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Bliss BibliographicClassificationSecond Edition

Class LA Archaeology(Draft schedule)incorporating ad hoc amendments from the Haddon Library

Sidney Sussex College, CambridgeLast updated: 19 January, 2001

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CLASS L-O HISTORY - OUTLINE

L Ancillary sciencesLA Archaeology & Prehistory

(by place)LAD Z- Europe & Near EastLAE- Near EastLAJ- EuropeLAT- Far EastLAX- Americas/ Australasia

LB other ancillariesLB 8 HistoriographyLBG GenealogyLBI Biography etc.LBT Historical Geography

LD/M aspects/types of history/ persons

LMZ World History(by culture)

LMZ Z- Western History(by epoch)

LN- Ancient History(by place)

LP- East/ MesopotamiaLS- EgyptLT- North AfricaLU- GreeceLV- RomeLW- Byzantium

LX Modern (i.e. Medieval & Modern) Western history(by place)

M European historyMA- (by period)MAW- (by place)MB FranceMBZ-MC Iberian PeninsularMD ItalyME SwitzerlandMF NetherlandsMG GermanyMH~J/K Austria/Hungary/ Czechoslovakia/ PolandML-N Balkan & Danube States/ South East EuropeMO-MT ScandinaviaMU RussiaN England/ British history

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O American history(by place)

OC North AmericaOD United .StatesOE CanadaOF Latin AmericaOFB-OZ (by place)OFB MexicoOFC Central AmericaOFD A West IndiesOG South America

OJ Australasia

OL Asian HistoryOLG IslamON Middle East

OP India

OR China

OT Japan

OU South East Asia

OX African History

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L/O HISTORICAL SCIENCES

L 2 common subdivisionsAdd to L2 numbers 2/9 from Aux. 1

L 24 persons (i.e. historians) in the subject*collect works about particular historians here

L29 6 historical personages other than historians; add first 3letters from subject's name (e.g. "had" for Hadrian)

L 3 relations with other subjects.Add letters A/Z from whole classification

LA/B ANCILLARY HISTORICAL SCIENCESNote: for archaeology and specific ancillaries within period subdivisionsintroduced by the "by period" letter D (where D enumerates periods ofpolitical history) , use intercalator A to introduce letters A/B following L below.

LA ARCHAEOLOGY & PREHISTORYNote: the archaeology and 'history' of all prehistoric societies isclassified at LA: the archaeology of all societies in theirhistoric phases should be classified at LN/O. Libraries wishing tocollocate archaeology of the historic phase with archaeology ratherthan history (not recommended) should follow the instructions given at LAD Y

LA 23R G fictionLA 23R S humorous treatmentsLA 23T personal viewpoints, memoirsLA 23X N codices (for Reproductions of ancient documents)

LA 24 A/Z archaeologistsLA 247 history of archaeologistsLA 249 biography of archaeologistsLA 25 organisations

LA 26A study and teaching, education in archaeologyteaching methods etc. add to LA 26A letters following J from Class J

LA 26Q V museum catalogues

LA 28 placeAdd letters from Aux. 2 to indicate places to a greaterdegree of specificity than would be otherwise shown in theclassmark. Omit letters from the auxiliary schedule ifthey convey redundant information. E.g. NC 28F R"Cambridgeshire: Middle Ages" is a combination of NC"Great Britain: Middle Ages" + EFR "Cambridgeshire" fromAux. 2. The E "Great Britain" is omitted because its

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concept is already shown by the main classmark.LA 29 locality, A/Z (Use this for sites. Do not use 28 and 29 together.)

take care atLA 296 biographies(when we approved the use of LA 29 for sites -- see 23 July, item 3 -- wefavoured LA 24 for individuals).

LA 5 theoryLA 55 fringe archaeologyLA 5A philosophyLA 5H ethicsLA 5K unethical behaviour (fakes, frauds, thefts &c.)LA 8 types of archaeological study

(by type)LA 8E environmental archaeology, landscape archaeologyLA 8F botanical archaeologyLA 8G zooarchaeologyLA 8H palaeopathologyLA 8I cognitive archaeologyLA 8J behavioural (i.e. applications of all methods listed below)LA 8K social archaeologyLA 8KN V gender archaeologyLA 8L historical archaeologyLA 8T economic archaeologyLA 8U industrial archaeologyLA 8X linguistic archaeology

LA 9A-J phenomena leaving archaeological traces(use with caution - see items from material culture enumeratued at LAB)Add to LA9 letters 3-9, A-J from the whole classification

LA 9K sociological, social anthropological & environmental aspectsof prehistoric societiesAdd to LA 9K letters A/Y following K in Class K

LA 9KA I settlementLA 9KB V culture - used for spatial analysisLA 9KC HLA 9KS ethnoarchaeologyLA 9KZ cultural resource managementLA 9L Add to LA9 L letters L-Z from the whole classification

LA 9T technique & methodology, archaeological analysis*Add to LA9 T numbers & letters following K in K5-K6for equipment and research

LA 9T5 M Statistics for archaeologistsLA 9U experimental, e.g. modern reconstructionsLA 9V preservation techniques, conservationLA 9Z scientific techniquesLA 9ZB archaeometry

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LAA SITES, excavation, dating, fieldwork, field archaeology (use for general works only)LAA 28 place, geographic areaLAA 29 named archaeological sitesLAA 9V site managementLAA B sites in location & environment. Used for site catchment analysisLAA C survey, archaeological surveying

(For techniques divide like DG6)LAA C4M remote sensingLAA D excavations (use for general works only)LAA DR rescue archaeologyLAA E excavation techniques

LAA F layoutLAA G samplingLAA H photographyLAA HK aerial photographyLAA HL recording of dataLAA HM data processingLAA I reporting, report writing and publicationLAA IK drawing of findsLAA IL interpretation of resultsLAA IM computer imagingLAA IP Geographical Information Systems, GIS techniquesLAA IR reconstruction

LAA J DatingLAA K stratigraphy/ sedimentologyLAA L chronology

(by technique)

LAA N chemicalLAA Q dendrochronologyLAA R radio-carbonLAA S oxygen ratioLAA T calendarsLAA U potassium-argonLAA V archaeomagneticLAA W thermoluminescenceLAA WW optical datingLAA X obsidian hydrationLAA Y varvesLAA Z other techniques, A/Z

NB Synthesis from KSK/KSLAt this point in the schedule, take from KSK/KSL only what is needed forthe classification of artefacts; the larger & more abstract concepts, theinferences about ancient systems of language, religion & trade, theapplication of scientific techniques to archaeological finds (as in

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palaeobotany) or of archaeology to ancient science & technology (as inarchaeoastronomy) will fit more usefully elsewhere, esp. at LA8 & LA9.

LAB B Technology = industries

LAB C ArtefactsLAB CC (classification of finds, typology)LAB CC4 A from specific groupsLAB CCD hoards...LAB CCE material culture (general)

(operations & agents)LAB CD Invention, discovery, innovationLAB CE Production (general)LAB CF Manufacturing (general)LAB CG TechniquesLAB CH DecorationLAB CT Trade and commerce

(Types of materials)LAB DD SaltLAB DE Minerals (general)LAB DF Stone, flintLAB DG Geological objects, morpholiths A/ZLAB DGO ObsidianLAB DH Clay & earthLAB DJ Precious stonesLAB DJV (Specific precious stones A/Z)LAB DJV G garnetsLAB DK Pottery/CeramicsLAB DKQ Kilns

alternative to LAB GOQ with firemakingLAB DKV (Specific types A/Z)LAB DKV F faienceLAB DL GlassLAB DLN EnamelLAB DM MetalsLAB DN IronLAB DO Precious metalsLAB DP CopperLAB DQ BrassLAB DR BronzeLAB DS SilverLAB DT GoldLAB DV TinLAB DW LeadLAB DX (Other metals - A/Z)LAB EA Oils, fats, waxesLAB EAS Gums, resins, amberLAB EAT Tar, pitch

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LAB EB Faunal remainsLAB EF BoneLAB EFH Human bone

divide like Class HLAB EFK Animal boneLAB EFV (Specific forms of bone - A/Z)

E.g. antler, horn, ivoryLAB EFV S skullsLAB EFV SH shellsLAB EFW soft tissue (e.g. bog bodies)LAB EG RubberLAB EJ WoodLAB EK CharcoalLAB EN Paper

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LAB EP Dyes, pigmentsLAB EQ PaintsLAB ER Perfumes, cosmetics

LAB ES FuelsLAB ESF FirewoodLAB ESP PeatLAB ESV (Other fuels - A/Z)

LAB EV (Other materials - A/Z)

LAB F Tools (general), instruments (general)equipment (general), implements (general)For tools, etc, serving specific functions see function (e.g.harpoons with whaling; weapons with war).

LAB FFA AccessoriesLAB FFB MachinesLAB FFC Hafted (with handle)LAB FFD Unhafted

LAB FFF Staves, sticksLAB FG StiltsLAB FH Cutting tools, shaping toolsLAB FI KnivesLAB FJ AdzesLAB FK AxesLAB FL SawsLAB FM HammersLAB FN ChiselsLAB FO PoundersLAB FP DrillsLAB FQ (Other cutting & shaping tools A/Z)

e.g. Picks LAB FQPLAB FR Securing devicesLAB FS String, cord, ropeLAB FT ChainsLAB FU RingsLAB FV Locks & keysLAB FW NailsLAB FX (Other securing devices - A/Z)

e.g. Stocks LAB FXS

LAB FY (Types of tools by their special function)This location allows qualification of an action by a tool, etc. used in it(e.g. Irrigation - Pumps).If several occur under one action, arrange A/Z.

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(Operations)LAB GC Metrology, measurement, numerical systemsLAB GD Weights & measuresLAB GE WeighingLAB GG Time reckoningLAB GGG Archaeoastronomy (preferred to LA 8?)LAB GH ClocksLAB GI CalendarsLAB GK Sundials

LAB GL Energy utilizationLAB GM Heat & lightLAB GN FiremakingLAB GOP (Equipment)LAB GOQ Ovens, kilnsLAB GOV (other equipment - A/Z)LAB GP Fire preventionLAB GQ Light-making equipmentLAB GR Rush lightsLAB GS TorchesLAB GT CandlesLAB GV (Other light making equipment A/Z)LAB GVL Lamps

LAB GW Water supply and sewerageLAB GX Drains, drainage ditchesLAB GY Irrigation

LAB H TransportLAB HB Navigation, direction finding, orientationLAB HC BaggageLAB HD Carrying apparatus

(Accessories)LAB HE (Types of transport accessories - A/Z)

E.g. boards, nets, tump-lines(by type)

LAB HF Land transport(Equipment, accessories)

LAB HG Roads, tracks (NB not preferred - use LAB SW)LAB HH BridgesLAB HI VehiclesLAB HJ DecorationLAB HK Waggons, cartsLAB HL (Other vehicles - A/Z)

E.g. travois

LAB HM AnimalsLAB HN Riding

(Equipment)LAB HP Riding gear

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LAB HPS BridlesLAB HPT HarnessesLAB HPU SaddlesLAB HPV (Other riding gear - A/Z)LAB HQ Pack animalsLAB HR Draft animals

(Specific type of animals A/Z)

LAB JB Snow & ice transportLAB JC (Equipment)LAB JDS Snow shoesLAB JDT SkisLAB JDU SkatesLAB JE Sledges, toboggans

LAB JG Water transportLAB JH Navigation, seafaringLAB JJ Swimming supports

E.g. Gourds

LAB JK Boats, shipsLAB JL DecorationLAB JM AccessoriesLAB JMB AnchorsLAB JMC Paddles, oarsLAB JMV (Other boat gear - A/Z)

E.g. balersLAB JN CanoesLAB JP Outrigger canoesLAB JQ CoraclesLAB JR RaftsLAB JS Fishing boatsLAB JT ShipsLAB JU WarshipsLAB JV (Other types of boats - A/Z)

LAB KA WarfareAdd to LAB KA letters following RQ from Class Rfor armies, campaigns, etc.

LAB KE Weapons, equipmentLAB KF Defensive equipmentLAB KJ ArmourLAB KK HelmetsLAB KL ShieldsLAB KM (Other defensive equipment A/Z)LAB KN Offensive equipmentLAB KP ClubsLAB KQ Spears, throwing sticksLAB KR Swords & daggersLAB KS Archery

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LAB KT (Accessories - A/Z)E.g. quivers

LAB KU BowsLAB KV ArrowsLAB KW Blow pipes, blow gunsLAB KX BoomerangsLAB KY FirearmsLAB KYY (Other offensive equipment A/Z)LAB KZ Military decorations, battle honours

LAB L ManufacturesLAB LB TextilesLAB LC SpinningLAB LD (Equipment)LAB LDS Spinning wheelsLAB LF WeavingLAB LG (Equipment)LAB LGL LoomsLAB LH FibresLAB LJ Fabrics, clothes

(Specific fabrics - A/Z)E.g. barkcloth, felt

LAB LK FeatherwareLAB LL HairLAB LM LeafworkLAB LN Grass

LAB LP Cordage, ropes

LAB LQ Skins, hides, leatherLAB LQD Dressing skins, tanningLAB LQV (Specific hides - A/Z)

LAB LR Adhesives

LAB LX Receptacles, containers

LAB LZ (Other types of manufactures - A/Z)

(Processes of acquisition other than manufacture)

LAB MC Hunting equipmentLAB MD TrapsLAB ME SpearsLAB MF Other, A/ZLAB MG Fishing equipmentLAB MH NetsLAB MJ SpearsLAB MK Harpoons

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LAB ML Other, A/ZLAB MM Farming equipmentLAB MN PloughsLAB MO SpadesLAB MP SicklesLAB MQ ScythesLAB MR WinnowsLAB MS Other, A/Z

(Types of crop -- see LA8 F Botanical archaeology)LAB MT Animal husbandryLAB MU Meat-axesLAB MV Other, A/Z

(Parts & types of animals -- see LAB EB Faunal remains)(Equipment used in exploiting animals for transport -- see LAB HM/LAB HR)

LAB MW Mining, quarryingLAB MX tools A/Z

(Special human needs)

LAB N Food & drinkLAB NG (Preparation of food)

(Equipment)LAB NH Cooking utensils (A/Z)LAB NL (Types of food A/Z)

LAB NQ Drink, drinking, liquid consumptionLAB NR Alchoholic drinksLAB NS Drugs, narcotics, stimulantsLAB NT Accessories, containersLAB NU Chewing drugs (general)LAB NV Smoking drugs (general)

(By plant A/Z)LAB NWB BetelLAB NWK KavaLAB NWP PeyoteLAB NWS SnuffLAB NWT TobaccoLAB NWT P PipesLAB NX (Other plant drugs - A/Z)

LAB P Domestic objects & articlesLAB PB FurnitureLAB PC Sitting-and lying-furnitureTwo problems present themselves:� Are containers really a subset of furniture? Those shown appearnot to be.� Where do we put furniture whose purpose is containment -- chests,cupboards, wardrobes, larders, &c.?

