of the late/Dth century %rison regime is an historical

inevitability1 0e should at least understand that the structural bottom line of (lac) im%risonmentover the last four decades 0herein the quantitative fact of a (lac) %rison?ail maority has become ta)enforgranted as a social fact is a contem%orary institutional manifestation of a genocidalracial substructure that has been reformed1 and not fundamentally dis%laced1 by the


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Te communal focus of !lack nationalist tougt li!erates and

o$ens ne. doors for !lack identit" ex$ression

Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %olitics

at the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s??e)r8

Relying on historical racial conQict and hostility1 as 0ell as a desire to reconnect to !frican cultural origins1 (lac)*ationalists have called for various levels of 0ithdra0al from the !merican %olitical system. (lac) Uionismre%resents the most etreme form of (lac) *ationalism1 and its %ro%onents have rarely been able to muster thesu%%ort necessary to amass and sustain an emigration movement. More %o%ular1 instead1 have been more reserved

forms of (lac) *ationalism that endeavor to %rotect and maintain !frican !mericanculture1 institutions1 and traditions se%arate and a%art from others. 'he latter ty%e of (lac)*ationalism is demonstrated most among %artici%ants here. '!(7E G., 'y%ology of (lac) *ationalism: !ttitudes and

Issue +ositions VInsert 'able "ereW 3or (lac) *ationalists1 the ir !frican !merican identity iscentral to ho0 they dene themselves . 6dentit" transformation is a crucialmo!ili3ing element of Black Nationalism5 accom$lised largel" !"

strengtening connection to individuals5 cultural traditions5 and struggles

trougout te African 7ias$ora. >eesha1 a civil servant and natural hair salon o0ner 0ho has0or)ed1 resided1 and raised her children entirely in the center city1 summarized these essential beliefs in herdiscussion about 0hy she agrees 0ith Malcolm X: Aell you )no0 if 0e read the boo)s that Malcolm told us to . . . 0eal0ays tal) about 0hat 0e can#t do. Ahat 0e are not able to do1 0e have not analyzed 0hy 0e are there mentallyand ho0 do 0e brea) that mental slavery . . . um . . . the fact that 0hen you go over to !frica1 not in the colonizedareas because you )no0 they are ust as confused as the blac) fol)s over here but in the rural areas . . . %eo%le eatout of the same %lates1 %eo%le see each other as one. If you#re hurting1 I#m hurting. If you don#t have1 I don#t have.If you have1 I have. -o I feel good 0hen you get because that means I got1 and I feel bad 0hen you don#t havebecause that means I don#t have. -o I#m saying that being )idna%%ed and then being ra%ed of our identity1 and li)e+aula said you ain#t going to get it bac) in thirty years1 but to be able to identify that I don#t trust %eo%le and 0hydon#t I trust %eo%le and 0or) on that because the only 0ay you#re going to get through it isFit#s almost li)e havinga %hobia1 you have to e%ose yourself to itFand say1 o)ay1 I#m going trust Jerri and +aula and !drienne1 andsomebody#s going to let me do0n1 but it#s o)ay. 'hat#s 0here 0e#re human. (ut the %oint isFare 0e loo)ing out for

the grou% Ae#ve been so Euro%eanized that it#s me and I. !nd 0e forgot about you and us. >eesha#s sentimentsencom%ass many characteristics of (lac) *ationalism. 3or instance1 she demonstrates a social outloo) thatem%hasizes the im%ortance of ta)ing care of the collective. Community em%o0erment and%rogress are central to the beliefs of (lac) *ationalists1 0ho loo) in0ard for resources to address the needs of the

community. 'he ability of blac)s to rely on community resources and the belief in blac)interde%endence is realized through frequent interactions and transactions 0ithblac) businesses1 community centers1 and other organizations . ReQecting on this need to%reserve community1 +aula referred to a time 0hen this ty%e of communitybased living 0as the norm: +!57!: 'here 0as a time in school 0hen 0e 0ere on our o0n and our teachers 0ere blac) . . . then 0hen 0e 0eren#tsubected to Vnegative treatment and stereoty%es by 0hite teachersW even though 0e 0ere still being taught thedominant culture because for you to survive that#s the culture you had to live. You had to have t0o %ersonalities . . . J!*E77E: It#s called by A. E. (. 2u(ois duality. +!57!: 2uality . . . you had to have it. +aula and >eesha also %oint toanother com%onent of (lac) *ationalismFthe recognition that there are im%ortant di$erences bet0een the 0ayblac)s and 0hites thin) and interact 0ith each other and 0ithin their o0n cultural grou%s. +art of this seems to bethe belief that !frican !mericans have to undergo a cognitive liberation %rocess in 0hich they esche0 0hite!merican norms and values. -ocial movement scholars 3rances 3o +iven and Richard !. Clo0ard 6,P8 and 2ougMc!dam 6,N/81 dene cognitive liberation as a multistage %rocess in 0hich individuals relinquish their faith in theeesha#s earlier assertion that blac) !mericans


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need to relinquish those beliefs and behaviors that are


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'he 3(I in the %ast has ta)en the %osition1 over the ;IS#s obections1 tat it

.as $roi!ited from disclosing


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&AC'Case


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>xtensions


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>xt'consciousness ke"Black Nationalism is $ossi!le ' consciousness is a vital ?rst

ste$%

enyatta 3leming1 M.!. Candidate in !fricana -tudies at Clar)e

!tlanta 5niversity1 /DDN 6


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>xt'!lack nationalism ke"Black Nationalism is te onl" .a" to create freedom for !lacks#

integration is forced assimilation tat anniilates Black $ride

and culture

alls 10 6!ndre01 assoc %rof of %olitical science ;regon -tate 5niversity1 !ugust/D,D1


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!mericans 0ere not. (lac) individuals1 institutions1 and communities 0ere to betransformed1 0hereas their 0hite counter%arts 0ere as)ed little1 beyond


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>xt'racist $olicies ke"

urricane Datrina $roves'racist $olicies $rovide a rall" around

te 4ag e8ect in !lack communities

Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %oliticsat the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s??e)r8

'he data from 2reaming (lac)ness can tell us something about the %otential of a (lac) *ationalist revival. 3irst1 0e )no0 thatthere is 0ides%read su%%ort for some1 but by no means all1 %olicies and behaviorsthat encourage community control of blac) institutions and social s%aces. 'hough blac)sare 0illing to su%%ort moderate 0ithdra0al1 the vast maority of focus grou% %artici%ants and *(E- survey res%ondentsdo not subscribe fully to (lac) *ationalist %rinci%les. (lac)s are 0illing to %atronize blac) businessesover similar businesses they are 0illing to give conditional su%%ort for blac) candidates and 0hen they discuss vie0s aboutcommitment to their racial community1 they e%ress beliefs that res%onsible members should be engaged in a collective struggle for

community u%lift. 'his is true for even those %artici%ants in the focus grou%s 0ho 0ere most o%%osed to (lac) *ationalism. Ahenthis moderate su%%ort for (lac) *ationalism is cou%led 0ith the high level offrustration and distrust focus grou% members e%erience because of their desire for unfettered %ursuit of the !mericandream and the obstacles to that %ursuit because of enduring racial tensions1 blac)s seem %rimed for increasedsu%%ort for (lac) *ationalism. In fact1 the events surrounding "urricane >atrina seemed toreo%en old 0ounds and increase su%%ort for more inde%endent organizationbuilding. Interestingly1 and e%ectedly1 the storm also reinforced notions of lin)ed fate and reiterated the need for blac)s tocoalesce around issues that adversely and uniquely im%act their community. !frican !merican churches1 fraternal organizations1 andother blac) organizations set u% benets1 collected clothes1 and engaged in other e$orts in the storm#s aftermath. In blac)communities nationally1 im%rom%tu and often informal organizations formed to aid in hurricane relief e$orts and to su%%ort arrivingstorm victims. ;ne Cleveland +lain 2ealer re%orter noted1 atrina victims= 6(ernstein /DDH1 3,8. (lac) %hilanthro%ic organizations re%orted a dramatic increase in

giving1 and there 0as gro0ing criticism of mainstream relief organizations li)e the Red Cross and its ability 6or desire8 to adequatelymeet the needs of !frican !merican communities 62obrzyns)i /DDH8. !dditionally1 the (lac) Entertainment 'elevision 6(E'8 channeland a grou% called the -aving ;ur -elves Coalition held a telethon that %rimarily featured young blac) entertainers1 as 0ell as more

established !frican !merican celebrities., 'he initial emotional and %hysical u%heaval in the !frican!merican community has not resulted in enough %olitical force to )ee% >atrinarecovery at the to% of the national agenda. ;utside of the im%acted area1 there has been verylittle sustained organizational e$ort. !dditionally1 !frican !mericans have coalesced around the ;bamacam%aign1 0hich re%resents a high %oint 6even if only symbolic8 for !frican !merican %olitics. 7i)e >atrina1 it continues to highlightthe myriad 0ays in 0hich !frican !mericans and other grou%s vie0 the 0orld. (eyond general su%%ort for more moderate forms of

