Blackout 101Dr. B. Don Russell

Texas A&M University

Dr. Bruce Wollenberg University of Minnesota

Mr. John McDonaldKEMA, Inc.

Dr. Pete SauerUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

An Electric Power System Tutorial - Part 2

Monitoring and Control ofPower Systems

John McDonald

Sponsored by IEEE PES and IEEE-USA

Friday, February 6, 2004

Overview

What is a SCADA System? How are SCADA Systems Used?What is a Substation Integration and Automation System?What are the Different Sources of Information?SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering CapabilitiesSystem Factory and Site TestingPower System Action Time Frames

What is a SCADA System?Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Supervisory Control => Remote Control of Field DevicesData Acquisition => Monitoring of Field Conditions

SCADA System ComponentsMaster Station => System “Nerve Center” Located in Electric Utility Energy Control Center (ECC); Dispatchers Use to Monitor and Control Power SystemField Devices => Needed Wherever There is Data to be Sent to Master Station (Substations, Lines or Feeders) Communications => Links Master Station with Field Devices; Continuous 24 by 7 Operation

Dispatcher Console300 MHz RISC Processor256MB RAM, 9GB HDD,CD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs

Redundant SCADA System – Configuration Overview

SCADA Workstation/ServersDispatcher Consoles300 MHz RISC Processor

256MB RAM, (2) 9GB HDD,CD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs

Historical Data Server300 MHz RISC Processor512MB RAM, (2) 9GB HDD

CD-ROM

Dispatcher Consoles700 MHz Pentium III PC

128MB RAM, 9.1GB HDDCD-ROM, (2) 21” CRTs

Remote User Stations600 MHz Pentium II PC64MB RAM, 6GB HDDCD-ROM, 56k Modem,

13.3” Active Color LCD

PSTN

Remote AccessRouter

Laser Printer

10/100 Ethernet Hubs

RTU Communication Ports

Diagnostic Modem

LAN Router

To Corporate LAN

PortServers

Front-EndProcessors

ICCP Node700 MHz Pentium III PC

128MB RAM, 6.4GB HDDCD-ROM, 17” CRT

Electric Utility Energy Control Center (ECC)

SCADA SystemMaster Station –

Computer Servers and Communication

Equipment

SCADA System Master Station –Dispatcher Console Equipment

One-Line (Single-Line) Diagram

Alarm Summary Display

Feeder Map Display

World Coordinate Display Schematic Diagram

Electric Utility Substation

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

SCADA

SCADA/AGC EMS

DA DMS

Supervisory Controland Data Acquisition

SCADA/AutomaticGeneration Control

Energy ManagementSystem

Distribution AutomationSystem

Distribution Management System

How are SCADA Systems Used?

SCADA SystemPrimary Functions

Data AcquisitionRemote ControlUser InterfaceAreas of ResponsibilityHistorical Data AnalysisReport Writer

SCADA / AGC SystemPrimary Functions

Automatic Generation Control (AGC)Economic Dispatch (ED) / Hydro AllocatorInterchange Transaction Scheduling

Energy Management System (EMS) Primary Functions

Network Configuration / Topology ProcessorState EstimationContingency AnalysisThree Phase Balanced Operator Power FlowOptimal Power FlowDispatcher Training Simulator

Distribution Automation (DA) System Primary Functions

Voltage ReductionLoad ManagementPower Factor ControlTwo-Way Distribution CommunicationsShort-Term Load ForecastingFault Identification / Fault Isolation / Service RestorationInterface to Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)

Distribution Management System (DMS) Primary Functions

Three Phase Unbalanced Operator Power FlowMap Series GraphicsInterface to Automated Mapping / Facilities Management (AM/FM) or Geographic Information System (GIS)Interface To Customer Information System (CIS)Interface to Outage Management

Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) – the Building Block of Substation Integration and

Automation

Any device incorporating one or more processors with the capability to receive or send data/control from or to an external source (e.g., electronic multifunction meters, digital relays, controllers)

What is a Substation Integration and Automation System?

Power System Equipment(Transformers, Breakers)

IED Implementation

IED Integration

Substation Automation Applications

Utility Enterprise

Substation Integration and Automation Systems

Substation User Interface

TelCo SystemTelCo SystemLAN/WANLAN/WAN

Web Pages with:Web Pages with:ooRealReal--time valuestime valuesooRelay settingsRelay settingsooFault recordsFault records

DFR recordsDFR records

Custom filesCustom filesFault/OscillographyFault/Oscillographydata filesdata files

Web BrowserWeb Browser

RealReal--timetimeSCADASCADA

RealReal--timetimedata & controlsdata & controls

44--wire lease linewire lease lineFrame relayFrame relay

ORACLE RdBORACLE RdB

Web serverWeb server

DNP3.0DNP3.0

All WAN All WAN communications are communications are via secure TCP/IPvia secure TCP/IP

RelaysRelays

MB+MB+RouterRouter

RTURTU

RealReal--time SCADAtime SCADAdata and controlsdata and controls(any IED’s data)(any IED’s data)

Fault records, summaries Fault records, summaries and waveform data from and waveform data from

relays (and settings)relays (and settings)

Web pages with Applet Web pages with Applet and Servlet (Java) and Servlet (Java)

software for updatessoftware for updates

What are the DifferentSources of Information?

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities

Knowledge-Based Alarm SuppressionDirect Linkages (can use pseudo status points)Indirect Linkages

Area of ResponsibilityUse for each alarm window and each printerUse to route alarms to proper windows/dispatchers and/or printers

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities (continued)

PriorityEach point has a priority levelEvery alarm window has an assignable alarm priority levelBy increasing the alarm priority level of an alarm window, lower priority alarms are suppressed from the alarm window

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities (continued)

Timed Alarm SuppressionEach data point may be assigned a transient filterUsed to suppress an alarm until it has remained in the alarm state for the length of time specified with the transient filter

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities (continued)

Momentary Alarm Change DetectTracks rapid multiple state changes that are recorded by the RTUOperations counter to track device operations for maintenance reporting

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities (continued)

Alarm Acknowledge / DeleteSeparate acknowledge and delete actionsAlarm automatically deleted upon acknowledgment if alarm has returned to normalOn acknowledgment alarm will be deleted from alarm listAlarm is deleted after a specified time delay following acknowledgment of alarm

SCADA Alarm Processing / Filtering Capabilities (continued)

Historical Events FileAll events, including alarms, stored in a daily fileCan be sorted and used to create reports

System Factory Testing

System Site Testing

Power System Action Time Frames

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000Time - Seconds

transient stability long-term stability

generator/excitationdynamics LTCs & dist.

voltage reg.

excitation limiting

line/transformeroverload

SVC, DC

mech.switched cap’s

system operator

under-voltage load shedding

relaying, incl. under-frequency load shedding

SCADA

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