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Haddon amendmentfurniturePC for sitting on and lying in A/Z

cradlesbedsbunks

PD seats A/Zchairsstoolsbenches

PE for storage A/Zchestscupboardswardrobeslarders

PG for working on A/Zbenchestables

LAB PD BedsLAB PF CradlesLAB PG Seats, stools

(Containers)LAB PH VesselsLAB PJ TraysLAB PL BoxesLAB PM Others A/ZLAB PN OrnamentsLAB PNF Figurines (use LAB QL if they are religious)LAB PO Decorative arts on buildings (e.g. mosaic, stucco) A/Z e.g.LAB POM MosaicLAB POT Tiles

LAB PP Floor coveringsLAB PQ MatsLAB PR Rugs & carpetsLAB PS Wall coveringsLAB PT (Other domestic objects - A/Z)

E.g. fly whisks, fans.LAB Q Clothing

(Add to LAB Q letters following KL in KLH-KLI RY)e.g. LAB QIN H brooches

LAB QII LM Mirrors

LAB QIL PX combsLAB QIM personal adornments, groomingLAB QIN B beadsLAB QIN D pinsLAB QIN F fibulaeLAB QIN H broochesLAB QIN L rings

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LAB QIP LY hairpinsLAB QIP Y razorsLAB QIR M trunk adornmentLAB QIR Y crowns, regalia

LAB QJ Cult objects, A/ZLAB QJA amuletsLAB QL Religious artefacts

(Add to LAB QL letters following PDR)LAB QLD M religious symbolsLAB QLD N religious imagesLAB QLD TV votive offerings

LAB QO Recreation & playLAB QOA Toys, A/ZLAB QOB Games, A/ZLAB QOC Sports, A/Z

LAB QOL Writing A/Z by type

LAB QP Art*Divide like Class W

LAB QPD Decorative artsFor architecture see LAB W architectural sites

LAB QPJ Fine artsLAB QPK PaintingLAB QPL DrawingLAB QPM SculptureLAB QPW MusicLAB QPX Instruments, A/ZLAB QQ MoneyLAB QQA CoinsLAB QQB Other types of money, A/Z

LAB QZ sites, assemblages, constructions in general

(by site location)LAB RB-E inland (usually assumed, but use for wide areas not covered by

Aux. 2 - hills, downs, etc - add to LAB R letters B-E following A in Aux 2.)

LAB RDB lowland sitesLAB RG underwater archaeologyLAB RH wetland archaeology

inc. swamp, marsh, fenland, wetland, bogLAB RN river, stream, lakesLAB RO waterfront archaeologyLAB RP coastalLAB RQ sea, maritime

(by material)

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LAB RR mudLAB RRW wattle and daubLAB RS thatchLAB RT woodLAB RU stoneLAB RV (Megalith)

(by function)LAB SC closed sitesLAB SD cavesLAB SDS rock sheltersLAB SE cliff dwellingsLAB SF pit dwellingsLAB SG tree dwellingsLAB SH lake dwellingsLAB SJ tentsLAB SK hutsLAB SL (Other types of dwellings - A/Z

- for architectural sites see LAB W)LAB SLS souterrains

LAB SO open sitesLAB SP sherd scattersLAB SPR refuse sitesLAB SPS middensLAB SPT ashmounds[LAB SPU drains, drainage ditches]LAB SQ kill sitesLAB SR campsitesLAB SS quarries, pitsLAB ST workshops

LAB SU fieldsLAB SV terracesLAB SW roadsLAB SWG C milestonesLAB SX wellsLAB SY local area demarcations

e.g. totem figures, hill figures, Offa’s Dyke, reaves

LAB TC sacred places, ceremonial sitesLAB TD (by religion - divide like Class P)LAB TE earthworksLAB TEE causewayed enclosuresLAB TF circles, hengesLAB TJ wooden monumentsLAB TJF circles, hengesLAB TL stone, megalithic monumentsLAB TLF circles, hengesLAB TLG dolmens, standing stones, quoits

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LAB TO other specific types of site A-Ze.g. LAB TOS Sacred springs

LAB TOT Temenos (domain of a Greek god – coverslarger area than temples)

LAB TP altarsLAB TR religious buildings, temples, churches, chapelsLAB TRH cathedrals, minstersLAB TRJ monastic buildings A/ZLAB TRJ A abbeysLAB TRJ F friariesLAB TRJ P prioriesLAB TRK other religious buildings A/Z

LAB TY funerary sitesLAB U cemeteriesLAB UJ barrows, moundsLAB UK A/Z by type e.g. long, round, ship-burialLAB UKP pond-barrowsLAB UKR round barrowsLAB UP pyramidsLAB UR funerary architecture, tombs, mausolea

LAB US burials/inhumations, mortuary practicesLAB UT group, necropolisLAB UU individual

LAB UV A/Z by type, e.g.UVB bedUVC coffins

LAB UVH chariot burialsUVM mummiesUVU urn burials, cremations

LAB V defences, military sites, fortificationsLAB VU battlefieldsLAB VV earthworks, banks, ditches, moatsLAB VW defensive walls (e.g. Hadrian's wall)LAB VX palisades, town wallsLAB VY fortresses, forts (e.g. Roman camps, Iron Age hillforts),

limes (= Roman frontiers)LAB VZ castles

LAB W other structures/ architectural sitesLAB WD simple structures (see also LAB S)LAB WE complexes, complex structures

(by function)Divide like Class WH

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WK domestic, residentialLAB WKH hunting lodges

WL civic, public, communityLAB WLI hippodromesLAB WLX fora

WM industrial, commercial, occupational A/ZLAB WMF farmsLAB WMG granaries

WMM millsWMS shops, workshops

LAB WMW warehousesLAB WO other structures A/Z

LAB X (by socio-political area)LAB XQ settlementsLAB XR parishes

LAB XS villagesLAB XT townsLAB XU citiesLAB XV city states

LAB YR ruralLAB YU urban

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LAC (by specific site)For libraries wishing to divide first by epoch, then by country, then by place within thecountry before specifying type of site. First add to, for example, LAE DXH (Great

Britain: Iron Age 'C') C as an intercalator + letters following E in Aux 2 + lettersfollowing LAB as required

LAC Z PREHISTORY (in general)

(by period)LAD Stone Ages onwardsLAD C Stone AgesLAD D Palaeolithic

*palaeontology & human evolution: see Class HLAD D to keep all studies of the Palaeolithic together at this point

add E/Z from schedule 2 (places)

LAD E lowerLAD F middle -50,000 BCLAD G upper 50,000-12,000 BC

LAD J Mesolithic 12,000-5,000 BC

LAD KZ Neolithic onwardsLAD L Neolithic 5,000-1800 BCLAD M civilization' phaseLAD P domestication of plants & animalsLAD Q plants/ origins of agricultureLAD R animalsLAD RRJ N domestication of horsesLAD S evolution of citiesLAD T writingLAD U metal-working phaseLAD V Metal AgesLAD VZ ChalcolithicLAD W Bronze AgeLAD WW early (Beaker in Britain) 2,000-1400 BCLAD WX middle 1400-1000 BCLAD WY later 1000-555 BC

(also used for Bronze/Iron transition)LAD WZ Iron Age & afterLAD X Iron AgeLAD XH Hallstatt 550-300 BCLAD XJ La T�ne (Celtic) 300-150 BCLAD XK (Belgae) 150 BC-43 AD

* all above dates refer to Britain as known at 1989. They willfluctuate considerably across Europe, becoming earlier thefurther East the site, as a general rule

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Libraries wishing to collocate historical archaeology (except Classical archaeology LAN-LAS) with thearchaeology of the prehistoric phase may do so by adding letters following MA toLAD XR Roman (but see LVX)LAD Y MedievalLAD YP Post-medieval

(by place/geo-cultural region)Libraries wishing to keep all works on archaeology together at this pointi.e. not collocating archaeology of the historic phase with History, shouldproceed as follows:

LAD Z Europe (use for Europe and Near East together)(by period)Add to LAD Z letters following LAD in LAD C / LAD XKNote that this restricts time divisions to those used for European archaeology

LAE-LAZ Add to LA letters E-Z from Auxiliary schedule 2

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LAD Z Europe (use for Europe and Near East together)(by period)Add to LAD Z letters following LAD in LAD C / LAD XK

LAE Near East(by period)Add to LAE letters following LAD(by place)

LAF Western Asia / Mesopotamia = ancient Iraq(by period)For detail see LPX

LAG (by place/ culture-period)LAG G/I Sumer & AkkadLAG H places i.e. citiesLAG I periods

LAG J/L Elam & SusianaLAG K placesLAG L periods

LAG M/P BabyloniaLAG N places (implies period) see Aux. 2LAG O/P periods

LAG Q/U HittitesLAG R/S places (implies period) see Aux. 2LAG T/U periods

LAG V/Z AssyriaLAG W places (implies period) see Aux. 2LAG X/Z periods

LAH Media-PersiaLAH I places See Aux. 2LAH J periods

LAH K ParthiaLAH L placesLAH M periods

LAH N LevantLAH O places See Aux. 2LAH P periods

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LAI North Africa & Egypt(by place)add letters following C from Aux. 2

LAI N Egypt (prehistoric only)LAI NE/NN places add letters following C from Aux. 2 in CNE-CNN

LAI Q/V periodsLAI Q pre-historicLAI T/V pre-dynastic (alternative to placing at LST D)

LAI W North Africa (i.e. not Egypt)LAI X places

add letters following C from Aux. 2LAI Y periods

LAJ EUROPE

LAJ by period. Add to LAJ letters following D in LAD

LAK Northern Europe

by period. Add to LAK letters following LA in LAD

LAL/M by place

LAL BRITISH ISLES

LAL N by place. Add to LAL N from Aux. 2 after ELAL O (by period)

* Palaeolithic see LAD DE

LAL OP MesolithicLAL OS Neolithic c. 6800-2550 BC

*Add to LAL OS letters following LAD from LAD L-LAD ULAL OW Bronze Age c. 2550-1250 BCLAL OX Iron Ages c. 1250 BC-43 ADLAL OXA ‘A’LAL OXB ‘B’LAL OXC ‘C’LAL OXY Medieval (but see note at LAD Y)

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LAL P/R FRANCE (Gaul)

LAL Q places. See Aux. 2

LAL R periodsAdd to LAL R letters following D in LAD

LAL S/V IBERIAN PENINSULAR (Spain & Portugal)

LAL T/U places. See Aux. 2

LAL V periods.Add to LAL V letters following D in LAD

LAL W/Z SCANDINAVIA

LAL X regions & places. Use letters following M in Aux. 2LAL Y periods.

Add to LAL Y letters following D in LAD

LAM CENTRAL EUROPE

LAM N places other than German or Balkan areas. See Aux. 2LAM O periods

Add to LAM O letters following D in LAD

LAM P/R GERMANY

LAM Q regions & places. See Aux. 2LAM R periods.

Add to LAM R letters following D in LAD

LAM S/U BALKANS

LAM T regions & places. See Aux. 2LAM U periods.