(lac) *ationalism1 there is also a great deal of insight to be gleaned from the focus grou% data on lin)ed fate. It seems to bea %olitical truism that blac) !mericans feel connected to each other socially1%olitically1 and economically. 'hat connection generally has been vie0ed in t0o %rimary 0aysFeither ed andneutral or ed and %ositive. Ahile there is evidence in this analysis to su%%ort both of these claims1 there is alsosu%%ort for the need to rethin) ho0 blac) %olitics scholars measure and em%loy theidea of lin)ed fate in their analysis. 'hese focus grou% %artici%ants clearly see themselves as allied 0ith othermembers of the blac) community ho0ever1 the nature of that alliance is far more com%licated than our current conce%tualizationssuggest. 'hese %artici%ants are ma)ing distinctions about 0ho is a member of their


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vert +ite $re*udice ti$s te scales to.ards Black

Nationalism%

Block 11 F Ray (loc) Jr.1 !ssistant +rofessor of +olitical -cience at 3lorida -tate5niversity1 +h.2. in +olitical -cience from ;hio -tate 5niversity1 M.!. in +olitical-cience from ;hio -tate 5niversity1 (.!. in +hiloso%hy from "o0ard 5niversity1 (.!.

in +olitical -cience from "o0ard 5niversity1 /D,, 6


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threshold1 the im%act of the lin)ed fate lessens1 but at lo0er thresholds ofdisillusionment1 lin)ed fate can eert a stronger im%act. It is not diBcult to imaginethat an !frican !merican 0ho feels no sense of shared fate can be a %assionatefollo0er of (lac) nationalism if her disillusionment is strong enough to trigger herideological endorsement. 'his is1 after all1 a common concern among those 0ho

sus%ectto borro0 (re0er#s 6/DD/8 %hrasingthat (lac)nationalist organizationsnurture KKoutgrou% hate1## rather than KKingrou% love## 6see1 e.g.1 !dele)e ,N!llen ,H 2avis and (ro0n /DD/8. !n etremely disillusioned (lac) %erson 0hobelieves strongly in her grou%#s interde%endence is %resumably more li)ely to bestrongly nationalistic than an !frican !merican 0ho e%resses only one of thesesentiments 6"arris7ace0ell /DD&1 %. &81 so attem%ts to stimulate this 0oman#slin)ed fate could raise her ideological su%%ort even more. "o0ever1 doing so could%ossibly decrease the e$ect that her disillusionment already has on her adherenceto (lac) nationalism. Etending the navigational meta%hor: the im%ortance of analternative route becomes most a%%arent 0hen one#s initial %ath0ay is unavailable.In this case1 there is less need for a (lac) %erson to rely on disillusionment to fuelher su%%ort for (lac) nationalism if her sense of lin)ed fate is suBciently develo%ed.Conversely1 rising levels of disillusionment could %otentially attenuate the im%act of lin)ed fate on (lac) nationalism because lin)ed fate no longer has to com%ensatefor missing disillusionment.


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AT:


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Te" Sa": EUtilFUtilitarian etics are used !" dominant $o.er grou$s to mask

te need for reform ' .en !od" counts are te onl" etic for

determining value5 !odies tat aren/t visi!le to dominant

$o.er grou$s are never counted% Tis allo.s for structuralviolence in te sado.s .ere te o-cial !od" counts ignore

te im$act on marginali3ed communities%

>tical concerns sould sa$e "our decision calculus ' te

onl" .a" to avoid talking ourselves into atrocit" is to create a

set of etics tat are inviola!le% Tere/s al.a"s a $at to

*ustif" genocide ' utilitarianism never $rovides a coerent

metod to evaluate com$eting $ro$osals%

Utilitarian defenses of surveillance are .rong !ecause te"

con4ate efciency .it utility % Te case out.eigs within a

utilitarian frame.ork%'!etter util card to come

ladik 1, 6Casey "ladi)1 +hiloso%hy -tudent at (all -tate 5niversity1 citing !lan RusbridgerFEditor of TheGuardian ne0s%a%er 0hich %ublished articles by Slenn Sreen0ald and its o0n re%orters about the *ational -ecurity!gency based on documents lea)ed by Ed0ard -no0den1 and John -tuart MillFa ,th century (ritish %hiloso%her0ho 0rote the seminal 0or) Utilitarianism1 /D,& 6


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follo0ed the dictates of ex$edience rater tan etics . 'his fact is evident in a remar) bythe head of a (ritish intelligence agency:


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Te" Sa": E"our movement failsFAll of teir evidence is assum$tive of te status uo'.e agree

tat movements fail5 !ut tat is onl" !ecause Black

$o$ulations lack solidarit" in te a!sence of racist $olicies'

tat/s te Price ev

2egardless of te outcome5 struggles and discourses in

su$$ort of Black Nationalism are still good%

Sing 0, F -imboonath -ingh1 !ssistant +rofessor of -ociology at the 5niversityof Michigan2earborn1 /DD& 6


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Te" Sa": Erei?es !igotr"FTe alternative is te status uo'+alker ans.ers tis

argument% =iven tat .ite su$remac" structures America5 .e

need to de$art and leave te source of o$$ression


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about the fate of slavery1 but also slavery informed the %remises and %rinci%les of labordisci%line V]W the forms of com%ulsion used against the unem%loyed1 vagrants1 beggars1 and others in the%ostbellum *orth mirrored the transition from slavery to freedom. 'he contradictory as%ects of liberty of contractand the reliance on coercion in stimulating free labor modeled in the aftermath of the Civil Aar 0ere the lessons ofemanci%ation em%loyed against the %oor.

No link'teir evidence is assum$tive of $ast Black Nationalist

movements5 .e are distinct in tat


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Te" Sa": EessentialismF>xtend +alker'.e can onl" recogni3e individual identities !"

ackno.ledging race di8erences and com!atting color

ignorance

No essentialism'te a8 recogni3es te common ex$erience ofracism not a universal identit"

Nielson 6Cynthia *ielson is a blogger that transcri%ted the intervie0 bet0een Jonathan 2erbyshire and 'ommie -helby %rovided by 'he +ros%ect1 !%ril N1 /DD1


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Te" Sa": EreformismFTis .as ans.ered !" Sel!" and Price'reformism recreates

+ite Su$remac" !ecause .ites are structurall" $ositioned to

disadvantage !lack $eo$le% nl" an inde$endent s"stem can

callengeBlack Nationalism

Pose" /1 6-ean +osey is a %hotogra%her1 activist1 and historian. "e is the5rban Issues 2e%artment chair at the "am%ton Institute -e%tember ,G1 /D,G 'he"am%ton Institute 0ame 'ure 6-to)ely Carmichael8 said in an intervie0 0ith C-%an1 4(lac) +o0er has not been arrived at 0e donTt have (lac) +o0er yet.4V/&W

'here is no %olitical 0ill to deal 0ith the catastro%he facing blac) !merica. 'herecent ban)ru%tcy of 2etroit1 the largest maority blac) city in the nation1 is a %otent

reminder of that. Indeed1 blac) %olitical %o0er is fading 1 ironically in the age of therst blac) %resident. 7iberal electoral %olitics by themselves cannot and 0ill notsolve these %roblems 1 !s 2r. (rittney Coo%er %ointed out after the ftiethanniversary of the March for Jobs and 3reedom: 4(lac) liberal advocacy in thiscountry for more obs1 less %overty1 more education1 less %risons1 more life chancesand less gun deaths doesnTt have a ghting chance 0ithout a visible radicalalternative.4V/HW Ahere 0ill this all lead !usterity1 continued stagnation1 and therefusal to address urban and suburban %overty1 %uts blac) !merica at a crossroads.ItTs unclear 0hat im%act the disa%%ointing ;bama legacy 0ill have for the future ofblac) %olitics. -till1 regardless of 0hether a 2emocrat or a Re%ublican occu%ies theAhite "ouse in /D ,P 1 itTs doubtful any agenda addressing blac) communities 0ill be

discussed 1 much less enacted. In the months and years ahead1 it is %ossible that 0e0ill see the rebirth of a ne01 almost certainly unique and une%ected version of(lac) *ationalism. If so1 it 0ill come at the dar)est hour 1 and if it doesloo) for it inthe 0hirl0ind.

