blastocystcleavagemorula zygote fertilization ovulation mature follicle implantation beginning...
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Blastocyst CleavageMorula Zygote
Fertilization
Ovulation
Maturefollicle
Implantationbeginning
Developingfollicles
Uterinewall
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Fallopian tube
5 6
4
7
3 2 1
The Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development
Zygote Implantation of the Embryo
Fallopian tube
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Embryo joinedto uterine wall
Ovary
Blastocyst
Fallopian tube
Conception
ImplantationFirstmissedperiod
Secondmissedperiod
OvumZygoteEmbryo
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Weeks since fertilization
4 weeks 6 ½ weeks
7 weeks 9 weeks
15 weeks
Development During the Embryonic and Fetal Stages
Cell culture
Cells
Chromosome analysisBiochemical tests
Amniotic fluid
CentrifugeUterine wall
Placenta
Chorion
Amnioticfluid
Cell
Full termFetal period (in weeks)Embryonic period (in weeks)
3820 361612876543
Central nervous system
Heart
Period when majorabnormality occurs
Leg TeethArm
Eye
EyeHeart
Brain
Ear Palate Ear
External genitalia
Central nervous system
Heart
Arms
Eyes
Legs
Teeth
Palate
Period when minor defect orabnormality occurs
External genitalia
Ear
Occupation
Cleaning Personnel
Electronic Assemblers
Hair Dressers and Cosmetologists
Health Personnel
Painters
Photographic Processors
Plastic Workers
Printing Personnel
Textile and Garment Workers
Transportation Personnel
Soaps, detergents, solvents
Lead, tin, antimony, trichloroethylene, methyl chloride, resins
Hair-spray resins, aerosol propellants, solvents, dyes
Anesthetic gases, x-rays, laboratory chemicals
Lead, titanium, toluene
Caustics, bromides, iodides, silver nitrate
Formaldehyde, vinyl chloride
Ink mists, methanol, carbon tetrachloride, lead, solvents, trichloroethylene
Formadehyde, dyes, asbestos, solvents, flame retardants
Carbon monoxide, lead
Hazardous Substances
Nutrient
Folic acidVitamin DIronCalciumPhosphorusPyridoxineThiaminZincRiboflavinProteinIodineVitamin CEnergyMagnesiumNiacinVitamin B-12Vitamin A
180 mcg5 g15 mg800 mg1.6 mg1.1 mg12 mg1.3 mg50 g150 mcg60 mg2200 kcal280 mg15 mg2.0mcg800g
Pregnant
400 mcg10g30 mg1200 mg1200 mg2.2 mg1.5 mg15 mg1.6 mg60 g175 mcg70 mg2500 kcal320 mg17 mg2.2 mcg800 g
Percent Increase
+122+100+100
+50+50+38+36+25+23+20+17+17+14+14+13+10
0
Dietary Sources
Leafy vegetables, liverFortified dairy productsMeats, eggs, grainsDairy productsMeatsMeats, liver, enriched grainsEnriched grains, porkMeats, seafood, eggsMeats, liver, enriched grainsMeats, fish, poultry, dairyIodized salt, seafoodCitrus fruits, tomatoesProteins, fats, carbohydratesSeafood, legumes, grainsMeats, nuts, legumesAnimal proteinsDark green, yellow, or orange fruits and vegetables, liver
Nutritional Need Differences Between Nonpregnant and Pregnant Women (24 years old)
Nonpregnant
Source: Data from Reece et al., 1995.
Spine
BladderPubic boneCervixVagina
Coccyx Rectum
Potential width of birth canal
The baby in the uterus before labor Water about to break (The baby's head now rests inside the cervix)
Transition: The baby in the birth canal
The baby about to be born The head rotates sideways after it emerges The delivery of the placenta
STAGE 1
STAGE 2 STAGE 3
Prenatal Risk Factors
Genetic Abnormalities (Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington’s
Disease, Sickle Cell, etc.)
Teratogen Exposure (alcohol, drugs, AIDS, DES, tobacco,
Thalidomide, etc.)
Maternal Age (Over 40 or under 18)
Maternal Malnutrition
Low SES
Lack of Prenatal Care
Genetic Abnormalities (Down Syndrome, PKU, Huntington’s
Disease, Sickle Cell, etc.)
Teratogen Exposure (alcohol, drugs, AIDS, DES, tobacco,
Thalidomide, etc.)
Maternal Age (Over 40 or under 18)
Maternal Malnutrition
Low SES
Lack of Prenatal Care