Add to LAM U letters following D in LAD

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LAN-LAS CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

LAN East Mediterranean

LAN N 'Classical' to cover both Greece & Rome in all periodsLAN S by period

Add to LAN S letters following D in LADLAN T by regions & places

LAO AegeanLAO P minor places

(by period, implies region)

LAO Q MesolithicLAO R NeolithicLAO T Bronze AgeLAP early BronzeLAP Q CyprusLAP R RhodesLAP S others A/Z

LAP T middle BronzeLAQ CreteLAQ M MycenaeLAQ O Minoan

(by place) Add from Aux. 2 after P e.g. TroyLAQ P CycladicLAQ Q others A/Z

late Bronze = history/Hellenic

LAR Hellenic/Greece(prehistory only) subdivide to above periods

LAR S by periodsLAR SV Pre-Hellenic period 1100-800 BC (Geometric/Dorian invasions)LAR T by places

Add letters after C in ancient world section of Aux. 2

LAR U Greece (narrowly)LAR V by periodsLAR W by place

Add to LAR W letters in Aux. 2

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LAS Italy(prehistory only)

LAS T by periodAdd to LAS T letters following D in LAD

LAS U minor places

LAS V Etruscans

LAS Y Rome, but see LV

LAT FAR EAST & ASIA

(by place)

LAT T minor places. Divide like Aux. 2

LAU India & Pakistan (Indian subcontinent)LAU Q places. Divide like Aux. 2LAU S periods

LAU X Indus Valley civilization

LAU Z South East Asiaby placeby periods

LAW Japanby placeby periods

LAX Australasia & OceaniaLAX F/H by placeLAX I by periods

LAX J AustraliaLAX K by placeLAX L by periods

LAX M OceaniaLAX N by placeLAX O by periods

LAX P MicronesiaLAX PR by periodsLAX PS by place

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LAX PT MelanesiaLAX PU by periodLAX PV by place

LAX Q PolynesiaLAX R by periodLAX S by place

LAX T New Zealand

LAX U/X other places

LAY AMERICAS

periodsLAY DD preColumbanLAY DE ancient (to 500AD)LAY DJ 10,000-9000BCLAY DK 9000-8000BCLAY DL 8000-7000BCLAY DM 7000-6000BCLAY DP 6000-5000BCLAY DQ 5000-4000BCLAY DR 4000-3000BCLAY DS 3000-2000BCLAY DT 2000-1000BCLAY DU 1000-0BCLAY DV 0-500ADLAY DW 500-1000ADLAY DX 1000-1500AD

LAY G/H by placeLAY K North AmericaLAY L by placeLAY M by period

LAY N Meso America (Central America/West Indies etc.)by periodAdd to LAY N letters following D in LAY D

LAY O by placeLAY OP Mexico/AztecLAY OQ Yucatan/Maya

LAY Q South Americaby periodAdd to LAY Q letters following D in LAY D

LAY R by place

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LAY RS Peru-Ecuador (Andes)/ Incas

LAZ AFRICA, south of the Sahara

LAZ K by placeAdd to LAZ K letters following C in Aux. 2

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Option 1This enables the classifier to arrange works chronologically, subdivided by topicSubject analysis will give the following string:

Place - Period - Aspect - Topice.g. France - 18th century - Political history - Government

For Option 1 omit the narrow period marker [D] where shown and use main aspect letters only

LC - General and politicalLE - Cultural historyLH -EconomicLJ - SocialLL - Religious

Option 2This option enables to classifier to group aspects of history under a broad period for each place, and then toarrange topics chronologically within each aspect of history, to give

Place - Broad period - Aspect - Narrow period - TopicGreat Britain - Tudor period - Economic history - reign of Henry VIII - Taxation

To use this option, retain the narrow period marker [D] where shown to indicate general or political historyin each period. Substitute for D the "by period" letters shown following L in LC-LM for alternative aspects.

Option 3This option enables history of a nation to be arranged chronologically by aspect

Place - Aspect - PeriodUnited States - Political history - 20th century

Use notation for the country, followed by C-L (as above), then subdivide by period letters following [D]

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LB HISTORY (history as written history)

LB 2 common subdivisionsLB 24 historians A/ZLB 23L essays

LB 5 sources & materials (i.e. works/documents amounting to contemporary evidence)Add to LB5 letters A/Z following LB

LB 6 oral history/evidenceLB 6M Myths: oral history

LB 7 biography & history: biographical aspects of historical writing

LB 8 historiography

LB 8A philosophy of history(topics)

LB 8AC causalityLB 8AE evolutionLB 8AI inevitability & necessityLB 8AP progressLB 8AQ 'Civilization',LB 8AZ distortion, falsification of historical evidence

LB 9 theory & methodAdd to LB 9 letters following K in K 6B/ K 9DN

LB 9Y researchLB 9Z evidence- use of the original records & sources

Add to LB9 Z letters following LB in LBOUse for Source materials, but use LB5 for collections of sources by type

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LBF GENEALOGY & HERALDRY

LBG GenealogyAdd to LBG letters following 8 in L8 A/Ne.g.

LBG B names, patronymicsLBG C personal names, cognomens

LBG D deathsLBG E epitaphs, tombstone inscriptions

LBG F parish registers, Church recordsLBG G birth and baptism recordsLBG H wills and administration of estates

LBG J court recordsLBG K tenants of manors, of estates; rolls of freemen, etc.LBG L royalty, nobility, peerage, aristocracy

LBG M general family histories A/ZLBG N collective genealogies of classes of persons, professions, etc.

LBH HeraldryAdd to LBH letters following L8 P/Y (old Bliss)e.g.

LBH Q armour, armorial bearingsLBH R registry of armsLBH RC College of ArmsLBH S shields, coats-of arms, blazons

ST tinctures, coloursSU charges, mottoes, badges, escutcheons, scocheonsSV other devices

LBH T crestsLBH U flags, banners, standards, ensigns, pennantsLBH V precedence, rankLBH W Orders of Knighthood, Military Religious Orders A/Z

(Alternative to placing under historical period)

LBH X titles of honourLBH Y grants of arms

31

LBI BIOGRAPHY & biographical writings (but see also LB 7)

LBI R autobiography

LBI 7 collective biography

the biography of historical personages goes with the place/period with which they areprincipally associated, using three letters of the subjects name,e.g. Stalin= MUT C ABI STA 96

but where the person is given a classmark in the schedule add intercalator A then BI 96after the classmarke.g. Henry VIII = NRD H ABI 96

the following additions may also be used to specify the type of work:

LBI -39 personal writings, not imaginative literature-394 speeches-395 letters-396 journals/diaries-397 note-books/conversations/interviews-398 memoirs/recollections/families-94 contemporaries-95 autobiographies-96 biographies-97 critical studies (add letters from whole schedule), e.g.-97I psychology-97J education

LBJ NUMISMATICSLBJ 9 historical value, methods of study (Build from LB9)LBJ BS designing, moulding, casting, stamping, etc

(coins by place)* Alternative to placing numismatics with the place in LN-

LBJ C Ancient worldAdd to LBJ C letters following C in Aux. 2

LBJ D-N Modern worldAdd letters D-N from Aux. 2

LBJ O Add to LBJ O letters following O and P-Z from Aux. 2

LBJ U tokensLBJ V medals

LBK PHILATELY

LBL SIGILLOGRAPHY (seals)LBL O jettonsLBL P buttons

32

LBM PALAEOGRAPHY

LBM A build from Class X if required. e.g. XCY abbreviationsLBM ACB P papyri, papyrology

tabletsparchmentspalimpsests

LBM O majusculesLBM P minusculesLBM Q by language. See Aux. 3LBM S specific hands A/Z

LBN EPIGRAPHYLBN N inscriptionsLBN O graffittiLBN P runesLBN PS used for Pictish symbol stones

LBN Q by language(Divide by language from Aux. 3)

LBO DIPLOMATICS & ARCHIVISTICS (for source material see LB 5)In general, Diplomatics deals with the older (ancient and mediaeval) records, whileArchivistics deals with more recent periods. Diplomatics deals more especially with

thedating and authentication of manuscripts and is thus ancillary to the study of the

contentsof the historical records.

LBO B methods(by type of archive/record/document)

LBO G treaties, leagues, covenants, conventionsLBO H charters, constitutionsLBO J grants, except ecclesiasticalLBO K writs

LBO L taxation rollsLBO M rolls of freemen, etc.LBO N proclamations, manifestosLBO O other public papers, official administrative, letters, etc.

LBO P ecclesiastical recordsLBO Q private documents: deeds, muniments, mortgages, bondsLBO R wills and codicilsLBO S accounts and inventoriesLBO T letters, correspondence, letter-booksLBO U journals, diaries etc. (but see also Biography LBI)

LBQ pictorial evidence (art, etc.)

33

LBQ P photographs

LBS CHRONOLOGYLBS A scientific chronology (if not preferred in History of science)LBS B scientific chonometry

LBS C calendar (astronomical bases)LBS D Ancient GreekLBS E RomanLBS F Julian, bissextileLBS G GregorianLBS H French RevolutionaryLBS I reformLBS J proposals A/ZLBS K intercalationLBS L other calendars by place from Aux. 2

LBS M chronicles (as evidence)

LBS N chronology (determining dates of events and relations)LBS Q chronological chartsLBS R registers of eventsLBS S almanacs

LBS T horology (alternative to placing in Class U - Technology)LBS U hourglasses, clepsydraLBS V sun-dialsLBS W clocks, watches, chronometers

LBS X DISCOVERY & EXPLORATION (in history)LBS Z Description and travel (use for works about)LBS Z5 Sources, personal accounts

LBT HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY (do not use - preferred location is in Geography ClassD)

LBT X landscapeAdd to LBT letters following D in Class D

LBV toponymy (place names)LBV X (divide by language)

34

LC/M TYPES OF HISTORY(by aspect)Note: for specific subjects within each period, substitute the 'by period'letters following L below (i.e. F,I,K,M) for D where D enumerates periodsof political history, then add any additional letters after the period subdivision bysynthesis as shown below. An intercalator 'A' will be required for any class wheresubclasses W-Z may be required for retroactive notation.

LC POLITICAL HISTORY(in most cases this is indistinguishable from general history, which can only beshown for periods represented by 2 class letters)

(by subject) Add to LC letters following R in RAC- RY

LD (by period)Add to LD the subordinate periods appropriate to each country

LE CULTURAL/INTELLECTUAL/HISTORY OF IDEAS(by subject) Add to LE letters following whole classification

LF (by period)

LH ECONOMIC HISTORY/SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY(including agriculture)

(by subject) Add to LH letters following T in T-TPU from Class TLHR agricultural history. Build from Class G

LI (by period)LIR (agricultural history by period)

LJ SOCIAL HISTORY

(by subject) Add letters following K from Class KLJZ Social welfare and criminology. Add letters following Q from Class Q

LK (by period)LKZ Social welfare and criminology (by period)

LL RELIGIOUS/ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY*religious politics, i.e. where religion is asocial or political force rather than as a spiritual ortheological one. Build from Class P (letters following P)

LM (by period)

LMX GROUPS OF PERSONS IN HISTORY: (Do not use - prefer LJ-LK)e.g. working classes; womenAdd to LMX letters from Class K

35

LMZ WORLD HISTORY (all civilizations including the East)History/ civilization, ancient & modern

[EPOCHS OF HISTORY]LN Ancient historyLTZ Classical historyLX Modern & medieval

LN- ANCIENT HISTORY

LO (by period)LOE 1000 900 BCLOF 900-800 BCLOG 800-700 BCLOH 700-600 BCLOJ 600-500 BCLOK 500-400 BCLOL 400-300 BCLOM 300-200 BCLON 200-100 BCLOP 100BC - AD 0

(by place)

LP ANCIENT EAST (historic phases only)

(periods)LPQ to 323 BCLPR 323 BC-100 ADLPS 100 AD -

LPX Mesopotamia & AssyriaDivide like Aux 2. CC-CD(by period - divide like LO)

LPY Media & PersiaDivide like Aux. 2. CE(by period - divide like LO)

LQ Levant regionLQR IsraelLQR E Galilee

LR Arabian Peninsular

LRS Asia MinorLRT (by place)

(by period)LRU Greek (add letters following LU)LRV Roman (add letters following LV)

36

LS Egypt, Egyptology(by place)

LSN Add to LSN letters following CN in Aux. 2LSN N Palaeolithic [Egypt]LSN P MesolithicLSN R Neolithic

LST (by period)Add letters LA-LM to collocate all types of history within each sub-period

LST [D]D Pre-dynastic, - 2900BC (alternative to placing in Prehistory)LST [D]E Early dynastiesLST [D]K Old Kingdom (Dynasty 1-6)LST [D]M IntermediateLSU [D]K Middle Kingdom (Dynasty 12-17)LSU [D]M 2nd Intermediates / HyksosLSV [D]K New KingdomLSV [D]L 18th DynastyLSV [D]P 24th DynastyLSV [D]S 3rd IntermediateLSV [D]T Persian (525-332 BC)LSV [D]V Macedonian (332-305 BC)LSW Ptolemaic (323-30 BC)LSX Roman (30 BC-AD 640)LSY Islamic (640-1517)

LT North Africa (Phoenicia)

LTN (by place)LTP (by period from LO)

LTQ Carthage(periods)

LTR Punic ILTS Punic IILTT Punic IIILTU AugustanLTV VandalsLTW Arabs 698

LTY Z Europe (Ancient history)

(by place)divide like Aux. 2 add to LTY Z after C

37

LTZ CLASSICAL HISTORY = CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY

LU Greece/Greek world

LUM (by place)Add to LUM letters from Aux. 2 after Ce.g. LUM SG = Corinth, LUM T = Athens

Then add date following place, e.g. 4th century Athens LUM TYD E

(Prehistoric phases, 1100-800 see Prehistory - LAR SV(by period)

LUV 800 BC-600 BC Mycenean/Dark Ages/Heroic Age/Archaic periodsee also prehistory

LUW 600 BC - 500 BC, 6th century

LUX 500 BC - 400 BC 5th century 'Classical' GreeceLUX [D]E Persian Wars, 500-449 BCLUX [D]K Periclean period, 459-431 BCLUX [D]M Peloponnesian War, 431-404 BC

LUY 400 BC - 150 BC ' Hellenistic'LUY [D]E 4th centuryLUY [D]F Spartan/Theban supremacy, 431-338 BCLUY [D]FW Corinthian WarLUY [D]K Achaean League 338-146 BCLUY [D]N Macedonian rise

LUY [D]R Alexander's Empire 338 BC- 323 BCLUY [D]RW Alexander of Macedon

LUY [D]U The Diadoche & Seleucidae 323-281LUY [D]V Hellenistic proper 'late'