6doli3ing reforms and E$rogressive cangeF onl" serves to

dela" Black Gi!eration

Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M

5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %oliticsat the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s??e)r8

'he election of (arac) ;bama and its consequences for those 0ho subscribe to andmobilize from a (lac) *ationalist %ers%ective also has the %otential to create a%rotest?%rotection im%ulse. 'his im%ulse re%resents a desire for !frican !mericansto %rotect those members or segments of their community that they see asembodying the best of that community. 'his need to %rotect can be in direct conQict


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0ith the ability to critique or %rotest the actions of those they have lifted u%. It is acategory that is often reserved for those !frican !mericans 0ho have achievednancial1 athletic1 or academic success. Cathy Cohen 6,8 %oints to internaltensions 0ithin the !frican !merican community bet0een the im%ulse to %rotect theimage 6or at least counteract %revailing negative stereoty%es8 and the need to

adequately address certain community %roblems. -he demonstrates this through aneamination of !frican !merica#s res%onse to the !I2-?"I9 crisis. !frican !mericanchurch oBcials and community activists on the front line of dealing 0ith the!I2-?"I9 crisis have had to gra%%le 0ith fullling their role as service %roviders andcoming to gri%s 0ith the moral dilemmas created by their interactions 0ith the%o%ulations most a$ected 6i.e.1 gay men1 se 0or)ers1 and I9 drug users8. It is li)elythat a similar tension 0ill eist in an ;bama administration . Ahile racial %roblems0ill continue to eist des%ite ;bama#s victory1 there 0ill be a strong desire among!frican !mericans to %reserve this historic moment by %rotecting ;bama#s imageand refraining from ma)ing %rotest demands that may call for the u%heaval of thestatus quo. 'his is %articularly interesting given that much of the %olitical %rogressmade by !frican !mericans has resulted directly from %rotest demands. 'hecontroversy during the cam%aign over ;bama#s %astor1 Jeremiah Aright1 again1illustrates this %oint. 'here 0ere dueling %roblems surrounding this controversy. ;none hand1 !frican !mericans 0ere singed by 0hat they sa0 as an overt attac) ontheir most %o0erful community institution1 the blac) church. !lternatively1 they0anted to ma)e sure that this %roblem did not tan) ;bama#s candidacy. ;bama#schances 0ere in clear conQict 0ith the need to defend this critical %olitical andcultural institution of the blac) community. 'his )ind of tension 0ill only increase0hen ;bama begins to govern and is forced to ma)es choices that %otentiallyconQict 0ith blac) %references and needs.

2eliance on forming te $olitical s"stem engages in .isful

tinking tat sim$li?es te $ro!lem%Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %oliticsat the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s??e)r8

'hose 0ho both reect (lac) *ationalist tenets and see) to resha%e the nature of theirrelationshi% 0ith the !merican %olitical system adhere to a guiding %rinci%le that calls for !mericato live u% to its e%ressed ideals of having a society in 0hich %eo%le are udged by ing 6,NOa1 /,,8 cautioned1 ing#s beliefs 0ere essentially t0o%ronged. 3irst1 blac)s

0ould gain their rights by a%%ealing to the moral dissonance of 0hites. Im%licit in his assertion is the ideathat one must sim%ly e%ose 0hites to the %light of blac)s and they 0ould change.

'he treatment blac)s had received at the hands of 0hites 0ould 0eigh too heavilyon 0hite consciences1 and 0hites 0ould not %revent the integration %rocessinitiated by blac)s because


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have %eace 0ithin= 6,NOd1 PH8. In >ing#s estimation1 0hites had rationalized their treatment ofblac)s by ado%ting a belief in blac) inferiority. ;nce this belief 0as shattered through %eacefuldemonstrations1 0hites 0ould have to contend 0ith their o0n conscience and 0ith the demands of blac)s. 'his ledto the second %art of >ing#s strategy: blac)s 0ould ado%t the tactic of nonviolent direct action. 3ollo0ing theSandhian model1 blac)s 0ould enact %olitical change by ta)ing the moral high ground. >ing 6,NOb8 suggests thatblac) %rotesters do not see) to defeat or humiliate the o%%onent1 but to 0in his friendshi% and understanding. 'henonviolent resister must often voice his %rotests through noncoo%eration or boycotts1 but he realizes that

noncoo%eration and boycotts are not the ends themselves they are the means to a0a)en the end of moral shame

>ing 0ent on to suggest that this %rocess is necessary for


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Te" Sa": E!ut like Barack !ama means tings

are getting !etterF1% 6 souldn/t need a card to ans.er tis !ecause tat kind

of tougt is .at *usti?es te a-rmative and

GG !ama isn/t all !lack $$l !ut oka"

Price 6Melanye +rice1 !ssistant +rofessor of !fricana -tudies at Rutgers1 (.!.6Magna cum 7aude8 in geogra%hy 0ith a %olitical science minor at +rairie 9ie0 !M5niversity1 +h2 in %olitical science 0ith a s%ecialty in the eld of !merican %oliticsat the ;hio -tate 5niversity indle (oo)s??e)r8

-ome have argued that the election of (arac) ;bama re%resents1 for the rst time1the full integration of !frican !mericans as 5.-. citizens. !t various times in history1there have been halfhearted attem%ts to decrease the level of marginalizatione%erienced by blac)s. 3or eam%le1 there 0as the %assage of the 'hirteenth1

3ourteenth and 3ifteenth !mendments1 0hich 6outside of the Reconstruction era80ere not fully enforced until more than a century later. If ;bama#s victory trulyre%resents a fully integrated blac) !merica1 then the ability of (lac) *ationalists tomobilize a mass movement should be greatly diminished. (lac) *ationalism thrivesin an environment of continued marginalization of blac)s by a 0hite %o0erstructure. Can blac)s continue to ma)e claims based on racial o%%ression andeclusion 0hen one of their racial grou% members occu%ies the most %o0erful

elected %osition in the country Te ans.er to te uestion is5 o!viousl"5 "es%

'he election of one !frican !merican does not erase %ersistent inequalities or%reudices. ;ne man#s individual success 6even of this magnitude8 cannot accountfor centuries of marginalization or continued contem%orary discrimination . *or can

one man#s voice fully articulate the %references of an entire grou%. In light of this1there 0ill be an ongoing need for blac) activists to engage in more robust debate0ith each other and ma)e racebased %etitions to the federal government. (arac);bama#s candidacy 0as 0idely characterized as racetranscendent. !ccording tone0s %undits1 ;bama#s failure to rely on traditional civil rights tro%es and 0hites#0illingness to vote for a blac) candidate demonstrated that !mericans had movedbeyond %ast racial tensions. In fact1 his cam%aign style re%resented an eistingelectoral strategy develo%ed by blac) mayors called deracialization 6+ersons ,G8.Candidates 0ho run deracialized cam%aigns avoid discussing issues that aree%licitly or im%licitly racial such as 0elfare1 crime1 and so on. Instead1 theyem%hasize a %olitical agenda that can be vie0ed as race neutral. Recent !frican

!merican elected oBcials such as Michael Ahite 6former mayor of Cleveland1 ;hio81Corey (oo)er 6mayor of *e0ar)1 *e0 Jersey81 and 2eval +atric) 6governor ofMassachusetts8 all eem%lify this gro0ing cadre of deracialized 6or raceneutral8blac) %oliticians. 'his strategy has some relevance for understanding contem%orarye%ressions of (lac) *ationalism1 0hich are %redicated on a sense of racial grou%consciousness. (lac) *ationalism relies on e%licit and collective racial a%%eals thatare less li)ely to be made in a racetranscendent or deracialized contet. 'hismeans that any %roblem uniquely im%acting !frican !mericans has to either be


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couched in a universal narrative or abandoned. (lac) *ationalists do not su%%orteither of these strategies.


