blocking - aarhus universitet · blocking is causedby the form of the predicate the valency theme...
TRANSCRIPT
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Blocking
Topological patternsTopological patterns
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Blocking is caused by
� the form of the predicate
� the valency theme (+ government)
� the illocutionary frame
� constituent movements and shifts
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Three types of slots
1) Filled slots
2) Blocked slots
3) Empty slots
- a) Facultative arguments
- b) Ellipsis
- c) Satellites (adverbials)
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Revised sentence schemes
� Erik Hansen’s verbal schemes (1970)
� Lars Heltoft’s declarative and neutral schemes + combined scheme (1986 →)
� Ole Togeby’s combined scheme (2003)
� Henrik Jørgensen’s analysis of clitic pronominals + her and der (1991 →)
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Hansen’s verbals schemes
� A verb has a valency theme with slots not only for nominals and adverbials, but also for other verbs.
� These governed verbs have sentenceschemes of their own, similar to thoseof subordinated sentences.
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Ex. (Jeg tror ikke) at jeg ville have kunnet indhente rytteren
——————ville—jegat
————rytteren—indhente———
——————kunnet———
——————have———
FABAMAPDOOIVSASK
Hansen’s verbal schemes
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Heltoft’s sentence scheme
BAPMADOIOVinfSASVfinX
FACore FieldFrame Field
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The predicative category
Manner adverbials
The predicative category
BAPMADOIOVinfSASVfinX
FACore FieldFrame Field
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Manner adverbials
Incorporated predicates
Togeby’s sentence scheme
ORMRDRIOLW
R2MR1Va\a
/ys(k)v
APredication fieldNexus fieldF
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THE CORPORATE PREDICATE
ARGUMENTS
The nuclear predication
CO-PREDICATE CO-PREDICATEHOST-PREDICATE
ORMRDROILWs
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sover(at) barnet
ORMRDROILWs
Intransitive verbs
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Syntactic government
sover(at) barnet
ORMRDROILWs
SYN.GOV.
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Semantic government
sover(at) barnet
ORMRDROILWs
SEM.GOV.
SYN.GOV.
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Predicate blocking
sover(at) barnet
ORMRDROILWs
PREDICATE BLOCKING
SYN.GOV.
SEM.GOV.
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sover(at) barnet
ORMRDROILWs
VALENCY BLOCKING
Valency blocking
PREDICATE BLOCKING
SYN.GOV.
SEM.GOV.
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Mono-valent corporate predicates
� Predicate blocking: MR
� Valency theme: Monovalent
� Argument blocking: OI, DR (MR) and OR
salsadanser(at) Victoria
ækelvar(at) edderkoppen
ORMRDROILWs
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Transitive verbs type a
� Valency theme: Divalent (type a)
� Argument blocking: OI, (MR) and OR
husethavde bygget(at) manden
ORMRDROILWs
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Transitive verbs type b
� Valency theme: Divalent (type b)
� Argument blocking: OI, DR and (MR)
<--(DR)nyhedenhar hørt(at) Michael
at de vil overraske ham(OR)-->har hørt(at) Michael
ORMRDROILWs
BLOCKED BY WEIGHT SHIFT
BLOCKED BY WEIGHT SHIFT
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Transitive verbs
husetbyggede(at) manden
ORMRDROILWs
I) Active construction
G-ROLE: agent E-ROLE: patient
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[PAS]er blevet bygget(at) huset
ORMRDROILWs
II) Passive construction
PASSIVE BLOCKING
Transitive verbs
E-ROLE: patient
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Ergative verbs
stolenvæltede(at) han
ORMRDROILWs
G-ROLE: agent E-ROLE: patient
I) Transitive construction
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Ergative verbs
II) Intransitive construction
[ERG]væltede(at) stolen
ORMRDROILWs
E-ROLE: patient
ERGATIVE BLOCKING
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Causative predicates
<(OI)gavernebørnenegav(at) julemanden
til børnenegaverne(MR)>gav(at) julemanden
ORMRDROILWs
BLOCKED BY DATIVE SHIFT
BLOCKED BY DATIVE SHIFT
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BLOCKED BY V2-MOVEMENT
V2-movement
Gandalf←[v]mødteBilbo
ORMRDROILWsvF
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Subject in F (blocked S)
BLOCKING CAUSED BY MOVEMENT TO FUNDAMENT
Gandalf←[v]⇐(F)mødteBilbo
ORMRDROILWsvF
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Direct object in F (blocked DR)
⇐(F)spiseknægtenevilleDesserten
ORMRDROILWsvF
BLOCKING CAUSED BY MOVEMENT TO FUNDAMENT
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Indirect object in F (blocked IO)
en stor hånd⇐(F)givetpublikumhavdeHende
ORMRDROILWsvF
BLOCKING CAUSED BY MOVEMENT TO FUNDAMENT
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påtænktpigenhavdeHam
ORMRDROILWsvF
Preposition stranding
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at jeg var gladbonusgivet(F)⇔harDet
på Nørregadeen bager⇐←[v](F)⇔borDer
ORMRDROILWsvF
Provisional subject in F
ANNULMENT OF VALENCY BLOCKING
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Infinite verb + arguments in F (blocked predication field)
⇐(F)Pia (ikke)villeGive Peter en ny chance
Predication fieldsvF
en ny chancePeterGive
ORMRDROILW
BLOCKED BY MOVEMENT OF INFINITE VERB + ARGUMENTS TO F
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Frame blocking
� Blocked v in Danish marks non-realis(question, imperative, condition, comparison+ subordinated non-realis sentences)
(!) Note: In Heltoft’s scheme non-realis is marked by an
empty fundament.