LUZ 150 BC Roman era

LUZ [D]G 146 BC-AD 716 Roman rule & Eastern Empire/Byzantium (prefer LWQ)

38

LV ROMAN WORLD/ROME

(by place)LVO Add to LVO letters following CV from Aux. 2LVP Add to LVP letters following CW e.g. Umbria = LVP MLVQ Add to LVQ letters following CXLVR Add to LVR letters following CY

LVS Add to LVS letters following C from CC-CQU in Aux. 2If you wish to keep together materials on a particular place in the Romanworld, proceed as follows:* Build classmark for place* Add intercalator A* Add letters following LV for dates* Add aspectLVS QEN Roman conquest: early phase AD 43-57LVS QEP Revolt of Boudicca, AD 60 or 61LVS QEW rebellion of Carausius and Allectus, AD286-296]

Approximate dates for the Roman period of various regions are as follows:Spain 201 BC-AD 565England & Wales 44-410Gaul 56 BC-AD 565Dacia 105-565Asia Minor 133 BC-AD 565Syria 63 BC-AD 565Palestine 63 BC-AD 565Egypt 30 BC-AD 565North Africa 200 BC-AD 565

(by period)Prehistoric Italy see LASEtruscans see LAS V

LVV to 500 BC Primitive/ Legendary/ KingdomLVW Republic 509-27 BCLVW [D]F Early RepublicLVW [D]G to the Punic Wars, 509-264 BCLVW [D]H Punic Wars, 264-146 BCLVW [D]I 1st Punic War 264-241 BCLVW [D]J 2nd Punic War 218-201 BCLVW [D]JW HannibalLVW [D]K 3rd Punic War 149~146 BCLVW [D]L Late Republic 201-27 BCLVW [D]LW The GracchiLVW [D]M Jugurthine WarLVW [D]N MariusLVW [D]O SullaLVW [D]P Mithridatic Wars, 88-63 BCLVW [D]Q War with Southern Italy, 90-88 BC

LVW [D]R Phase of expansion

39

LVW [D]S PompeyLVW [D]T Servile Wars 135-71 BCLVW [D]U Civil Wars of Marius, Sulla, Pompey, CaeLVW [D]V Julius Caesar's reignLVW [D]W Triumvirate 60-43 BCLVW [D]X Mark AntonyLVW [D]Y Caesar's Conquest of Gaul etc.

LVX Roman Empire 31 BC -(key dates: 395 AD separation of East & We

476 AD fall of Rome565 AD End of Justinian)

(class works about a part of the Empire at that parte.g. Roman Britain = NN)

LVX [D]D Early EmpireLVX [D]E Twelve Caesar's period 31 BC-AD 96LVX [D]F Augustus/Augustan Age/Golden Age 31 BC-AD 14LVX [D]G Tiberius AD 14-37LVX [D]H Caligula AD 37-41LVX [D]HW Claudius, AD 41-54LVX [D]HX Nero AD 54-68LVX [D]I Flavian age, AD 68-96LVX [D]IW GalbaLVX [D]IX OthoLVX [D]IY VespasianLVX [D]IZ TitusLVX [D]J Domitian, AD 81-96LVX [D]K Good Emperors AD 96-180LVX [D]L Nerva & Trajan AD 96-117LVX [D]M Hadrian AD 117-138LVX [D]N Antonines AD 138-192LVX [D]NW AntoniusLVX [D]NX AureliusLVX [D]NY CommodusLVX [D]O Barrack Emperors AD 192-284LVX [D]P Septimus SeverusLVX [D]Q CaracallaLVX [D]QW Heliogabalus or ElagabalusLVX [D]R Alexander SeverusLVX [D]S Valerian AD 253-260LVX [D]T Claudius II AD 268-270LVX [D]U Aurelian AD 270~275LVX [D]V Diocletian AD 284-305

LVX [D]W Division of the EmpireLVX [D]X Constantine the Great AD 306-337LVX [D]Y Constantinus I AD 305-351

LVY Late Roman Empire AD 337-565

40

LVY [D]E 337-395LVY [D]F Constans ILVY [D]G Julian the ApostateLVY [D]H Constatius IILVY [D]I Valentinian I & IILVY [D]J Separation of the Empires AD 395LVY [D]K AD 395-476LVY [D]L HonoriusLVY [D]M Sack of Rome AD 410LVY [D]N StilichoLVY [D]O Invasion of barbarians, Goths etc.LVY [D]P Theodoric the Goth AD 489-526LVY [D]Q Fall of Rome AD 476LVY [D]R Romulus Augustulus

for AD 470-565 see below

41

LW BYZANTIUM & THE EASTERN EMPIRE AD 324~1453

(by place)LWP Add to LWP letters from Aux. 2

(by period)LWQ Eastern Empire 324/395-716LWQ[D]D 324-716 Theodosius to Leo IIILWQ[D]E 395-527 Arcadius to Justin ILWQ[D]F Leo I 457-474LWQ[D]G Justinian 527-565LWQ[D]H Justin II 565-602 (& Empress Sophia)LWQ[D]I 602-716LWQ[D]J Heraclius 610-641LWQ[D]K Constans II 642-668LWQ[D]L Persian War

LWR Byzantine Empire AD 716-1453LWR [D]D Leo III 716-740LWR [D]E Iconoclastic controversyLWR [D]F Basilean or Macedonian dynasty 687-1081LWR [D]G Basil ILWR [D]H Leo VILWR [D]J ConstantineVII PorphyrogenitusLWR [D]K Romanus ILWR [D]L LeucapenusLWR [D]M Nicephorus II, Rhocas 963-969LWR [D]N John I, Tzimisces 969-976LWR [D]O Basil II, Bulgarkronos 963-1025 (as a co-Emperoor)LWR [D]OX Constantine VIII, 1025-1028LWR [D]OY Zoe, 1028-1055LWR [D]OZ Theodora, 1055-56LWR [D]P Comnenians, ets. 1057-1259LWR [D]PX Dynasty of Comnenus . 1057 1185LWR [D]PZ Dynasty of the Angeli, 1185-1204LWR [D]Q Latin dynasty (Lascarids) 1204-1261

LWR [D]R Domain of Nicaea 1204-1261LWR [D]S Palaiologi 1261-1453LWR [D]SW Michael VIII, 1259-1282LWR [D]SX Andronicus II, 1282-1328LWR [D]SY Andronicus III, 1328-1341LWR [D]SZ John V, 1341-1391 (and co-emperors)LWR [D]T John VI Cantacuzene, Emperor, 1347-1354LWR [D]TW Andronicus IV, 1376-1379 and John VII, Emperor, 1390LWR [D]TX Manuel II, Emperor, 1391-1425LWR [D]TY John VIII, Emperor, 1425-1448LWR [D]TZ Constantine XI Palaiologos, Emperor, 1448-1453LWR [D]U Trebizond EmpireLWR [D]V Wars with Saracens & TurksLWR [D]W Fall of Constantinople & Eastern Empire 1453

42

LX MEDIEVAL & MODERN HISTORY(by period)* take periods from LZ using period letters from LC-LM to introduce subject

e.g. LYH Economic history LYI R Economic history of the nineteenthcentury

[by place]LY Western (use for developed world)

Add to LY letters A-B from Aux. 2 for general histories of geographic areas, features, etc.not enumerated elsewhere in this schedule.

LZ EUROPEAN HISTORY

LZA (by aspect) Add to LZA letters C/M following L

(by periods) general to most of EuropeLZB [D]A MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES c. 375-1492 (include 'Middle Ages' of

non-European countries if treated with Europe)

LZB [D]E Dark AgesLZB [D]F Migrations period c.375-750LZB [D]G GothsLZB [D]H Visigoths C4th-C8thLZB [D]K Ostrogoths C4th-C6thLZB [D]M Vandals C4th-C6thLZB [D]P Huns C4th-C5thLZB [D]R Magyar invasions C9th

LZB [D]S FranksLZB [D]T Merovingians, Romano-CelticLZB [D]U Carolingians C481-843LZB [D]V Vikings

LZC E Early Middle Ages 843-1076LZD B High Middle Ages 1096-c.1492LZD [D]C Crusades Cllth-C13thLZD [D]D 1st Crusade 1095-1099LZD [D]E 2nd Crusade 1144-48LZD [D]F 3rd Crusade 1187-91 (Richard I)LZD [D]G 4th Crusade 1199-1204LZD [D]H Children's Crusade 1212LZD [D]I 5th Crusade 1217-19LZD [D]J 6th Crusade (Frederick II) 1225LZD [D]K 7th Crusade (Louis IX) 1248-52LZD [D]L 8th Crusade 1267-70

[LZD [D]M Hundred Years' War 1337-1453] SSC practice is to prefer NGD D

LZD [D]N Twelfth century, First RenaissanceLZD [D]P Thirteenth century

43

LZD [D]R Fourteenth centuryLZD [D]T Fifteenth century

44

LZF MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY c. 1492-

(by period)LZG C Renaissance/Reformation c.1492-1618 (sixteenth century)LZG [D]K RenaissanceLZG [D]L Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520LZG [D]O Reformation c.1517-1555LZG [D]Q 1550-1656LZG [D]R Counter-Reformation c.1555-1618

LZH The Enlightenment/Age of Absolutism (seventeenth - eighteenth centuries)

LZK C Seventeenth centuryLZK [D]K Ancien Regime c.1648-1789LZK [D]M 30 Years' War 1618-1648LZK [D]S Grand Alliance 1688-1697LZK [D]T 1680-1715

[LZL European expansion]

LZM Eighteenth & Nineteenth Centuries

LZN C Eighteenth centuryLZN [D]K Spanish succession 1701-1714LZN [D]P Austrian succession 1740-1748LZN [D]Q 1750-1850LZN [D]R Seven Years' War 1756-1763

LZQ C Revolutionary period c.1785-1815

LZQ [D]K Napoleonic WarsLZQ [D]KP Peninsular War 1808-1814LZQ [D]KV Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

LZQ [D]R Industrial Revolution (socio-economic aspects normally LZQ IR)LZQ [D]Z Nineteenth & Twentieth centuries, Colonization period

LZR C Nineteenth century c.1789-1900LZR [D]H Alliances -1830LZR [D]I 1830-1860LZR [D]J 1848 revolutionsLZR [D]K 1848-1939LZR [D]L 1848-1871LZR [D]M Crimean WarLZR [D]N Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71LZR [D]O 1871-1914LZR [D]P Franco-Russian Alliance

45

LZS C Twentieth centuryLZS [D]D World War I 1914-1918LZS [D]E 1914LZS [D]W 1918 campaignsLZS [D]Z (by place)

theatre of war add to LZT Z28 letters from Aux. 2

LZT C Inter-War Period, 1918-1939LZT [D]S Abyssinian War/Crisis 1935-6

LZU C World War II 1939-1945LZU Z (by place) theatre of war add to LZV Z28 letters from Aux. 2

LZV C Post-war Europe, 1945-LZV [D]F FortiesLZV [D]H FiftiesLZV [D]K SixtiesLZV [D]M SeventiesLZV [D]P EightiesLZV [D]S Nineties

[M EUROPEAN HISTORY - do not use this notation for European history generally, use LZ](by regions other than nation states, which are enumerated below)

M EUROPEAN HISTORY - use this notation for European history

MAA Prehistoric phaseAdd to MAA letters following LA

MAB Historic phaseAdd to MAB letters following LZB

MAC Add to MAC letters following LZC

MAD/V Add letters following LZ in LZD-LZV

(by regions other than nation states, which are enumerated below)

MAW Western EuropeMAW A/M (by aspect) Add to MAW letters A/M following LMAW Z (by period) divide like LZ

MAX (by place)add to MAX letters following A in Aux. 2

MAY add to MAY letters following B in Aux. 2(by area)

MAZ Holy Roman Empire 962-1806

46

(by nation-states; politico-geographical-cultural-linguistic regions)

MB FRANCE(note: places in France use Aux. 2 add letters following F after 28 e.g. Paris = 28E.For local history see MBW when period is not involved)

MBA Archaeology. Divide like LA

MBB/M Auxiliary sciences/ aspects of history. Divide LB/LM

(major periods)

MBN Romano-Celtic/Gaul (but see Roman history/archaeology)

MBO Middle Ages (Carolingian Empire see LZB DGL)MBO[D]N Philip II 1180-1223MBO[D]P Louis IX 1214-1270MBO[D]R Fourteenth centuryMBO[D]T Fifteenth centuryMBO[D]U Louis XI 1461-1483MBO[D]V Charles VIII 1483-1498MBO[D]W Louis XII 1498-1515

MBP Burgundy: Medieval periodMBP [D]N Philip the BoldMBP [D]P John the FearlessMBP [D]Q Philip the GoodMBP [D]S Charles the Bold

MBQ Renaissance/sixteenth century/ '[D]erniers Valois'MBQ [D]N Fran�ois I 1547-1559MBQ [D]P Henri II 1547-1559MBQ [D]Q Catherine de Medici, Regent, 1552-1563MBQ [D]R Fran�ois II 1559-1560MBQ [D]S Charles IX 1560-1574MBQ [D]T Henri III 1574-1589MBQ [D]U Henri IV 1589-1610

MBQ [D]Z L'Ancien Regime 1550-1750

MBR Le Grand Si�cle/ Seventeenth centuryMBR [D]N Mary de Medici, Regent, 1610-1614MBR [D]P Louis XIII 1610-1643MBR [D]Q Richelieu Administration 1624-1642MBR [D]R Louis XIV 1651-1715