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Te" Sa": E2o!inson turnF6ntegration and reformism amounts to color!lind $olicies tat

never result in racial eualit"

alls 10 6!ndre0 9alls1 !ssociate +rofessor +olitical -cience +rogram Coordinator +olitical -cience +rogram

-chool of +ublic +olicy1 !ugust /D,D1

In recent years %olitical theorists and %hiloso%hers have devoted a great deal ofattention to issues of nationalism1 selfdetermination1 and multiculturalism1 and inthe %rocess they have challenged the notion that liberal values and %rinci%lesrequire the integration and assimilation of minorities 6see >ymlic)a ,H 7aden and;0en /DDP 7evy /DDD 'amir ,G 'aylor ,&8. Indeed1 Aill >ymlic)a hassuggested that there is no0 a consensus among liberal theorists in su%%ort of


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&AC'8 Case


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&AC'7A


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&AC


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,% ictim Blaming 7A: Teir link continues te $ro!lematic

accusation tat !lack $eo$le are res$onsi!le for .ite

America/s actions'tat $roves inerenc" for te case'

victim !laming is a reason to vote a8 !ecause it solidi?es

te need for !lacks to govern temselves rater tan !e

!lamed for $olic" failures of te US


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1A2'UtilUtilitarian etics are used !" dominant $o.er grou$s to mask

te need for reform ' .en !od" counts are te onl" etic for

determining value5 !odies tat aren/t visi!le to dominant

$o.er grou$s are never counted% Tis allo.s for structuralviolence in te sado.s .ere te o-cial !od" counts ignore

te im$act on marginali3ed communities ' tat/s /Brien%

>tical concerns sould sa$e "our decision calculus ' te

onl" .a" to avoid talking ourselves into atrocit" is to create a

set of etics tat are inviola!le% Tere/s al.a"s a $at to

*ustif" genocide ' utilitarianism never $rovides a coerent

metod to evaluate com$eting $ro$osals%


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&AC'


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&AC


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language and tonal intonations 6regionally s%ecic8 0hen in maority blac) s%aces6in fact1 it seems that it is 0hen 0e


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7efense to AgonismAgonism and deli!eration su$$ress alternate forms of

communication and assume a level $la"ing ?eld

7r"3ek 9 6John 2ryze) is a +h21 +rofessor of +olitical -cience and !ustralian Research Council 3ederation 3ello0. "e is a3ello0 of the !cademy of -ocial -ciences in !ustralia1 former "ead of the 2e%artments of +olitical -cience at the 5niversities of;regon and Melbourne and the -ocial and +olitical 'heory %rogram at !*51 and former editor of the !ustralian Journal of +olitical-cience1 2eliberative 2emocracy in 2ivided -ocieties: !lternatives to !gonism and !nalgesia1 +olitical 'heory1htt%:??000.chinesedemocratization.com?materials?O2ryze)2eli2em2ivided-ocieties.%df ??e)r8

2eliberation across divided identities is hard. ;n a 0idely shared account1 deliberation is 0hat(essette calls the


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2esolvedE2esolvedF doesn/t reuire certaint"

+e!ster/s Merriam Aebster /DD

6htt%:??000.merriam0ebster.com?dictionary?resolved8

^ Main Entry: ,resolve ^ +ronunciation: rizlv1 zo lv also zv or zov ^ 3unction: verb ^ InQected 3orm6s8:

resolved resolving , : to become se%arated into com%onent %arts also : to become reduced by dissolving oranalysis / : to form a resolution : determine G : consult1 deliberate


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&AC'Nationalism P6C


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&AC


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discursive character of social life1 but insuBciently and 0rongheadedly. I do not mean to suggest that discourse isde%endent on structure as much as that structures are hegemonic discourses. 'he o%erative structures re%roducedthrough a multitude of daily %ractices and reinforced by the e$orts of aligned grou%s may be nothing more than

stabilized ascendent discourses.,H -tructure is the alibi for discourse. Ae need to destabilizethis %revailing inter%retive contet and the %o0er %lays that reinforce it1 rather thanho%e that isolated acts of linguistic sanitization 0ill lead to %olitical change.

Interrogating structures as discourses can %oliticize the terms used to meaning1 %roduce value1 and establishidentity. 2enaturalizing value as the %roduct of nothing more than ed inter%retations can create ne0 %ossibilitiesfor creating value in other less insistent and inurious 0ays. 'he discursively?structurally re%roduced reality ofliberal ca%italism as de%loyed by %o0er blocs of aligned grou%s serves to inform the eistentially lived e%eriencesof citizens in the contem%orary %ostindustrial order.,O 'he %o0erful get to re%roduce a broader contet that 0or)sto reduce the dissonance bet0een ne0 names and established %ractices. !s long as the %revailing discursivestructures of liberal ca%italism create value from some %ractices1 e%eriences1 and identities over others1 no matterho0 often ne0 names are insisted u%on1 some %eo%le 0ill continue to be seen as inferior sim%ly because they donot engage in the same %ractices as those 0ho are currently dominant in %ositions of inQuence and %restige.

'herefore1 as much as there is a need to reconsider the terms of debate1 to interrogatethe embedded biases of discursive %ractices1 and to resist living out the invidiousdistinctions that hegemonic categories im%ose1 there are real limits to 0hat isolatedinstances of renaming can accom%lish.

% Permute: do te CP## CP must !e !ot textuall" and functionall"com$etitive% oting 6ssue: focuses on arti?cial mecanisms of te

$lan rater tan te su!stantive $ortions# moots @ minutes of te

1AC and destro"s education and fairness5 steals a-rmative ground5

ske.s &AC strateg"5 and forces te a-rmative to argue against

ourselves

,% No link'Te JcClintock evidence is "$er#s$eci?c to nationalisms in

te context of tings like ++66'.e are a movement a.a" from

structures of o$$ression%

9% $erating .itin dominant discourse is ke" to rede$lo"ing meaning

St"cin 9 6Carl -tychin is the 2ean and +rofessor of 7a01 City 7a0 -chool1 City 5niversity 7ondon12octor of 7a0s1 5niversity of Reading1 Master of 7a0s1 Columbia 5niversity in the City of *e0 Yor)1 Juris 2octor 60ith honours81 5niversity of 'oronto1 (achelor of !rts 60ith distinction81 5niversity of!lberta1


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modes ;f resistance to those discourses out of the elements of the very discoursesthat sha%e them. Ahile the dialectical conce%tion of the subect rests on a denition of agency that isim%orted from the Cartesian subect as a given1 the %ostmoderns attem%t to formulate conce%ts of resistance andcreativity a%art from Carte -ian conce%ts. 'he ca%acity for resistance can be lin)ed to a %olitical agenda thatfocuses on the formation of identities denied by the universal discourse of subecthood. 'he destabilization of theuniversal subect %osition through %ractices of resistance o%ens u% a realm of cultural s%ace for the establishment

of identities that have been silenced. 'hus1 attem%ts to %roblematize the norm become a%recondition for articulating di$erence.O, Moreover1 by o%erating 0ithin the dominantdiscourse 5 su!*ects that have been historically denied $artici$ation can a$$ro$riateand rede$lo" te terms of te dominant discourse . It is this cultural %henomenon ofdiscursive a%%ro%riationFa %arasitic rede%loyment ;f the ecess of dis cursive meaningFthat amounts to thecultural %ractice of %ostmodern theory 'hat 6%ostmodernism8 has achieved such diverse cultural currency as a term

thereby demonstrates 0hat has been seen as one of %ostmodernismTs most %rovocative lessons that terms areby no means guaranteed their meanings1 and that these meanings Can bea%%ro%riated and redened for di$erent %ur%oses 1 di$erent contets1 and1 moreim%ortant1 di$erent causes. In fact1 this %olitics ;f a%%ro%riation1 for so longeclusively the discursive %reserve ;f the colonizer1 has more recently been crucial togrou%s on the social margin1 Aho have %referred1 under certain circumstances1 to struggle for recognition

and legitimacy on es tablished 4metro%olitan4 %olitical ground (y o%erating 0ithin and utilizing the terms ;f thedominant dis course in subversive fashion1 ne0 identities are sha%edFsubectivities that emerge in an o%%ositionalrelationshi% to the universal.


