black pepper - fungal diseases
TRANSCRIPT
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Quick Wilt/ Foot Rot
Phytophthora capsici
Phytophthora palmivorastrain MF4
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Symptoms
Collar infection:
Vascular discoloration
infection
Collar infection
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Wet slimy dark patch on thecollar
Rotting
Drooping & flaccidity of leaves
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Defoliation,
Breaking of stem at nodal
regions,
Witherin & shrivellin of
berries,
Heavy spike shedding
Spike shedding & defoliation
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Sudden wilting & death
of vines
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Root infection:
Starts from tenderlateral roots
Water soaked darkpatches on roots
Decaying
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Shredding of roots
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Foliar infection:
Water soaked lesions onlamina
Dark brown spots withfimbricate margin
Uniformly dark lesions onyoung leaves
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Lesions with greyishcentre & concentric
zonation on matureleaves
Defoliation
Spike shedding
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Tender stems: dark wet
spots & rotting, sporulation,later dieback symptoms
Runner shoots & cuttings:
ushoot rot
Branches: drying &defoliation
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The dead vines
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Epidemiology
Heavy rainfall & intermittent showers
High RH >90%Low temp 22 250C
Soil digging around the vine, nematodeinfestation, root mealy bug attack, etc
predispose the infection
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Management
Phytosanitation
Cultural practices:Lop the branches of supporting standards &shade trees
Prune the runner shoots / tie back themPrune off leaves & shoots to a height of 2 feet
Establish legume cover in the plantation
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Cover basin with thick dried leaf mulch
Ensure effective drainage
Keep soil digging operations to minimum duringmonsoon
Apply balanced dose of manures & fertilizers
Apply 1 Kg lime & 2 Kg neem cake/ standard/year
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Biological control:
Inoculate pepper vines with
native isolates of VAM,Trichoderma harzianumor/and Pseudomonas
fluorescensat the time ofplanting in nursery & mainfield.
Trichodermaagainst
Phytophthora
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Chemical control:
Apply Bordeaux paste at collar region up to
50cm height
Prophylactic spraying & drenching with 0.2%COC or 1% BM
During initial phase of infection drench vines
with 0.2% Potassium/ Sodium phosphonate &spray with 0.1 0.15% potassium/ sodium
phosphonate
Spray & drench using Ridomil MZ @ 2g/ L orAlliette @ 2g/L
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Rejuvenate plantation if infection is < 50%Disease resistance:
Tolerant varieties: IISR Thevam; IISR Sakthi;
hybrids involving P 1* Karimunda &* - -
Tolerant cultivars: Narayakodi, Kalluvally,
Uthirankotta, Balankotta, Neelamundi
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Related species:Piper colubrinum
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Radopholus similis
Slow wilt/ Slow Decline/Pepper Yellows
Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium sp.
Pythium sp.
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Symptoms
Foliar yellowing
Die back of aerial stems &tip burn symptoms
Interveinal chlorosis
Flaccidity of leaves
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Root system show rootknots & necrosis
Gradual loss of vigour& productivity
Vine dies after 2 5years
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Epidemiology
Moisture stress
Malnutrition
Management
Use nematode free rooted cuttings for planting
Apply green mulch of Eupatorium odoratum@
45t/ ha
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Use less susceptible live standards like Garugapinnata, Erythrina indica
Treat with VAM/Trichoderma harzianum/Pseudomonas fluorescens/ Paecelomyceslilacinus/ Bacillus macerans
Apply 30g Phorate/ 100g Carbofuran/ vine twicea year
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Anthracnose/ Fungal Pollu
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Colletotrichum necator
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Symptoms
Leaves:
Irregular/ spherical greywhite to dark brown spots
Lesion surrounded by yellowhalo
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Leaf blight
Defoliation
Shot hole sometimesseen
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Spikes:
Black discolouration onattached portion
Spike shedding
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Berries:
Brown sunken areas
with characteristicfungal growth
Cross splitting
Mummified, turn black& hollow
Berry shedding
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On developed berries
cracks develop on berries& they split radially
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Epidemiology
Airborne fungus
Severe infestation seen immediately aftermonsoon
Mode of Spread & SurvivalSurvive in infected parts of plant & debris in soil
10
inoculum: airborne conidia
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Management
Phytosanitation
Biological control:Prophylactic spray: Pseudomonas fluorescens@
20 / L
Apply talc based formulation of Trichodermaharzianum/Aspergillus niger@10g/ Kg of potting
mixture followed by 2% foliar spray twice at 15
days interval
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Chemical control:
Prophylactic spray of Bordeaux mixture 1%,
0.2% COC before flowering & at berry formation
stage.
In infected ardens s ra Bavistin/ Tilt/ Contaf/
Topas @ 0.1% at 2-3 week intervals
Spray Carbendazim / combination of
Carbendazim + Mancozeb @ 0.05%
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For combined foliar infection of Phytophthora&fungal pollu dissolve Contaf/ Tilt 1ml in 1L of
water & spray on leaves & spikes at fortnightlyinterval for 2 4 times
Disease resistance:Tolerant cultivars: Karimunda, Kottanadan
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Stump Rot/ Black Root Rot
Rosellinia bunodes
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Symptoms
Dark brown strands mixed with soil
Few plants nearby or single plant appear as if
sufferin from drou ht
Leaves wither sudden, turn brown & drop off
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Mode of spread & survival
Perpetuates mainly on collateral hosts Eg:
Grevillea robusta, Litsaea angustifolia,etc.