MBS Eighteenth century onwards (also used for 1750-)MBS [D]N 1700-1815

MBS [D]P The Enlightenment/ Eighteenth century

47

MBS [D]S Louis XV 1715-1774MBS [D]V Louis XVI 1774-1792

MBT Revolutionary period 1789-1815MBT [D]N French Revolution 1789-1799MBT [D]O Fall of the Bastille 1789MBT [D]P The Great Fear 1789MBT [D]Q The Terror 1793MBT [D]R 1794-1815MBT [D]T The Thermidorians 1794MBT [D]U The Directoire 1795-1799

MBT [D]V Napoleonic Era 1799-1815MBT [D]W NapoleonMBT[D]X Post 1789 RevolutionMBT[D]Y Post 1814 period

MBU Nineteenth centuryMBU[D]N 1815-1848MBU[D]O Restoration 1814-1830MBU[D]P 1830 RevolutionMBU[D]Q Second Republic 1848~1851MBU[D]R 1848 RevolutionMBU[D]S Second Empire 1852-1870/Napoleon IIIMBU[D]T Third Republic 1870-1940MBU[D]U Thiers, L.A. Presidency 1870-1873MBU[D]V Paris Commune 1871MBU[D]W 1873-1876MBU[D]X Boulangist period 1886-1890MBU[D]Y Dreyfus Affair 1894-1906

MBV Twentieth century

MBV[D]P Poincar� 1913-1920MBV[D]Q First World War 1914-1918MBV[D]R Inter-War period 1918-1939MBV[D]S Second World War, 1939-1945/ Occupied France/ 1940-1944MBV[D]T 1945-MBV[D]U 1960s

MBW French local history. Add letters following F in Aux. 2e.g. MBW E Paris

MBYF MonacoMBYL Andorra

48

MBZ SPAIN & PORTUGAL - IBERIAN PENINSULAR

MC SPAIN(major periods)

MCN Medieval period C6th~C15th

MCN [D]M Moorish dominationMCN [D]X Christian Conquest

MCO Modern, 1479-MCO [D]M 1479-1706

MCO [D]N Fernando V & Isabella I 1479-1516MCO [D]Q Expulsion of the Jews 1492MCO [D]S Philip I 1478-1506

MCP Sixteenth century

MCP [D]N 1516-1700 Hapsburg dynastyMCP [D]P Philip II 1527-1598MCP [D]S Granada Wars 1568-1570MCP [D]X 1519-/ Charles V (I of Spain) 1516-1558 (Holy Roman Emperor)

MCQ Seventeenth century

MCQ [D]P Philip III 1578-1621MCQ [D]S Philip IV 1621-1665MCQ [D]X Charles II 1665-1700

MCR Eighteenth century

MCR [D]N 1700-1808 Bourbon dynastyMCR [D]P Charles VI 1703~1711 (Holy Roman Emperor)MCR [D]S Charles III 1759-1788MCR [D]X Charles IV 1788-1808

MCS Nineteenth century

MCS [D]N Napoleonic period 1808-1814MCS [D]O Bourbon Restoration 1814-1868MCS [D]P Carlist War 1833-1840MCS [D]Q 1868-1886MCS [D]R Revolution 1868-1870MCS [D]S First Republic 1873-1875

49

MCT Twentieth century

MCT [D]N First World War 1914-1918MCT [D]P Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 1923-31MCT [D]Q Second Republic 1931-1939MCT [D]R Alfonso XIIIMCT [D]S Civil War 1936-1939MCT [D]T Siege of Bilbao 1937MCT [D]U 1939-MCT [D]V FrancoMCT [D]W Restoration of the Monarchy

MCU Spanish local history (but subordinate to period when period is included)Add letters following G from Aux. 2, e.g. MCU K Madrid

MCV Spanish Empire / Colonies

MCW Canary Islands

MCX PORTUGAL

MCX P Medieval period C11th-C15thMCX PS House of Burgundy 1095-1383MCX PT Interregnum 1383-1385MCX PU House of Aviz 1385-1580

MCX Q Spanish Domination, 1580-1640

MCX R Braganza Period/1640-1810

MCX S Nineteenth century Revolution 1820 Wars of Succession,1826-1840

MCX T Twentieth centuryMCX TJ Revolution/Republic 1910

MCY Portuguese local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add letters from Aux. 2

MCZ Portuguese Empire / Colonies

50

MD ITALYdo not use 28 for places

MDM (by place) Divide like Aux. 2, because of city states before unification

MDN Medieval period

MDN DL C13thMDN DP C14th

To specify a more exact period in each city state use intercalator A,e.g. C13th Siena MDN MQF ADL

MDO RenaissanceMDO DS Sack of Rome 1527

MDP Modern period

MDP DI Eighteenth century

MDP DJ The Enlightenment

MDQ French-Austrian periods 1796-1848

MDR Unification/Risorgimento 1848-1870MDR DG Mazzini,1805-1872MDR DL Cavour 1850-1860MDRDS Garibaldi.1861-1870

MDS 1870-

MDT Twentieth century

MDT DG World War I 1914-1918MDT DK Mussolini/Fascism 1922-1945MDT DM World War II 1939-1945MDT DR 1948-

MDZ A MediterraneanMDZ N Western Mediterranean kingdomsMDZ O Sicily, Kingdom of NaplesMDZ OM Medieval periodMDZ ON Norman kingdom, 1016-1194MDZ ONN Roger II, 1105-1154MDZ ONR Anjou dynasty, 1268-1442MDZ ONS Charles I, 1226-1285MDZ ONS V Sicilian VespersMDZ ORO Savoyard and Austrian rule, 1700-1735MDZ P Aragon-CataloniaMDZ Q MajorcaMDZ T Gibraltar

51

MDZ U CorsicaMDZ V SardiniaMDZ W MaltaMDZ X Cyprus

52

ME SWITZERLAND

MEM Z (by place) divide like Aux. 2

(by period)MEN Medieval

-1290C13thC14thC15th-1648

MEO Modern 1648-MEP Eighteenth centuryMEQ Nineteenth centuryMER Twentieth century

MEY Liechtenstein

MF NETHERLANDS (Holland/Belgium/Luxembourg at various stages)(general)

(by period)MFN Medieval -1350

MFO Burgundian rule 1350-1555

MFP Independence 1555-1648MFP DK William the Silent 1533-1584MFP DP Revolt of the Netherlands 1565-1581MFP DR Wars of Independence 1581-1648

1648- (see below)

MFQ Eighteenth century - present

MFR HOLLAND

(by period)MFS Medieval -1555

MFT United Provinces 1555-1795MFT DE Anglo-Dutch wars 1652-1677MFT DF War with France 1672-1678MFT DG Anglo-Dutch War 1672-1674MFT DH Stadholders 1702-1747MFT DI Anglo-Dutch War 1780-1784MFT DJ 1780sMFT DK War with France 1793-1795

MFU Batavian Republic 1795~1806

53

MFV Nineteenth centuryMFW Twentieth centuryMFX Dutch Empire / Colonies

MFY BELGIUM

(by period)MFY O Medieval -1555

MFY P Spanish & Austrian rule 1555-1794MFY PR Austrian Netherlands 1714-1794

MFY Q 1794-1909MFY QR French rule 1794-1813MFY QS Revolution 1830MFY QT Leopold II

MFY R Twentieth century

MFZ LUXEMBOURG

MG GERMANY/GERMAN STATES

MGM (by place) Divide by Aux. 2. e.g. Saxony, Prussia

(by period)

MGN Pre-Medieval -481

MGO Medieval 481-1519

MGO DG Frankish, C6th-C8thMGO DJ Carolingians 843-911MGO DM Saxon Emperors 919-1024MGO DMO Otto the GreatMGO DR Franconians 1024-1138MGO DT Hohenstauffers 1138-1264MGO DV Hapsburgs 1264-

MGO DY Fifteenth century

MGP Modern 1519-MGP DE Renaissance

MGQ Sixteenth century

MGQ DR ReformationMGQ DS Counter-ReformationMGQ DV Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) 1519-1556

54

MGR Seventeenth century

MGR DX 30 Years' War

MGS Eighteenth century

MGS DM 1740-1786MGS DQ French Revolution periodMGS DR Napoleonic Era -1815

MGS DZ 1800-1945MGT Nineteenth centuryMGT DF German Confederation 1815-1866MGT DH 1848 RevolutionsMGT DP Prussian Rule 1864-1870MGT DR Ludwig II, King of Bavaria

MGU German Empire/Reich/Wilhelmine Period/ 1870-1891 or -1945

MGV Twentieth century

MGV DF World War I,1914-1918MGV DH Inter-War period (in general)MGV DK Weimar Republic, 1918-1933MGV DKR Revolutions l9l8-l9l9MGV DKT 1920sMGV DL 1930s (economic recovery)

MGV DP Nazi period/ Third Reich 1933-1945MGV DPT Adolf HitlerMGV DPU The Holocaust - annihilation of the JewsMGVDPV The Holocaust - non-JewsMGVDS World War II, 1939-1945

MGW 1945-MGW DE OccupationMGW DEF French occupationMGW DEG Russian occupationMGW DEH British occupation

MGW DJ 1950s

55

MH AUSTRIA-HUNGARY/CZECHOSLOVAKIA/POLAND (central Europe)use LAJ for prehistoric phase

MHM Z (by place) divide like Aux. 2

MHN-P THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE 1526-1918

MHQ AUSTRIA(by period)

MHR Medieval -1450MHS Hapsburg dynasty 1278-1918

MHT 1450-1558

MHU 1558-1648

MHV 1648-1765MHV CM Maria Theresa, 1740-1780

MHV Z 1700-1800

MHW 1765-1806MHW DJ Joseph II, 1741-1790

MHW Z 1790-1918

MHX 1806-1918MHX DF 1815-1848 (Metternich)MHX DJ Franz Joseph IMHX DL 1848-1918MHX DT 1914-1918 World War I

MHY Twentieth century (1918-)MHY DS World War IIMHY DT Post War period, 1945-MHY DU Occupation

56

MI CZECHOSLOVAKIA/BOHEMIA

MIN/VMIV Twentieth centuryMIV DH Inter-War periodMIV DJ Beneš 1935-1938 PresidentMIV DK World War IIMIV DS Soviet Invasion 1968MIV DT Post-Soviet period

MIW MORAVIA

MIX SLOVAKIA

MJ POLAND(See old Bliss at MKP)

(by period)MJN Medieval C10th-C13th

MJO C14th-CI6th

MJP C17th-C18th

MJQ Nineteenth century

MJR Twentieth centuryMJS World War II 1939-1945MJT Soviet Period 1945-MJV Post-Soviet period

MK HUNGARY(see old Bliss at ML)

(by period)MKN Early -C7thMKO Medieval -1526MKP Hapsburg Dynasty 1526- (see also MHN)MKQ Eighteenth centuryMKR Nineteenth centuryMKS Twentieth centuryMKT World War II, 1939-1945MKU Soviet Period 1945-MKV Post-Soviet period

57

MKZ BALKANS & DANUBE STATES (South-East Europe)

ML BALKANS

MLN Medieval periodMLO Modern period

MLP Turkish ruleMLP Y late C19th

MLQ Twentieth centuryMLQ DN Civil war

MLR YUGOSLAVIA /SERBIA

MLT Medieval periodMLU Modern period

MLV Turkish ruleMLW Nineteenth century

MLX Twentieth centuryMLY Yugoslavia proper,1929-MLY DL World War II,1939-1945MLY DN Civil war (see also MLQ DN)

MLZ Z ALBANIA

MM BULGARIA & ROMANIA

MMN BULGARIA

MMO-R (by period) divide like MLN-MLQ

MMT ROMANIA

MMV-Y (by period) divide like MLN-MLQ

58

MN (MODERN) GREECE

MNN Byzantine period 716-1204 use LWMNO Later Middle Ages 1204-1460MNP Turkish period 1460-1821MNQ Venetian period.1684-1718

MNS Greek Independence 1821-1914

MNT 1914-1945MNU 1945-MNU DN Civil War 1943-1949

MNZ Regions (add letters following L in LP-LQ from Aux. 2)

MO-MT SCANDINAVIA/ BALTIC STATES

MOA-M archaeology. Divide like LA-LM

(by periods)MON Ancient & mediaeval

MOO ModernMOP Sixteenth centuryMOQ Seventeenth century

MOQ Z 1700-MOR Eighteenth centuryMOS Nineteenth centuryMOT Twentieth century

(by place) divide like above

MP DENMARKMPN

MQ ICELAND

MR NORWAY

MS SWEDEN

MT FINLAND

MTD E -1523MTD K 1523-MTD M Eighteenth century (Wars with Russia)MTD P Nineteenth century (Union with Russia)

59

MTD T Twentieth century (Revolution)

60

MU RUSSIA/later SOVIET UNION/CIS

MUA-M divide like LA-LM

(by period)

MUP Early & Medieval -1460MUP DG Pre & Early Slav period, -800MUP DL Rise of Kievan Rus, 800-1220MUP DQ Mongol Conquest/Rise of Muscovy, 1220-1460

MUR Renaissance -1801/ House of Romanov, 1613-1917MURDG National state 1460-1598MURDI Ivan IV, the Terrible 1533-1584MURDL 1598-1696MURDN The EnlightenmentMURDP Peter the Great, 1696-1725MURDQ Catherine II, 1762-1796MURDT Eighteenth century, 1725-1801