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Te" Sa": ETat ;usti?es SlursFUnder teir inter$retation5 it .ouldn/t !e oka" to sa" te $lan

!ecause it/s racist% As long as tere is a *usti?cation for te

e8ects of te $lan5 ten it is *usti?ed% Same .it oter

discourse%

8ensive language is an extreme exam$le tat crosses Ered

linesF and can !e re*ected


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1A2'>xt St"cin7iscourse sa$es realit" troug social structures=oue-c H #V7ouise SoueBc. !uthor and s%ea)er on discourse1 (! graduate studies in3rance1


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of language itself1 at the 0ider social %rocesses in 0hich language %lays a %art6Sraddol and -0ann1 ,N8.


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1A2'>xt ScramTeir isolated instance of Ela$to$ stickerF activism does

noting !ut sut do.n interrogations of te structures tat

informed te o$$ression

Te"/re a form of fake radicalism tat suts do.n

conversations and distracts from material cange% A $rivate

discussion a!out language coices is a !etter a$$roac%

Amad 19 F !sam !hmad1 Coordinator of the Youth +rogram at the Metro%olitan!ction Committee for the +revention of 9iolence !gainst Aomen Children1Coordinator of the It Sets 3atter +roectFa body %ositivity grou% started by fatqueer %eo%le of color1 /D,H 6

Callout culture refers to the tendency among %rogressives1 radicals1 activists1 andcommunity organizers to %ublicly name instances or %atterns of o%%ressivebehaviour and language use by others. +eo%le can be called out for statements andactions that are seist1 racist1 ableist1 and the list goes on. (ecause callouts tend tobe %ublic1 they can enable a %articularly armchair and academic brand of activism :

one in 0hich the act of calling out is seen as an end in itself .

Ahat ma)es callout culture so toic is not necessarily its frequency so much as thenature and %erformance of the callout itself. Es%ecially in online venues li)e '0itterand 3aceboo)1 calling someone out is n#t ust a %rivate interaction bet0een t0o

individuals: it#s a $u!lic $erformance 0here %eo%le can demonstrate their 0it or

ho0 %ure their %olitics are. Indeed1 sometimes it can feel li)e the %erformance

itself is more signicant than the content of the callout. 'his is 0hy


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It isn#t an eaggeration to say that there is a mild totalitarian undercurrent not ust

in callout culture but also in ho0 %rogressive communities $olice and de?ne the

bounds of 0ho#s in and 0ho#s out. More often than not1 this boundary is constructedthrough the use of a%%ro%riate language and terminology a language and

terminology that are forever sifting and almost im$ossi!le to kee$ u$ .it .

In such a contet1 it is im$ossi!le not to fail at least some of the time . !nd 0hatha%%ens 0hen someone has mastered %rociency in languages of accountabilityand then learned to ustify all of their actions by falling bac) on that language "o0do 0e hold %eo%le to account 0ho are e%erts at using antio%%ressive language to

ustify o%%ressive behaviour Ae don#t have a 0ord to describe this )ind of %erverseeercise of %o0er1 des%ite the fact that it occurs on an almost daily basis in%rogressive circles. +erha%s 0e could call it antio%%ressivism.

"umour often %lays a role in callout culture and by dra0ing attention to this I amnot saying that 0it has no %lace in undermining o%%ression humour can be one ofthe most useful tools available to o%%ressed %eo%le. (ut 0hen %eo%le are reduced

to their identities of %rivilege 6as 0hite1 cisgender1 male1 etc.8 and moc)ed as such1it means 0e#re treating each other as if our individual social locations stand in for

te total s"stems those %arts of our identities re%resent. Individuals become

synonymous 0ith systems of o%%ression1 and this can turn s"stemic anal"sis

into moral *udgment. 'oo often1 0hen it comes to being called out1 narro0

denitions of a %erson#s identity count for everything.

*o matter the 0rong 0e are naming1 there are 0ays to call %eo%le out that do notreduce individuals to agents of social advantage. 'here are 0ays of calling %eo%leout that are com%assionate and creative1 and that recognize the 0hole individualinstead of vie0ing them sim%ly as re%resentations of the systems from 0hich they

benet. +aying attention to these other contets 0ill mean refusing to unleash all ofour very real trauma onto the %syches of those 0e imagine re%resent the systemsthat o%%ress us. Siven the nature of online social net0or)s1 callouts are not goinga0ay any time soon. (ut reminding ourselves of 0hat a callout is meant toaccom%lish 0ill go a long 0ay to0ard creating the )inds of substantial1 materialchanges in %eo%le#s behaviour and in community dynamics that 0e envision andneed.


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Conuergood JoduleLLnote don#t read this 0ith the other -chram and -tychin cards1 it 0ould critiquetheir focus on articial meanings of 0ords and 0ould be a double turnLL

1%


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and


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&AC'


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&AC


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Te" Sa": ENormativit"FNo Gink and Turn ' critical teor" deconstructs te

!ureaucrac"% 2e*ecting normativit" stri$s us of agenc" and

undermines cange%

Jicelman and 2adin 1 F 3ran) Michelman1 Robert Aalmsley 5niversity+rofessor Emeritus of 7a0 at "arvard 7a0 -chool1 7.7.(. from "arvard 7a0 -chool1(.!. in +hiloso%hy from Yale 5niversity1 and Margaret Radin1 Ailliam (enamin -cott 7una M. -cott +rofessor of 7a0 at -tanford 5niversity1 7.7.2. from Illinois Instituteof 'echnology1 J.2. from the 5niversity of -outhern California1 ,, 6


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It seems a %ossibility 0orth considering that there is not1 and is not going to be1 anycritical s%ea)er for 0hom the reconstructive1 the visionary1 the committed momentis not al0ays already coming1 and thus is not al0ays already here. Ae candeconstruct because 0e can reconstruct 0e are antinormative insofar as 0e arenormative. !s the reconstructive moment seems ineradicable1 so too does the

human e%erience of agency. It seems1 in other 0ords1 a %ossibility 0orthconsidering that the %roblematic1 elusive1 4humanist4 e%erience of subectivity

agencyis an historically irreversi!le1 inex$ungi!le 1 constitutive as%ect of our

e%erience of 6human8 being. +art of 0hat 0e do1 as conce%tma)ing strivers caughtin forms of life1 is thin) about the goodthe better0orld and ourselves acting

to0ards it. Ae cannot den" our o.n agenc" . 6Ae cannot s%ea) the sentence of

denial ece%t as s%ea)ing subects1 aBrming by s%ea)ing the sentence 0hat thesentence means to deny.8 Ae can call agency into question1 and 0e had better1 but

to call into question is also to (re)a-rm 1 (re)create 1 (re)construct%


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&AC'Afro$essimism D


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obectivity is not ontologicall" immune to antagonism. 2i$erentiality1 as Uize) insists 6seeUize) /D,/1 cha% ter ,,1 PP, n&N81 immanently entails antagonism in that di$erentiality both ma)es %ossible theeistence of any identity 0hatsoever and at the same time because it is the %resence of one obect in another undermines any identity ever being 6fully8 itself. Each element in a di$erential relation is the condition of %ossibilityand the condition of im%ossibility of each other. It is this dimension of antagonism that the Master -ignier coversover transforming its outside 6;ther8 into an element of itself1 reducing it to a condition of its %ossibility.N