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Management
45cm deep trench should be made around
infected plant & cut 1 row of nearby plants
Diseased plant should be removed with root
Sprinkle COC @ 4g/ L before replanting
Add ammonium sulphate in soil after liming
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Thread Blight/ Die Back
Corticium solani
Pellicularia filamentosa
Marasmiellus scandens
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Symptoms
Whitish fungal threadstraverse along stemspreads to petioles,eaves an sp es
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Infected leaves & stemsdry up
Dried up leaves hang ininfected bush gives ablighted appearance
Infected spikes turn dark& dry up
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Mode of spread
Wind blown dried up leaves aid in spread
Management
o ect estroy severe y a ecte stemhanging leaves
Spray 1% BM twice at 3 - 4 weeks interval
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Fusarium Wilt
Fusarium solaniFusarium solaniFusarium solaniFusarium solani f.sp. piperispiperispiperispiperis
S
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Symptoms
Root rot
Flaccidity & yellowing of foliage
Plants killed within short period
M
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Management
Phytosanitation
Chemical control:Prophylactic application: soil drenching with
. .
fortnightly interval
Spray COC @ 2g/ L
Spray benomyl, carbendazim / thiobendazole @
0.5 0.6%
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Red Root Rot
Ganoderma lucidum
S
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Symptoms
Start as dirty white colour in rhizosphere
Dark red colour found laterRoot rot
Mode of spread & survivalSource & reservoir of infection: old tree stumps
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Management
At an early stage, rotten roots & strands ofmycelium should be removed & burnt
Spray root system with 0.1% copper sulphatesolution
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Sooty Mould
Capnodium sp.
S mpt m
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Symptoms
Charcoal black, grey black,velvety, crust like fungus
coating on surface of leaves,twigs & spikes
Coated leaf may fallprematurely
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Epidemiology
Severe during summer months
, ,
mealy bugs, etc invite the fungus
Management
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Management
Mould can be washed off
Control insects by spraying broad spectrum
insecticides
Spray 1% starch solution. After drying spray with
a solution of mild soap & warm water to remove
the mould
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Leaf spot
Cercospora piperita
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Symptoms
Minute dark brown to black dots in clusters onleaves
Lesions surrounded by an yellow halo
Older leaves are more affected
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Velvet blight
Septobasidium sp.
Symptoms
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Symptoms
Whitish cushiony growth laterturns to light pink/ cream
coloured on branches, spikes& leaves
Growth can be peeled off
Branches dry up
Management
Prune the affected branches
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Basal Wilt
Sclerotium rolfsii
Symptoms
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Symptoms
Infection start at the collar regionas water soaked lesions
Soft decay of collar region causegirdling of stem
Leaves become flaccid, turnyellow & fall off
Grey lesions at the base of stemcovered with white mycelium
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Leaf Rot & Blight of Rooted
Cuttings
Rhizoctonia solani
Symptoms
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Symptoms
Leaves:
Infection starts as small brownish/ dark greyspots
Dark grey patches formed later
Mature lesions appear brittle & whitish to dark
grey
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Stems:
Dark brown lesions spread upward & downward
Leaves beyond infection droop & dry up
Roots:
Root system rots gradually
Epidemiology
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p gy
Occur during April May
Warm humid conditions favour disease
Splashed soil particles cause infection
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Stem Rot
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Pythium sp.
Phytophthora capsici
Symptoms
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y p
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides:
Rotting starts at soil surface &
spread both upwards & downwards Affected portions turn black
Pythium sp.: Decaying starts at lower end of
cuttings spreads upwards
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Phytophthora capsici :
Tender stem tips as well as stem as stems getinfected & rot
Root infection result in sudden wilting
Epidemiology
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p gy
C.gloeosporioides:
Cloudy atmospheric condition favours disease
Pythium sp.:
Low atmos heric tem increased humidit
Frequent intermittent rains Phytophthora capsici :
Disease occur after 1st monsoon showers received
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Leaf Spot
Phytophthora capsici
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Symptoms
Spots on tender leaves with fimbricate margin
Leaves blighted within 2- 3 days
Older spots show concentric zonation with
whitish centre
Infected leaves drop off
In severe cases entire plant rots
Epidemiology
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Infection inoculum in the form of incipientinoculum in runner shoots
Passively infection from soil particles adhering torunner s oo s
In rapid multiplication nurseries year roundinfection occur
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Selection of area:Open elevated places with ample drainage
Disease Management in Nurseries
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Collection of planting material:Runner shoots must be collected from disease freegardens
Trailing roots on runner shoots must be removed
Wash the material in water
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Wash the material in water
Dip the cuttings in Mancozeb or any copperfungicide before planting
Preparation of nursery mixture:Sterilize the mixture using methyl bromide/ throughsolarisation
After solarisation drench with 0.2% COCThe mixture fortified with VAM/Trichoderma&Gliocladium
Disinfect the nursery area using 0.2% COC
Planting & aftercare:
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Planting should start by middle of February & over
by March end.
Fortnightly spraying & drenching of Bordeaux
mixture 1%/ Akomin 0.2%/ Metalaxyl 200 ppm/
Validamycin 0.2%
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After sprouting completed shade shall be reducedto minimum possible
Regular & systematic phytosanitation
oo e cu ngs p an e n e nursery rea y or
planting in main field are to be given a protectivespraying using Bordeaux mixture1%
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