MUS Nineteenth centuryMUS DG 1801-1861MUS DH Alexander I 1801-1825MUS DI Nicholas I 1825-1855MUS DJ Crimean War 1853-1856MUS DL Late Tsarist period 1861-1917MUS DN Alexander II 1855-1881MUS DS Emancipation of the Serfs 1861MUS DT Alexander III 1881-1894MUT DW Revolution 1905MUT DY 1905-1917

MUT Twentieth century/Revolutionary Period/ Soviet Union, 1917-1992

MUT DF 1917-1929 post Revolution & pre-StalinMUT DG 1917-1920 Revolution & Civil WarMUT DL 1921-1928, New Economic Policy-MUT DR 1929-1941 Industrialisation/ The Thirties/ StalinismMUT DT World War II 1941-1945MUT DX 1945-1953, post-war recoveryMUT DY 1953 post-Stalin

MUU 1992- Russia, post-Gorbachev

MUZ Russian local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add letters following N from Aux. 2

MV 1992- Russian Federation / CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)

61

MW For individual States divide like N in Aux. 2e.g. MWH Ukraine, MWK Lithuania, MWL Latvia, MWW Kazakhstan

62

N BRITISH ISLES (general works only)

NA GREAT BRITAIN (used for England and Wales)

NAA archaeology . Divide like LA. Prehistory see LAL

NAB ancillary studies. Divide like LB

NAC/AM (by aspect) divide like LC-LM

NAC Political historyNAE Cultural historyNAH Economic/socio-economic historyNAJ Social historyNAL Ecclesiastical

(by place)For Places (other than local studies) use 28 + letters following E in Aux. 2

(by major period)(for two-letter classmarks for major periods add A-M following NA in NAA-NAM;for classmarks where D introduces minor period, add AA-AB following N in NAA-NAB.Note: for specific subjects within each period, substitute the 'by period' letters

followingL (i.e. F,I,K,M) for D where D enumerates periods of political history, then add anyadditional letters by synthesis as shown. An intercalator 'A' will be required for any

classwhere subclasses S-Z may be used in subject analysis, e.g. PT = Protestantism

NB Roman/Romano-British 55BC-AD 450

NC Medieval (Anglo-Saxon and Middle Ages)

ND Anglo-Saxon period c.450-1066Add to 28 letters following E in Aux.2 to specify individualkingdoms if necessary

NDD E Dark Ages c.410-871NDD F Eighth centuryNDD G Ninth centuryNDD H Edmund, Saint, King of East Anglia 855-869NDD J Alfred the Great 871-899NDD M Tenth centuryNDD N Aethelred the Unready 978-1016NDD O Eleventh centuryNDD P Vikings, Danish invasions & rule 1017-1042NDD Q Cnut 1017-1035NDD T Edward the Confessor 1042-1066

63

NDD U Harold Godwinson, 1066NDD V Battle of Hastings 1066

64

NE Middle Ages 1066-1485

NED M Norman period 1066-1154NED N Norman Conquest 1066-NED O Domesday BookNED P William the Conqueror 1066-1087NED R William II, Rufus, 1087-1100NED X Henry I 1100~1135NED Y Stephen 1135-1154NED Z Civil War / Stephen & Matilda

NF Plantagenet period C12th~C14thNFD C Twelfth and thirteenth centuryNFD D Angevin kings, 1154-1216, Twelfth century RenaissanceNFD E Henry II 1154-1189NFD F Richard I 1189-1199NFD J John 1199-1216NFD M Magna CartaNFD N Baronial WarsNFD P Thirteenth and fourteenth centuryNFD Q Thirteenth centuryNFD T Henry III 1216 1272NFD U Barons Revolt 1258-1267NFD V Edward I 1272-1307

NG High Middle Ages C14th & C15thNGD C Fourteenth centuryNGD D Hundred Years' War 1337-1453NGD E Edward II 1307-1327NGD F Edward III 1327-1377NGD G Edward, the Black Prince 1330-1376NGD H The Black Death 1348NGD J John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, 1340-1399NGD K Richard II 1377-1399

NGM KRK Schism, Great western, 1378-1417NGD L The Peasant's Revolt 1381NGD M Lancaster & YorkNGD N Fifteenth & sixteenth centuriesNGD O Fifteenth centuryNGD P Lancastrian kingsNGD Q Henry IV 1399-1413NGD R Henry V 1413-1422NGD S Henry VI 1422-1461NGD T Jack Cade's Rebellion 1450NGD U Wars of the Roses 1450-1485NGD V York (House of) KingsNGD W Edward IV 1461-1483NGD X Edward V 1483NGD Y Richard III 1483-1485

65

NH 'Modern' period (1500-)NHN ‘Early modern’ period (1500-1800)

NJ Sixteenth & seventeenth centuries/ Tudor & Stuart(use for works on period c. 1550-1650)

NJD C Sixteenth century/ Renaissance/ Tudor 1485-1603NJD E Early TudorsNJD F Henry VII 1485-1509NJD G Henry VIII 1509-1547NJD H Dissolution of the monasteries 1536-1540NJD J ReformationNJD K Edward VI 1547-1553NJD L Mary 1553-1558NJD M Lady Jane Grey, claimantNJD N Wyatt's conspiracyNJD P Elizabethan & Jacobean/ High RenaissanceNJD Q Elizabeth I 1558-1603NJD S Spanish Armada 1588

NK Stuart & Georgian periodNKD C Seventeenth century/ Stuart period/ 1603-1714NKD E Early Stuarts 1603-1660NKD F James I 1603-1625NKD G Charles I 1625-1649

NKD H 1640-1832NKD J Civil War & Commonwealth periodNKD K Revolution & Civil War, 1642-6, 1647-8NKD L Commonwealth & Protectorate, 1649-60NKD M Oliver CromwellNKD N Richard Cromwell

NKD P 1660 -1714NKD Q Restoration period 1660-1688NKD R Charles II 1660-1685NKD RW Great Plague 1665NKD RX Fire of London 1666NKD RY Popish Plot 1678NKD RZ Exclusion Crisis 1678-1683NKD S James II 1685-1688NKD SW Monmouth's RebellionNKD SX 1688 revolutionNKD SY Jacobitism, Stuart court in exile

NKD SZ 1688-1914 (do not use - prefer NH)NKD T Later Stuart & Early GeorgianNKD U Later Stuart period 1688-1714NKD V William III 1688-1702 & Mary II 1688-1694NKD VX Assassination Plot 1696NKD W Anne 1702-1714

66

NKD X Act of Union 1707

67

NL Eighteenth & Nineteenth Centuries/ Hanoverian & Victorian periodNLD C Eighteenth century 1714-1815 / Georgian periodNLD E Early Georgian 1714-1760

NLD F George I 1714-1727NLD G Jacobite Rebellion 1715NLD H Sir Robert Walpole's Ministry 1721-1742NLD J Black Act 1722NLD K George II 1727-1760NLD L Jacobite Rebellion 1745

NLD M Mid Eighteenth-Mid Twentieth century 1745/50-1945/50NLD N 1750-1830NLD P Enclosure Movement/ Agricultural Revolution (NLI P)NLD Q George III 1760-1820NLD R Chatham Administration 1766-1768NLD S Lord North crisis 1779-1780

NLD T Industrial Revolution (normally NLI T)use NLD N for other aspects

NLD U Naval mutinies 1797NLD W Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815

NP Nineteenth & Twentieth Centuries Victorian & Modern 1800-use for Industrial revolution (1760) - present day

NPD C Nineteenth century 1815-1914

NPD D Regency period 1800-1837NPD E Peterloo 1814NPD F George IV 1820-1830NPD G William IV 1830-1837NPD H Sir Robert PeelNPD J Agrarian Riots 1830NPD K Reform Act 1832

NPD L Victoria 1837-1901 Victorian EnglandNPD LW Prince AlbertNPD LX DisraeliNPD LY GladstoneNPD LZ Palmerston

NPD M Mid-Victorian period 1832-1859NPD N Chartist Movement 1836-1840NPD P 1850-NPD Q 1851-1900/1914NPD QX Aberdeen Coalition 1852-1855NPD QY Reform Act 1867NPD R Later Victorian period (Between 1867 & 1884 Reform Acts)NPD S Late Victorian & Edwardian periods 1880-1914

68

NQ Twentieth & twenty-first centuriesNQD C Twentieth centuryNQD E Edward VII 1901-1910NQD G George V 1910-1936

NQD H 1914-1945NQD J World War I 1914-1918NQD K Inter War period 1918-1939NQD L 1920sNQD M General Strike 1926NQD N 1930sNQD P National Government 1931NQD Q Edward VIII 1936NQD R George VI 1936-1952 (use for 1940s)NQD S World War II 1939-1945NQD T Post War Britain 1945-NQD U Elizabeth II 1952-NQDV FiftiesNQD VZ Suez Crisis 1956

NQD W SixtiesNQD X SeventiesNQD Y EightiesNQD Z Nineties

NR-NT (spare notation for C21-)

NU English Local History(subordinate place to period when period is included using 28)

NUA/B ancillary sciencesNUC/H aspectsNUK N-KV (by period)

*precede with 'A' + period(by place)

NUL counties & smaller localitiesAdd letters following E from Aux. 2

NV WALES(Note: SSC practice is to collocate Welsh history with English historyexcept for general histories of the whole country)

Add to NV letters following N in NA-NU for periods, etc.e.g.

NVC MedievalNVH 1500-

NVU Welsh local history

69

NW SCOTLAND(Note: SSC practice is to collocate Scottish history with English historyexcept for general histories of the whole country)

Add to NV letters following N in NA-NU for periods, etc.e.g.

NWB Celtic & RomanNWBDE PictsNWB V Viking Scotland

NWC Medieval period

NWG DO Fifteenth centuryNWJ DC Sixteenth centuryNWJ DE James IV 1488-1513NWJ DG James V 1513-1542NWJ DH Mary, Queen of Scots 1561-1568 (executed 1587)NWK DF James VI 1587-1603 (James I of England)NWJ DFX Union with England 1603

NWU- Scottish local historyFollow instructions given at NU

NX IRELAND

NXB Ancient/Pre-ChristianNXC MedievalNXF DE English Conquest 1166-1185

NXJ DC Sixteenth century

NXK DC Seventeenth century

NXL DC Eighteenth century

NXP DC Nineteenth centuryNXP DM Irish Famine 1845-1849

NXQ DC Twentieth century

NXU Irish local historyFollow instructions given at NU

NY Northern IrelandNYQ DD Partition, 1922NYQ DM TroublesNYQ DP Peace processNXQ DR Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985

70

71

NZ BRITISH EMPIRE/ THE COMMONWEALTH/ COLONIAL HISTORY*Alternative (preferred) to placing these works with the history of the individual

country

NZA Add to NZA letters following L in LA-LM

(by period)NZA P Sixteenth centuryNZA Q Seventeenth centuryNZA R Eighteenth centuryNZA S Nineteenth centuryNZA T Twentieth century

(by place)build from letters following O in this scheduleNB Regions may be divided by period by using letters following NZ in NZA P-NZA T

e.g. Nineteenth century Africa NZZ AS

NZC American ContinentNZD United StatesNZE CanadaNZF Latin AmericaNZF D West IndiesNZJ AustralasiaNZL AsiaNZN Middle EastNZP IndiaNZZ Africa

72

O NON-EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGY

HADDON APPENDIX. 11.09.2001

OD UNITED STATES

ODA AA/B Archaeological generalities. Add letters fromLAA/LAB.

(by tribe/culture)

ODA C Add initial of tribe or culture

(by period)

In the following classmarks, use the second 'D' only when classifying abook about the United States as a whole. Omit it when synthesizing withODA P/X.

ODA DH Paleo-Indian and Pre-Archaic (to c. 8500 BC).

ODA DJ Archaic (c. 8500-2000 BC)

ODA DP Woodland (c. 2000 BC-AD 1000)

ODA DW Mississippi (c. 1000-1700)

ODA DX Historic (c. 1700-)

(by region)

ODA P Northeast (Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota,Wisconsin, Delaware, Maryland)

ODA Q Midwest-Southeast (W. Virginia, Virginia, N. & S. Carolina,Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Tennessee,Iowa, Oklahoma, Texas, Kentucky)

ODA R Plains (N. & S. Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas & edges of adjacentstates)

ODA S Plateau (Montana, Wyoming & edges ofadjacent states)

ODA T Southwest (Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,Idaho)

ODA U Great Basin (Utah, Nevada, & edges ofadjacent states)

ODA V Northwest Coast (Washington, Oregon)

73

ODA W California

ODA X Alaska

This schedule has been designed for use as follows:

(i) Assign region.

The divisions by region are based on those in the SmithsonianInstitution�s Handbook of North American Indians. To avoidcross-classification, let us use them for the historic period also.

For cross-regional works and works about the United States as a whole, useODA.

(ii) Add one of the five major periods, omitting the second 'D' if aregion has been assigned.

(iii) Add eitherthe initial of the name of a tribe/cultureorthe Bliss classmark, using the letters following L in LAA/LAB, to show thebook's subject within archaeology.

As an example of the above procedure in action, here is how it wouldhandle the book The Hardin Village Site by Lee H. Hanson, jr. The bookdiscusses a Kentucky village in the period 1500-1675.