&% Permutation: do !ot'creating !lack nationalist

communities and moving a.a" from te state is not

inconsistent .it te alternative

% Teir lers 1& F *adine Ehlers1 +rofessor1 -chool of -ocial -ciences1 Media1 andCommunication 3aculty of 7a01 "umanities1 and !rts 5niversity of Aollongong1 ,/

V


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3ran) (. +ilderson III1 in his Red1 Ahite1 and (lac): Cinema and the -tructures of 5.-. !ntagonisms 6/DD81

%o0erfully frames slaveryTs afterlife as resulting in a form of social deat for blac)subects and1 more than this1 he argues that blac) subectivity is constituted asontological deat. 3or Ailderson1 4 the (lac) Vis8 a subect 0ho is al0ays already %ositioned as -lave46/DD1 P8 in the 5nited -tates1 0hile everyone else eists as 4Masters4 6/DD1 ,D 8.N

-tudies of slaveryTs afterlife and the conce%t of social death have inarguably madeessential contributions to understandings of race. 'he strengths of such analyses lie in the salient 0ays theyhave theorized broad social systems of racism and ho0 they have demanded the foregrounding of su$ering1 %ain1violence1 and death. Much of this scholarshi% can be %ut or is %roductively in conversation 0ith 3oucaultTs accountofbio%olitics that1 as I noted earlier1 regulates at the level of the %o%ulation. Ahere sovereignty Ttoo) life and letlive1T in the contem%orary s%here bio%olitics 0or)s to Tma)e live.T "o0ever1 certain bodies are not in the zone of%rotected life1 are indeed e%endable and subected to strategic de%loyments of sovereign %o0er that Tma)e die.T Itis here that 3oucault %ositions the function of racism. It is1 he argues1 4%rimarily a 0ay of introducing a brea) intothe domain of life that is under %o0erTs control: the brea) bet0een 0hat must live and 0hat must die4 6/DDGb1/H&8. 'hus1 certain bodies?subects are )illed or subected to sovereign %o0er and social death so that othersmight %ros%er. ,D

In -cenes of -ubection: 'error1 -lavery1 and -elfMa)ing in *ineteenthCentury !merica 6,P81 "artmaneamines the Tmust dieT im%erative of social death understood broadly as a lac) of

social beingbut she also illuminates ho01 0ithin such a contet1 slave 4%erformanceand other modes of %ractice . .. e%loitVed81 and eceedVedW the constraints ofdomination4 6,P1 H&1 my em%hasis8. "artman analyzes quotidian enactments of slaveagency to highlight %ractices of 46counter8investment4 6,P1 PG8 that %roduced 4areconstructed self that negates the dominant terms of identity and eistence4 6,P1P/8. ,, -he thus argues that a form of agency is %ossible and that 1 0hile 4the conditions ofdomination and subugation determine 0hat )inds of actions are %ossible or e$ective4

6,P1 H&81 agenc" is not reduci!le to tese conditions 6,P1 HH8.T/ 'he questions that Ias) in this analysis travel in this direction1 and aim to build on this as%ect of "artmanTs 0or). In doing so I ma)e t0o

)ey claims: rst1 that des%ite undeniable historical continuities and structural d8Tnamics1 race is also mar)ed by discontinuity and second1 race is constantly re0or)ed and transformed 0ithin

relations of %o0er !" su!*ects . ,G


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recongured 0ithin the broader 0or)ings of 0hat I am calling racial disci%line and%erformative im%eratives.

(ut in addressing the quotidian and those e$orts to rema)e condition and identity1 this study insists on ashift in %ers%ective in terms of ho0 %o0er is thought about . !s I have remar)ed1 I am notfocused on bio%olitics or 0hat can be seen as solely sovereign forms of %o0er that are de%loyed to condition 0ho

0ill live and 0ho 0ill die. Instead1 I am concerned 0ith disci%linary %o0er1 0hich is articulated simultaneously but ata di$erent level to bio%olitics 6and des%i te the eercise of sovereign forms of %o0er 63oucault /DDGa1 /HD8. 3or

3oucault1 this form of $o.er is not a!solute 1 nor does it eist in o%%osition to

resistance. Rather1 %o0er is seen as al0ays fragmentary and incoherent1 and %o0erand resistance are seen as mutually constitutive. 2isci%linary %o0er is %roductive1 in that itgenerates %articular ca%acities and forms of subectivity 6and1 necessarily1 agency8. !nd nally1 toug

su!*ects are formed in $o.er5 te" are not reduci!le to it5 not determined

!" $o.er.

V(ESI* E*2*;'EW

,&. "istorian 9incent (ro0n1 in his 4-ocial 2eath and +olitical 7ife in the -tudy of -lavery4 6/DD81 haseamined a number of scholars 0ho seemingly ta)e u% such a vie0%oint1 in that they broadly%osition blac)ness as a totalizing state that1 historically and in the %resent1 rendersslavery synonymous 0ith social death and blac)ness as al0ays already synonymous0ith slavery. (ro0n focuses s%ecically on the academic u%ta)e and 0hat he seesas the %roblematic distillation and etension of ;rlando +attersonTs 6,N,8 conce%tof4slavery as social deathT 0here social death indicates a lac) of social being. !s a scholar of slavery1(ro0n is most concerned 0ith eamining the limitations of this idea in relation to the enslaved1 but he is alsointerested in ho0 the idea is used in relation to the %resent . 3or (ro0n1 PattersonsOslaver" as social deat5O and contem$orar" usages of tis conce$t to

account for te $resent5 advance a trou!ling transistorical

caracteri3ation of slaver" "e argues in line 0ith IIerman (ennett 6quoted in (ro0n ,DD1 ,,GG810ho has observed:

!s the narrative of the slave e%erience1 soclardeath assumes a uniform !frican1 slave1 and ultimately blac) subectrooted in a static *e0 Aorld history 0hose logic originated in being %ro%erty and remains conned to slavery. Itabsorbs and renders ece%tional evidence that underscores the contingent nature of e%erience and consciousness.

'hus1 normative assum%tions about the e%eriences of %eo%les of !frican descentassert a timeless1 ahistorical1 e%i%henomenal 4blac)4 cultural e%erience .

,% A8 1st 'Price indicates cognitive li!eration is necessar" to

recogni3e te illegitimac" of te American $olitical s"stem

'te a-rmative starting $oint is ke" to consolidating te

call for te end of te .orld

9% Teir links don/t assume negative state action'.e are an

eraser to te la.'te fact tat te" can/t ex$lain o.

te" go from anti#!lack America to no America $roves te

necessit" of tearing do.n te la.%


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H% Teir links aren/t assum$tive of !lack nationalism'.e

create !lack institutions tat counter .ite su$remac"'

tat/s Sel!"

M% Permutation: do te $lan ten te alt'aving te state$ass a !latantl" anti#!lack la. is te $aradigmatic

anal"sis teir autors call for'it forces te state to reveal

its central antagonism

@% 6nter$retations of .itenessstructural antagonism

understands it solel" as transistorical domination of one

racial class over anoter% Tis erases te $olitical $o.er

and in$uts $eo$le of color ave in racial formations'turns

an" $ositive $otential for movementsLLL'his card isn#t su%er necessary

Michael J61 !ssociate +rofessor at 5C (er)eley1 AN7 "o0ard +6NANT1

-ociology at the 5niversity of California1 -anta (arbara1 1 V


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assimilates all it touches. !s the (org announce in their collective audio message to intended

targets1 KResistance is futile#.

Ae have a smaller s%ace than the main essay1 so 0eTll dis%ense 0ith a %ointby%oint refutation of theirunderstanding of racial formation theory. Ae assume readers of Racial 3ormation and of our other 0or) )no0 that

0e are not closet neocons1 that 0e consider racism a foundational and continuous %art of 5-

history 6and indeed modern 0orld history81 that 0e agree that 0hites have been the%rimary creators and beneciaries of racist institutions and %ractices1 and that 0e not onlyres%ect but also situate ourselves in the blac) radical tradition1 es%ecially the 2uboisian tradition. Ae 0ill focus on

our fundamental %oint of disagreement 0ith 3eagin and Elias ho0 0e res%ectivelyunderstand the very nature of racial %olitics in the 5-!.