(i) Assign region.Kentucky ODA QODA Q

(ii) Add one of the five major periods.1500-1675; fits in "Mississippi". ODA DWODA QW

(iii) Add either 'C' + the initial of the name of a tribe (culture)Shawnee S ODA QWC Sor the letters following LA in LAA/LAB, to show the book�s subject withinarchaeologyvillages LAB XS ODA QWB XS

74

OA AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY (used also for Atlantic World, colonial)OAA/M divide like LA/LM

OB (by period)OBCOB DOB EOB F 20000-10000BCOB G 10000-7000BCOB H 8000-7000BCOB IOB J 7,000-3000BCOB K 6000-5000BCOB L 5000-4000BCOB M 4000-3000BC

OB N 3000-0BCOB O 2000-1000BCOB P 1000 0BC

OB Q 0-1500ADOB R 0-250BC

OB S 250-600OB TOB U 600-900OB VOB W 900-1500OB X 1500-

For historic phase see AMERICAN HISTORY SCHEDULE

OBZ Arctic Circle, Inuit, Eskimo

OC NORTH AMERICA

OCA/M divide like OA

(by period)

OCP Sixteenth centuryOCQ Seventeenth centuryOCR Eighteenth centuryOCS Nineteenth centuryOCT Twentieth century

OD UNITED STATES

ODA/M divide like LA/M

(by period)

75

ODN Colonial period c.1607-1776ODN Y 18th-19th century

ODO 1750-1950ODO [D]R 1775-1861 Revolution to the Civil WarODO [D]W Revolution/War of IndependenceODO [D]X Declaration of Independence 1776

ODP 'United States' 1783-1800ODP [D]P Confederation 1781-1789ODP [D]Q The Constitution 1787ODP [D]R Constitutional Period 1789-1809ODP [D]S George Washington 1789-1797ODP [D]T John Adams 1797-1801ODP [D]U Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809ODP [D]UV Louisiana Purchase 1803ODP [D]UW War with Tripoli 1801-1805ODP [D]V Madison 1809-1817ODP [D]W Western Expansion/ The Frontier

76

ODQ Nineteenth centuryODQ [D]N Early nineteenth century 1800-1865ODQ [D]NW Madison administration 1809-1817ODQ [D]NY Monroe administration 1817-1825ODQ [D]O John Quincy Adams administration 1825-1829ODQ [D]P Jackson administration 1829-1837ODQ [D]Q Van Buren administration 1837-1841ODQ [D]R William H. Harrison administration 1841ODQ [D]T Tyler administration 1841-1845

ODR [D]N Ante-Bellum period, 1845-1861ODR [D]O Slavery questionODR [D]P Polk administration 1845-1849ODR [D]Q Annexation of Texas 1845ODR [D]R War with Mexico 1845-1848ODR [D]S Mexican cession 1848ODR [D]T Taylor administration 1849-1850ODR [D]U Fillmore administration 1850-1853ODR [D]V Pierce administration 1853-1857ODR [D]W Buchanan administration 1857-1861

ODS X Civil War period 1861-1865ODS [D]XY Confederate StatesODS [D]Y Lincoln's administration 1861-1865ODS [D]Z Emancipation of the slaves 1862

ODT Late nineteenth century 1865-1900ODT [D]N Reconstruction period 1865-1871ODT [D]NX Johnson administration 1865-1869ODT [D]NY Purchase of AlaskaODT [D]O Ulysses Simpson Grant administration 1869-1877ODT [D]P 1877-1913ODT [D]PW Hayes administration 1877-1881ODT [D]PX Garfield administration 1881ODT [D]PY Arthur administration 1881-1885ODT [D]PZ Cleveland's first administration 1885-1889ODT [D]Q 1890sODT [D]R Benjamin Harrison administration 1889-1893ODT [D]S Cleveland's second administration 1893-1897ODT [D]T McKinley's administrations 1897-1901, Mar-Sept. 1901ODT [D]TX Annexation of Hawaii, Philippines and Puerto Rico,1898ODT [D]TY War of 1898 (Spanish-American War)

ODU Twentieth centuryODU [D]N Progressive Era 1900-1916ODU [D]O The Jazz Age c,1914-1932ODU [D]P Theodore Roosevelt, President, 1901-1909ODU [D]Q Taft administration 1909-1913ODU [D]R Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921

77

ODU [D]S World War I period 1914-1918

ODU [D]T Inter-War period 1919-1941ODU [D]TX Harding administration 1921-1923ODU [D]TY Coolidge administration 1923-1929ODU [D]TZ Hoover administration 1929-1933ODU [D]U 1930s / The DepressionODU [D]V F.D. Roosevelt's administration 1933-1945ODU [D]W The New Deal

ODV World War II 1941-1945ODV [D]N Pearl HarbourODV [D]NV War with Japan

ODV [D]O Post-war period 1945-ODV [D]OV Truman administration 1945-1953ODV [D]OX Korean War 1950-1953ODV [D]OZ Eisenhower administration 1953-1961ODV [D]P 1960-ODV [D]PX Vietnam War 1961-1975ODV [D]Q Kennedy administration 1961-1963ODV [D]R Lyndon Johnson 1963-1969ODV [D]RV 'Freedom Summer' 1965ODV [D]S Richard Nixon 1969-1974ODV [D]SW WatergateODV [D]T Gerald Ford 1974-1977ODV [D]U Jimmy Carter 1977-1981ODV [D]V Ronald Reagan 1981-1989ODV [D]W George Bush 1989-1993ODV [D]X Bill Clinton 1993-

ODW Twenty-first century

ODZ United States local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using28)

Add letters following Y from Aux. 2

OE CANADA & BRITISH AMERICA

OEA/M divide like LA-LM

(by period)OEQ French regime 1608-1763OER British rule 1763-OES Confederation 1867-OET Twentieth century

OEZ Canadian local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add letters following X in Aux. 2 e.g., OEZ DN Newfoundland

78

OF LATIN AMERICA, MESOAMERICA

(by period - see broad geographical area)OFA G Archaic periodOFA N early ceramic/ pre-formativeOFA O pre-ClassicOFA Q ClassicOFA X Colonization/Conquest

Hernan Cort�s founds Veracruz (1519)OFA Y Add to OFA Y letters following LZ in LZL-LZZ)

YR Eighteenth centuryOFA YS Nineteenth centuryOFA YT Twentieth century

(by place)

OFB Mexico & Western MesoamericaOFB A/AM divide like LA/LMOFB D Ancient, to 3500 B.C. (Preceramic)

J 7,000 B.C. - 3500 B.C.O 3500 B.C. - 300 A.D. Pre Classical PeriodP 1200 B.C. - 400 B.C. Olmec Culture

Q 300 - 900 A.D. Classical PeriodQT 150-750 AD Teotihuac�nQZ 200-750 AD Monte Alb�n and the Zapotec Culture

R 900-1521 Post Classical PeriodT 650-1150 Toltec and Chichimec CulturesTQ Quetzalcoatl b. ca947V 1100 -1522 Tarasco Culture & EmpireW 1325- 1521 The Aztecs and the Founding of TenochtitlanWT Moctezuma I reigned 1440-69X 1519- post-Conquest

(by place)Add to 28 letters following ZB from Aux. 2

HADDON APPENDIX 1. MEXICO (dates)

MEXICO AND ANCIENT MESOAMERICA

OFB D ancient to 3500 BCOFB E pre-8000 BC (Palaeo-Indian/Preceramic)OFB F 8000 BC -- 2000 BC (Archaic)OFB G 3500 BC -- 300 AD (Pre-Classic)OFB H 1500 BC -- 850 BC (Early Formative [1st dated pottery])OFB HR 1500 BC -- 1150 BC (Tierras Largas phase)OFB HS 1150 BC -- 850 BC (San JosÄ phase)

79

OFB L 1200 BC -- 600 BC (Olmec culture -- La Venta Tarasca)OFB M 850 BC -- 250 BC (Middle Formative)OFB MP 850 BC -- 600 BC (Guadalupe phase/Zacatenco period)OFB MS 600 BC -- 500 BC (Rosario phase)Late Olmec period? Izapan civilization (Chiapas area)? Patlachique period -- 150 BC -- 1 AD?Chinantecs (between Olmec & Zapotec in the Isthmus)?OFB PM 250 BC -- 1000 AD (Mayan civilization)OFB PMN El Mirador (250 BC -- 220 AD)OFB PMP Tikal (200 BC -- 800 AD)OFB PMQ Palenque & CopÅn (600 AD -- 800 AD)OFB PMU Uxmal (700 AD -- 1000 AD)OFB PT 150 BC -- 750 AD (Teotihuacan)OFB P 200 AD -- 750 AD (Monte Alban/Zapotec cultures)OFB QR 250 AD -- 1000 AD (Classic)OFB QS 250 AD -- 600 AD (Early Classic)OFB QT 500 AD -- 1521 AD (or 400-800 AD?)(Totonac)OFB QW 600 AD -- 900 AD (Late Classic)OFB QX 700 AD -- 950 AD (Otomi culture/Coyotlatelco period)OFB R 900 AD - 1521 AD (Post-classic period)OFB T Toltec & Chichimec cultures? dates?OFB TM Chichimec culture? NorthernersOFB TO 900 AD -- 1200/1224 AD (Toltec/Tula)OFB TOQ Quetzalcoatl b. 947 ADOFB U 950 AD -- 1122 AD (Mazapan period)OFB V 1100 AD -- 1522 AD (Tarscan culture & empire -- Michoacan)OFB VM 1200 AD -- 1525 AD (Mixtec culture)OFB VZ 1200 AD -- 1400 AD (early Aztec)OFB W 1350 AD -- 1521 AD (Aztecs & the founding Tenochtitlan)OFB WS Izcoatl, reigned 1427/8-1440OFB WT Moctezuma I, reigned 1440-1469OFB WV dates?? Matlatzinco culture in Valley of TolucaOFB X 1519 AD-1700 AD (Post-Conquest/Colonial period - Cortes landed 12 March 1519)OFB YY 18th centuryOFB YZ 19th centuryOFB ZT 20th century

OFC Eastern Mesoamerica (includes Mayan culture)(by period)

OFC O 1800 B.C. - 1500 A.D. Mayan CultureP Pre-Classic 1800 B.C. - 250 A.D.

Early Preclassic Maya 1800-900 B.C.Middle Preclassic Maya 900-300 B.C.Late Preclassic Maya 300 B.C. - A.D. 250

OFC Q Classic MayaProto-classicEarly Classic Maya A.D. 250-600Middle Classic

Late Classic Maya A.D. 600-900

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Terminal Classic

OFC V Post Classic Maya A.D. 900-1500Early post-ClassicLate post-Classic

OFC Z (by place)Add letters following ZJ from Aux. 2then subordinate to period when necessary and add further place divisions

using 28OFC ZF BelizeOFC ZP NicaraguaOFC ZT Costa RicaOFC ZW Panama

OFD A West Indies and Bermudas/CaribbeanOFD A Add to OFD letters following L in LA/LM

(by period)OFD AN- build from OFA N-T periods for Latin America

(by place)Add to OF letters following Z from Aux. 2

OFD FA BermudasOFD FE BermudaOFD H West Indies, AntillesOFD P BahamasOFE CubaOFF A JamaicaOFF J HaitiOFF N Dominican Republic

OFF Y American West Indies (general)OFG Puerto RicoOFH R Windward IslandsOFH T Trinidad and Tobago

OG South America

OGA Divide like LC/LM

(by period)

OGD F Preceramic (5 periods) to 2000 B.C.OGD O Initial period 2000 - 1000 B.C.OGD P Early horizon 1000- 200 B.C. (Chavin)OGD T Early intermediate period 200 B.C. - A.D. 600 (Moche, Nazca)OGD U Middle horizon A.D. 600 - 900 (Huari)OGD V Late intermediate period A.D. 900 - 1400 (Chimu)OGD W Inca civilization A.D. 1400 - 1532

APPENDIX: DEFINITIVE SCHEDULE FOR SOUTH AMERICA

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OGD F Preceramic (also known as Archaic)OGD H Early 10,000-6000 BCOGD K Middle 6000-3000 BCOGD KO Chinchorro (coastal Chile)OGD L Late 3000-1800 BCOGD LP Valdivia (coastal Ecuador)OGD O Initial Period 1800-800 BCOGD OS Salinas (Peruvian coast)OGD OU Cupisnique (Peruvian coast)OGD P Early Horizon (Chav�n) 800-200 BCOGD PQ Chav�nOGD PR Paracas (coast of Peru)OGD T Early Intermediate Period 200 BC - AD 600OGD TM Moche (Salinar and Gallinazo cultures -- early)OGD TN NazcaOGD U Middle Horizon -- Wari (Huari) and Tiwanaku AD 600-1000OGD V Late Intermediate Period 1000-1470OGD VS Sic�n (Peruvian coast) 900-1100OGD VU Chim� (Peruvian coast)OGD W Inka (also known as Tawantinsuyu) 1470-1532OGD WX ChinchaOGD X 16th & 17th century -- travel & exploration period,

post-conquestOGD Y 18th century � colonialOGD Z 19th century � post-colonial

For the Haddon�s purposes, any book covering events after 1850 is likelyto be classified outside history.

(Regions)OGN Andes MountainsOGN PN Andes Mountains (North)OGN PS Andes Mountains (South)OGN PT Altiplano (Lake Titicaca region)OGN U Coastal Strip (include here Patagonia and Tierra del

Fuego)OGP R AmazonOGP S Circum-CaribbeanOGP U Islands (alternative to OFD/OFH T)OGP W Plains

(Countries)OGS ColombiaOGS V VenezuelaOGS Z BoliviaOGT PeruOGT AD Peru : prehistoryOGT N ChileOGT P EcuadorOGU BrazilOGU P French GuianaOGU Q GuyanaOGU S SurinamOGW ArgentinaOGX ParaguayOGY Uruguay

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HADDON APPENDIX 2. SOUTH AMERICA (places)

Andes Mountains (North)ColombiaEcuadorVenezuela

Andes Mountains (South)Altiplano (Lake Titicaca region)

BoliviaPeru

Coastal Strip (include here Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego)ChileEcuador

AmazonBrazilFrench GuianaGuyanaSurinam

Circum-CaribbeanFrench Guiana (alternative to under Amazon)Guyana (alternative to under Amazon)Surinam (alternative to under Amazon)Islands (alternative to OFD/OFH T)

PlainsParaguayUruguay

HADDON APPENDIX 2. SOUTH AMERICAN CHRONOLOGY -- SOME ADDITIONAL DETAIL

OGD F Preceramic (also known as Archaic)OGD H Early 10,000-6000 BCOGD K Middle 6000-3000 BC

Chinchorro (coastal Chile)OGD L Late 3000-1800 BC

Valdivia (coastal Ecuador)OGD O Initial Period 1800-800 BCOGD OS Salinas (Peruvian coast)OGD OU Cupisnique (Peruvian coast)OGD P Early Horizon (Chavin) 800-200 BCOGD PQ ChavinOGD PR Paracas (coast of Peru)OGD T Early Intermediate Period 200 BC - AD 600OGD TM Moche (Salinar and Gallinazo cultures -- early)OGD TN NazcaOGD U Middle Horizon -- Wari (Huari) and Tiwanaku AD 600-1000OGD V Late Intermediate Period 1000-1470OGD VS Sic‡n (Peruvian coast) 900-1100OGD VU Chimœ (Peruvian coast)OGD W Inka (also known as Tawantinsuyu 1470-1532

ChinchaOGD X 16th & 17th century -- travel & exploration period,

post-conquest

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(by place)Add letters following ZJ from Aux. 2then subordinate to period when necessary and add further place divisions using 28

OGJ Andes MountainsOGK ColombiaOGL VenezuelaOGM Guyana (formerly British Guiana)OGN SurinamOGO Guiana (French Guiana)OGP BrazilOGR ParaguayOGS UruguayOGT ArgentinaOGU ChileOGV BoliviaOGW PeruOGX Ecuador

OGZ Pacific Rim

OH Oceania/South PacificOHA Add to OGA letters following L in LA/LM

(by period)OHA N AncientOHA OOHA POHA R Eighteenth centuryOHA S Nineteenth centuryOHA T Twentieth century

(by place)Add letters following T from Aux. 2then subordinate to period when necessary and add further place divisions using 28

OHS D South PacificOHS G MelanesiaOHU B MicronesiaOHY B Polynesia

OJ AUSTRALASIAOJA Add to OJA letters following L in LA-LM

(by period)OJA N PrehistoryOJA R Colonial/convict transportation period 1787-OJA S Nineteenth century

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OJA T Twentieth centuryOJU AustraliaOJV New Zealand

(by place)Add to 28 letters following U in UA -UV from Aux. 2

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OK EASTERN WORLD HISTORY

OKN Early, Dark AgesOKO AD 750-1055OKP MedievalOKQ RenaissanceOKR Eighteenth centuryOKS Nineteenth century/ British dominationOKT Twentieth century

OL ASIA

OLA Add to OLA letters following L in LA/LMOLA N-T (by period)

Divide like OKN -T(by place)

OLD Central/Western Asia

OLG Islam/ Arab world

OLH Asia Minor / Ottoman Empire

OM Turkey(by period) major periods as in Asian history

OMP MedievalOMP [D]S Seljuk Empire, 1071-1300OMP [D]T Crusades

ON Middle EastONA Add to ONA letters following L in LA/LMONA N-T (by period) major periods as in OKN-OKTONN SyriaONO Lebanon

ONP Israel/PalestineONP T[D]S Six Day War 1967ONP T[D]Y Yom Kippur War 1973

ONQ Jordan

ONR ArabiaONT YemenONU Gulf StatesONV IraqONW Iran/ PersiaONW Q Safavid period 1501-1736ONX Afghanistan

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ONZ South Asia

OP INDIAOPA/M Divide like LA/LM

Haddon Appendix:

OP INDIA, the Indian sub-continentOPA/M Divide like LA/LM

OPN Ancient (3000 BC -1000 AD)OPN O Indus Valley (3000-600 BC)OPN P Collapse of Indus Valley civilization (2000-1600 BC)OPN Q Aryan migrations (1600-1200 BC)OPN R Vedic Era (1200-500 BC)OPN S Rivals to Hinduism (rise of Buddhism & Jainism, 500-100 BC)OPN ST Persian period, 537-331 BCOPN SU Greek invasions, 331-321 BC[OPN T 600BC-300CE]OPN V 300-1200]OPN U Mauryan Empire, 321-185 BC

What was happening between the end of the end of the Mauryan dynasty in185 BC & the beginnings of the Gupta era, ca 320 CE?

OPN V Gupta era, 320-540OPN Y Political instability, 500-1001OPO Muslim dominance, 1000-1750OPO P Portuguese power 1497-1550OPP Mughal Empire, 1483-1757OPQ Seventeenth centuryOPQ Z East India Company, 1600-OPR Eighteenth centuryOPR N Clive of India 1743-1766OPR P Warren Hastings, Governor General, 17??OPR Q 1775-1815OPR W Richard, Marquis Wellesley... & thereafter as per the existing schedule. Items in bold are preferred for simplifiedarrangement

(by period)

OPN Ancient -1000 ADOPO Medieval C11th-C16thOPO [D]P Portuguese power 1497-1550OPPOPQ Seventeenth centuryOPQ [D]Z East India Company, 1600-OPR Eighteenth century

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OPR [D]N Clive of India 1743-1766OPR [D]P Warren Hastings, Governor General, 17OPR [D]Q 1775-1815OPR [D]W Richard, Marquis Wellesley

OPS Nineteenth centuryOPS [D]E Sir Thomas MonroOPS [D]G 1830sOPS [D]L Lord LawrenceOPS [D]T Indian Mutiny 1857

OPS [D]U British Rule/Raj 1858-1947OPS [D]V 1870-OPS [D]W Later nineteenth century 'High Raj'OPS [D] X Decline of the Raj

OPT Twentieth centuryOPT [D]O Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 1869-1948OPT [D]P Nehru, Jawarharlal, 1889-OPT [D]W World War II 1939-1945

OPU Independence 1947OPU [D]N 1947-OPU [D]P Integration of the states, 1947-1951

OPZ Indian local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add letters from Aux. 2

OQ PakistanAdd to OQ letters following Q in QP-QY from Aux. 2

OQP BangladeshOQS BhutanOQT SikkimOQU NepalOQW Sri Lanka/ Ceylon

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OQZ Far East, East Asia(China, Japan, Korea)

OR CHINA

ORA/M divide like LA/M

(by period)ORN [D]N Archaic Kingdom (alternative to placing with Prehistory at LAU)ORN [D]P Age of the Five Rulers, ca.27-22 centuries BCORN [D]Q Xia Dynasty, ca. 22-16 centuries BCORN [D]S Shang Dynasty, 16 century BC -1066 BC

ORO Classical period 1122-221 BCORO [D]N Zhou DynastyORO [D]O Western Zhou, 1066 BC - 771 BCORO [D]P Eastern ZhouORO [D]Q Spring and Autumn, ca. 8 - 3 centuries BCORO [D]R Warring states, 770 BC - 221 BC

ORP Ancient Empire 221BC - AD 581ORP [D]N Ch'in, Qin 221-206 BCORP [D]P Han 206 BC-220 ADORP [D]Q Western Han 206 BC - AD 8ORP [D]R Eastern Han AD 25 - 220ORP [D]S Six Dynasties AD 221-589ORP [D]T Three Kingdoms AD 220-280ORP [D]TX Wei 220-265ORP [D]TY Shu Han 221-263ORP [D]TZ Wu 222-280ORP [D]U Western Jin 265-316ORP [D]V Eastern Jin 317-420ORP [D]W Sixteen Kingdoms 304-420ORP [D]X Southern and Northern Dynasty 386-589ORP [D]XY Southern Dynasty 420-589ORP [D]XZ Northern Dynasty 386-581

ORQ Medieval Empire 589-1279ORQ [D]S Sui Dynasty 589-618ORQ [D]T Tang Dynasty 618-907ORQ [D]U Five Dynasties / Ten States 907-960ORQ [D]V Song, Sung Dynasty 960-1279ORQ [D]VX Northern Song 960-1127ORQ [D]VY Southern Song 1127-1279ORQ [D]W Liao Dynasty 907-1125ORQ [D]X Western Xia Dynasty 1032-1227ORQ [D]Y Lin Dynasty 1115-1234

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ORR Modern Empire, 1279-1911ORR [D]M Yuan Dynasty, Mongol rulers 1279-1368ORR [D]N Khubla Khan 1260-1294 Founder of the Mongol Empire of ChinaORR [D]O Ming Dynasty 1368~1644

ORR [D]P Modern period C16th -ORR [D]PX Seventeenth centuryORR [D]Q Qing, Ch'ing or Ts'ing Dynasty, Manchu Tartar 1644-1912ORR [D]R Eighteenth century

ORS Nineteenth centuryORS [D]O Opium Wars 1839-1842ORS [D]T Tzu Hsi, Empress, 1851-1908

ORT Twentieth centuryORT [D]N 1900-1911ORT [D]P Boxer Uprising 1900ORT [D]Q Republic 1911-1949ORT [D]R Revolution 1911ORT [D]S Nationalist Revolution 1927ORT [D]T Sino-Japanese War

ORT [D]N Communist Revolution 194 9~ORT [D]O Mao Tse Tung 1893-1976ORT [D]P Post Mao periodORT [D]Q Cultural Revolution 1966-1969ORT [D]R Gang of Four 1966-1976ORT [D]S post Cultural Revolution period 1969-

ORZ Chinese local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add to ORZ letters following R in Aux. 2, e.g.

ORZ E Hong Kong

OS KOREA

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OT JAPAN

OTA/M divide like LA-LM

(by period)OTN Ancient -AD 645OTN [D]N Jomon, 10,000-300 BCOTN [D]P Yayoi, 300 BC-AD 300OTN [D]R Kofun (Yamato), 300-645OTP Medieval 645-1603OTP [D]N Asuka (Taika reforms) 645-710OTP [D]P Nara 710-794OTP [D]Q Heian 794-1185OTP [D]R Kamakura 1185-1333OTP [D]S Mongol invasions, 1274, 1281OTP [D]T Muromachi 1333-1568OTP [D]U Azuchimomoya ma 1568-1600OTQ Edo, also Tokugawa 1603-1868 (Shogunate)OTS 1868-1900: Meiji Restoration periodOTT Twentieth centuryOTT [D]N Taisho, 1912-1926OTT [D]P Showa, 1926-1989OTT [D]Q World War IIOTT [D]R Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1945OTT [D]T Post War 1945-OTT [D]U Heisei, 1989-

OTZ Japanese local history (but subordinate to period when period is included using 28)Add letters from Aux. 2

OU SOUTH EAST ASIAOU Add to OU letters following L in LA-LM

(by period)OUN Early, Dark AgesOUO AD 750-1055OUP MedievalOUQ RenaissanceOUR Eighteenth centuryOUS Nineteenth century/ British dominationOUT Twentieth century

(by place)OUU Malay Archipelago, East IndiesOUV Philippines

other places in South East AsiaAdd to OV letters following T in Aux. 2

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OVB Indo-ChinaOVD Vietnam

* Vietnam War see OPY DVOVE LaosOVG Kampuchea/CambodiaOVH B Thailand/SiamOVH L BurmaOVJ B MalaysiaOVJ T SingaporeOVJ W SarawakOVK IndonesiaOVL SumatraOVM Java

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OX AFRICA

OXA/M Add letters following L in LA/M

(by period)OXN Early - 1050 BCOXP 1050-1600OXQ 1600-1700OXR 1700-1800OXS 1800-1900OXT Twentieth centuryOXU 1943-

(by place)OY2 8S Sahara DesertOY2 8V River Nile

OY North AfricaAn anomaly arises for North African countries other than Egypt: theirprehistory and their history since the Roman Empire go together at OY,whilst their Roman period lies out of sequence at LV.OYA Add to OYA letters following L in LA/LMOYA N-U Add to OYA letters following OX in OXN-OXU

(by place)

OYE EgyptOYG SudanOYH Maghreb (North-West Africa)OYJ Barbary CoastOYL LibyaOYM TunisiaOYP AlgeriaOYP U[D]W Algerian War 1954-1962OYS MoroccoOYT Spanish Sahara

OZE X Africa south of the Sahara(by place)Add to OZ letters following V in Aux. 2

OZF A West AfricaOZF A Add to OZF A letters following L in LA/LMOZFA N-U Add to OZF A letters following OX in OXN-OXU

(by place)OZF F French West AfricaOZG E GuineaOZG G Sierra LeoneOZG J LiberiaOZG K Ivory Coast

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OZG M MaliOZG P NigerOZG R Burkina Faso (Upper Volta)

OZG S British West AfricaOZG T GhanaOZG Y Benin (Dahomey)OZH Nigeria

OZI Central AfricaOZJ ChadOZK CamerounOZM Zaire

OZO Southern AfricaOZQ South AfricaOZQ X LesothoOZQ Y Swaziland

OZR A East AfricaOZR C MozambiqueOZR R ZimbabweOZS A Zambia

OZS K British East AfricaOZS M MalawiOZTA TanzaniaOZT U ZanzibarOZUA UgandaOZU F BugandaOZU K Kenya

OZV EthiopiaOZV S Somalia

Copyright: Graham Howorth �1982Notation and additional material: Heather Lane �1997, 1999