"ere 0e 0ill engage 3eagin and Elias on a fe0 im%ortant questions that 0ill highlight both 0here 0e agree and0here 0e disagree. ;ur to%ics are as follo0s:

j Ahat is the relationshi% bet0een race and racism

j Ahat is distinctive about our o0n historical e%och in the 5-! from %ost-econd Aorld Aar to the %resent 0ithres%ect to race and racism

j Ahat are the %olitical im%lications of contem%orary racial trends

Ae discuss these questions 0ith the intent of clarifying racial formation theory as 0ell as shar%ening the debate0ith the systemic racism %ers%ective. Ae a%%reciate the o%%ortunity to do so.

Ahat is the relationshi% bet0een race and racism

In Racial 3ormation 0e suggest that the conce%ts of race and racism should be distinguishedand not be used interchangeably 6;mi and Ainant ,&1 %. P,8. -ome have argued that raceis solely a %roduct of racist domination on that account race does not eist outsideof racism. !s readers of Ethnic and Racial -tudies 0ell )no01 many 0riters %lace quotation mar)s around race6Krace#8 to distinguish their use of the conce%t from %o%ular biological notions of human variation. 'his is meant todesignate the 0obbly social scientic status of the race conce%t.

In contrast to this %ers%ective1 0e consider race to be real because it is Kreal in its

consequences.#, ;ur ideas about ho0 the meaning of race is %roduced are basically 2uboisian and Jamesian:0e all ma)e our racial identities1 though 0e do not ma)e them under circumstancesof our o0n choosing. Race and racism do not eist merely because of 0hite

domination1 but also !ecause of resistance and inde$endent action : 0hat C. 7. R.

James called Kselfactivity# 6James1 7ee1 and Castoriadis /DDH V,HNW1 %. 8. 'he %rocess of ma)ing and

rema)ing race racial formation is fundamentall" $olitical. It is about the Kfreedomdreams# 6>elley /DD/8 that sha%e racial conQict as much as the 0hite racism em%hasized by 3eagin and Elias.

!s 3eagin and Elias ac)no0ledge1 0e have develo%ed a fairly detailed a%%roach to racial

%olitics1 centred on the constant and cumulative interaction of 0hat 0e call racial

$ro*ects/ . In our account1 racial formation $roceeds troug suc $ro*ects 1 0hich

both signify u%on race 6re%resenting it1 inter%reting it8 and reci%rocally structuresocial relationshi%s 6of %o0er1 inequality1 solidarity1 etc.8 according to race. If thereis a disagreement 0ith 3eagin and Elias here1 it seems to be about ho0 much %o0er %eo%leof colour have in this %rocess of racema)ing1 this racial formation %rocess. In their

account1 the very meaning of race is over0helmingly1 if not totall"5 sa$ed !" a .ite

racial frame/ . (y contrast1 0e believe that %eo%le of colour have a lot of %o0er in the

%roduction of racial meanings1 much more than 3eagin and Elias are 0illing to concede.


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structural o%%ressions and dee% lying inequalities that continue to dene 5- society# 63eagin and Elias/D,/1 %. /,8. 3eagin and Elias use a conce%t they call Ksurface Qeibility# to argue that0hite elites frame racial realities in 0ays that suggest change1 but are merelyengineered to reinforce the underlying structure of racial o%%ression.

3eagin and Elias say the %hrase Kracial democracy# is an oymoron a 0ord dened in thedictionary as a gure of s%eech that combines contradictory terms. If they mean the 5-! is a contradictory andincom%lete democracy in res%ect to race and racism issues1 0e agree. If they mean that %eo%le ofcolour have no democratic rights or %olitical %o0er in the 5- !1 0e disagree. 'he 5-!is a racially des%otic country in many 0ays1 but in our vie0 it is also in many res%ects aracial democracy1 ca%able of being inQuenced to0ards more or less inclusive andredistributive economic %olicies1 social %olicies1 or for that matter1 im%erial %olicies.

Ahat is distinctive about our o0n e%och in the 5-! 6%ost-econd Aorld Aar to the %resent8 0ith res%ect to race andracism

;ver the %ast decades there has been a steady drumbeat of e$orts to contain andneutralize civil rights1 to restrict racial democracy1 and to maintain or even increase racialinequality. Racial dis%arities in di$erent institutional sites em%loyment1 health1education %ersist and in many cases have increased . Indeed1 the %ost/DDN %eriod has seen adramatic increase in racial inequality. 'he sub%rime home mortgage crisis1 for eam%le1 0as a maor racial event.(lac) and bro0n %eo%le 0ere dis%ro%ortionately a$ected by %redatory lending %ractices many lost their homes as

a result racebased 0ealth dis%arities 0idened tremendously. It 0ould be easy to conclude 1 as 3eagin

and Elias do1 that 0hite racial dominance has been continuous and uncanging

throughout 5- history. (ut such a %ers%ective misses the dramatic t0ists and turnsin racial %olitics that have occurred since the -econd Aorld Aar and the civil rights era.

3eagin and Elias claim that 0e overly inQate the signicance of the changes 0rought by the civil rights movement1and that 0e Koverloo) the serious reversals of racial ustice and %ersistence of huge racial inequalities# 63eagin andElias /D,/1 %. /,8 that follo0ed in its 0a)e. Ae do not. In Racial 3ormation 0e 0rote about Kracial reaction# in acha%ter of that name1 and else0here in the boo) as 0ell. 3eagin and Elias devote little attention to our arguments

there %erha%s because they are in substantial agreement 0ith us. Ahile 0e argue that the right 0ing

0as able to rearticulate/ race and racism issues to roll bac) some of the gains of

the civil rights movement1 0e also believe that tere are limits to 0hat the right

could achieve in the %ostcivil rights %olitical landsca%e.

-o 0e agree that the %resent %ros%ects for racial ustice are demoralizing at best. (ut 0e do

not thin) that is the 0hole story. US racial conditions ave canged over the %ost

-econd Aorld Aar %eriod1 in 0ays that 3eagin and Elias tend to do0n%lay or neglect. -ome of the maorreforms of the ,ODs have %roved irreversible they have set %o0erful democraticforces in motion. 'hese racial 6trans8formations 0ere the results of un%recedented

%olitical mobilizations1 led !" te !lack movement5 !ut not con?ned to !lacks

alone . Consider the desegregation of the armed forces1 as 0ell as )ey civil rightsmovement victories of the ,ODs: the 9oting Rights !ct1 the Immigration and *aturalization !ct6"art Celler81 as 0ell as im%ortant court decisions li)e 7oving v. 9irginia that declared antimiscegenation la0s unconstitutional. Ahile 0e have the greatest res%ect for the late 2erric) (ell1 0edo not believe that his Kinterest convergence hy%othesis# e$ectively e%lains all thesedevelo%ments. "o0 does 7yndon JohnsonTs famous 6and %ossibly a%ocry%hal8 lament u%on signing the CivilRights !ct on / July ,O& KAe have lost the -outh for a generation# count as Kconvergence#


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'he 5- racial regime has been transformed in signicant 0ays. !s !ntonio Sramsci

argues1 egemon" $roceeds troug te incor$oration of o$$osition 6Sramsci

,P,1 %. ,N/8. 'he civil rights reforms can be seen as a classic eam%le of this %rocess

here the 5- racial regime under movement %ressure .as exercising its

egemon" . (ut Sramsci insists that such reforms 0hich he calls K%assive

revolutions# cannot !e merel" s"m!olic if they are to be e$ective: o%%ositionsmust 0in real gains in the %rocess . ;nce again1 .e are in te realm of $olitics5 not

a!solute rule .-o yes1 0e thin) there 0ere im%ortant if %artial victories that shifted

the racial state and transformed the signicance of race in everyday life. !nd yes1 0e thin)that further victories can ta)e %lace both on the broad terrain of the state and on themore immediate level of social interaction: in daily interaction1 in the human %syche and across civilsociety. Indeed 0e have argued that in many 0ays the most im%ortant accom%lishment of the antiracist movement

of the ,ODs in the 5-! 0as the %oliticization of the social. In the 5-! and indeed around the globe1 racebasedmovements demanded not only the inclusion of racially dened Kothers# and thedemocratization of structurally racist societies1 but also the recognition and validation by boththe state and civil society of raciallydened e%erience and identity. 'hese

demands broadened and dee%ened democracy itself . 'hey facilitated not only the democraticgains made in the 5-! by the blac) movement and its allies1 but also the %olitical advances to0ards equality1 social ustice and inclusion accom%lished by other Kne0 social movements#: second0ave feminism1 gay liberation1 andthe environmentalist and anti0ar movements among others.

(y no means do 0e thin) that the %ost0ar movement u%surge .as an

unmitigated success . 3ar from it: all the ne0 social movements 0ere subect to the

same Krearticulation# 67aclau and Mou$e /DD,1 %. ii8 that %roduced the racial ideology ofKcolourblindness# and its variants indeed all these movements confronted their mirror images in themobilizations that arose from the %olitical right to counter them. Yet even their incor%oration andcontainment1 even their confrontations 0ith the various Kbac)lash# %henomena of the %ast fe0 decades1 even

the need to develo% the highly contradictory ideology of Kcolourblindness#1 reveal

te transformative caracter of te $olitici3ation of te social/ . Ahile it is not%ossible here to e%lore so etensive a subect1 it is 0orth noting that it 0as the longdelayed eru%tion of racialsubectivity and selfa0areness into the mainstream %olitical arena that set o$ this transformation1 sha%ing both thedemocratic and antidemocratic social movements that are evident in 5- %olitics today.


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1ar'>xt udsonTe"/re still .rong'

Social deat ignores istorical $atterns

Bro.n 9incent1 +rof. of "istory and !frican and !frican!merican -tudies @

"arvard 5niv.1 2ecember1 4-ocial 2eath and +olitical 7ife in the -tudy of -lavery14!merican "istorical Revie01 %. ,/G,,/&

'"E +REMI-E ;3 ;R7!*2; +!''ER-;*#- M!J;R A;R>1 that enslaved !fricans 0ere natally alienated and culturally isolated1 0as challenged even before he %ublished his inQuential thesis1 %rimarily by scholars concerned 0ith

the !mericas bearing much more than their


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&AC'Black


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&AC


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unfolding !ngolan revolution and !lice Childress and Rosa Suy1 0ho revisited thehistories and %olitics of the anticolonial (lac) 7eft in novels %ublished in ,P and,H1 demonstrate that revolutionary nationalism continued to sha%e (lac) feministand queer %olitics 0ell into the late t0entieth centuryFand that radical (lac)0omen 0riters resha%ed revolutionary nationalism. Ahen 0e dismiss intellectual

and %olitical formations that hold national liberation to be indis%ensable toemanci%atory %olitics1 0e silence a ric strand of Black feminism and den"

te ver" eterogeneit" it strives to foster%

% Permutation: 7o Bot% Jodern Black Nationalism can el$

.it formation of resistance strategies ' teir link

evidence underestimates our revolutionar" $otential%

=aines 1 F Rondee Saines1 +h.2. candidate in Communications from Seorgia-tate 5niversity1 M.!. in Communications from the 5niversity of !labama1 /D,G 6


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6


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&AC'Academ" D of Black


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!s noted at the outset1 disci%linary %ressure to conform research to dominantmodes of inquiry constitutes one of the maor forces sha%ing intersectionality.5nderlying the %ush for


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1A2'Black Nationalism k& Black


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1A2'6ntersectionalit" Bad6ntersectionalit" omogeni3es te ex$eriences of !lack .omen

Nas 11 6Jennifer *ash1 !ssistant +rofessor in !frican -tudies at SeorgeAashington 5niversity1 +h.2. in !frican !merican -tudies from "arvard 5niversity1

J.2. from "arvard 7a0 -chool1 !.(. in Aomen#s -tudies from "arvard College1


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1A2 ' Perm Cards

Te Permutation is !est ' coalitions $revents coo$tion

and are ke" to mo!ili3e resistance to te state%

Collins 0 F +atricia "ill Collins1 2istinguished 5niversity +rofessor of -ociology

at the 5niversity of Maryland1 +h.2. in Sender -tudies from the 5niversity ofCincinnati1 M.!. in -ocial -cience Education from "arvard 5niversity1 ,D6


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2ialogue and %rinci%led coalition create %ossibilities for ne. versions of trut .

!lice Aal)erTs ans0er to the question of 0hat she felt 0ere the maor di$erencesbet0een the literature of !frican!mericans and 0hites o$ers a %rovocative glim%seof the ty%es of truths that might emerge through an e%istemology based ondialogue and coalition. Aal)er did not s%end much time considering this question1

since it 0as not the di$erence bet0een them that interested her1 but1 rather1 the0ay (lac) 0riters and 0hite 0riters seemed to be 0riting one immense story1 0ithdi$erent %arts of the story coming from a multitude of di$erent %ers%ectives. In aconversation 0ith her mother1 Aal)er renes this e%istemological vision: 4I believethat the truth about any subect only comes 0hen all sides of the story are %uttogether1 and all their di$erent meanings ma)e one ne0 one. Each 0riter 0rites themissing %arts to the other 0riterTs story. !nd the 0hole story is 0hat ITm after46,NG1 &8. "er motherTs res%onse to Aal)erTs vision of the %ossibilities of dialoguesand coalitions hints at the diBculty of sustaining such dialogues under o%%ressiveconditions: 4TAell1 I doubt if you can ever get the true missing %arts of anythinga0ay from the 0hite fol)s1T my mother says softly1 so as not to o$end the 0aitress

0ho is mo%%ing u% a nearby table TtheyTve sat on the truth so long by no0 theyTvemashed the life out of itT4 6,NG1 &8.

Perm solves # !lack nationalism is an ada$ta!le ideolog"

an 7e!urg /M 6Ailliam 7. 9an 2eburg +rofessor of !fro!merican -tudies atthe 5niversity of AisconsinMadison ,P Modern (lac) *ationalism: 3rom MarcusSarvey to 7ouis 3arra)han G&8??CC

It goes 0ithout saying that such encouragements to grou% solidarity may1 onoccasion1 bac)reFactually decreasing the level of unity and national

Consciousness 0ithin a targeted community. +otential ingrou% -u%%orters turnedo$ by the nationalistsT theoretical assum%tions 1 o%era tional agenda1 oroverzealous %romotional e$orts may o%t to cling ever tighter to a com%eting beliefsystem. !t such times1 nationalist recruiting agents can ta)e comfort in the fact thatthey are attem%ting to 4sell4 an ideology1 not a magazine subscri%tion or anover%riced timeshare condo. !s 0ith any such intellectual construction1 nationalismcan be blended 0ith a host of related 4isms4 and a%%roachesFto better ad dressthe s%ecic needs ;f individual adherents ;r to more easily ada%t to changed socialconditions. *ationalists can lean either to the right or to the left of their customary%lace on the %olitical s%ectrum. 'hey can be 4classical4 or 4modern 4 Fsometimeseven 4neo4 or 4%roto.4 'heir issue orientation may tend to0ard territorial1 religious1

economic1 or cultural concerns. *evertheless1 if it can be determined that a %ersonTs%redominant %assion is both galvanized by and rooted in fundamental nationalisttenets1 it is li)ely that the individual in question 0ill be considered for membershi%in the grand and honorable nationalist con fraternity.


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Te" Sa": ENo +omen in Black NationalismFTis claim is .rong and unfairl" revisionist ' re*ect it on face%

=aines 1 F Rondee Saines1 +h.2. candidate in Communications from Seorgia-tate 5niversity1 M.!. in Communications from the 5niversity of !labama1 /D,G 6

black nationalism affirmative

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