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Non-realis frame (blocked v)
BLOCKED BY THE ILLOCUTIONARY FRAME
kampenvundetDanmark (ikke)[R]Har
ORMRDROILWsvF
Ex. Har Danmark ikke vundet kampen, bliver jeg sur (condition)
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Non-realis frame (blocked v)
Ex. Han græd som var han pisket (comparison)
[PAS]piskethan[R](som) var
ORMRDROILWsvF
BLOCKED BY THE ILLOCUTIONARY FRAME
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Non-realis frame (blocked v)
kagen?spistungerne[R]Har
ORMRDROILWsvF
Ex. Har ungerne spist kagen? (interrogative)
BLOCKED BY THE ILLOCUTIONARY FRAME
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Non-realis frame (blocked v)
Ex. Spis du bare kagen (imperative)
(bare) kagen←[v]du[R]Spis
ORMRDROILWsvF
BLOCKED BY THE ILLOCUTIONARY FRAME
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Non-realis frame (blocked v (and F))
—sur(ikke) var(at) han[R][R]
ORMRDROILWsvF
Ex.Det var rart, at han ikke var sur (sub-ordinated sentences in non-realis)
BLOCKED BY THE ILLOCUTIONARY FRAME
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Argument shifts
� Based upon Jørgensen’s theory
� A light pronominal (+ her and der) moving left is placed in the slot of thefirst argument or predicate element thatit encounters, blocking the slot it movedfrom.
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bogenHansvistOleharDerfor
ORMRDROILWsvF
Argument shifts
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bogenHansvistOleharDerfor
←(OI)Hans-denvistOleharDerfor
ORMRDROILWsvF
Argument shifts
Blocked by argument shift
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←(OI)←(W)vist-ham-denOleharDerfor
bogenHansvistOleharDerfor
←(OI)Hans-denvistOleharDerfor
ORMRDROILWsvF
Blocked by argument shifts
Argument shifts
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←(OI)←(s)←[v]Ole-ham-denvisteDerfor
←(OI)←(W)vist-ham-denOleharDerfor
bogenHansvistOleharDerfor
←(OI)Hans-denvistOleharDerfor
ORMRDROILWsvF
Argument shifts
Blocked by argument shifts
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←(OI)←(s)←[v]Ole-ham-denvisteDerfor
←(OI)←(W)vist-ham-denOleharDerfor
bogenHansvistOleharDerfor
←(OI)Hans-denvistOleharDerfor
←(OI)←(s)←[v]←(v)viste-han-ham-denDerfor
ORMRDROILWsvF
Argument shifts
Blocked by argument shifts
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Object stranding
Sten Vikner (2005) has suggested that some non-finitetransitive verbs can be moved to the fundament in a topicalised position without their arguments, leavingthe object stranded:
Ex. Kysset har jeg hende ikke, bare holdt hende i hånden.
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Object stranding
I have tried to find other examples of these types ofstrandings, but I have not been able to find any in Korpus 2000/90, BySoc or in a tagged search for verbal auxiliaries left of the finite verb – [func=”AUX>”] – in VISL.
However, after going all Google-eyes, I finally found someexamples of object stranding, but only for verbs thatgoverns sentence equivalent objects. These strandings may be allowed due to the ’weight’ (and perhaps extra position) of the object and are therefore not similar to Vikner’s example.
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Object stranding
• Helt glemt har sønderjyderne nok ikke nederlaget tilbage i november mod Herning.[http://hockeymania.dk]
• Glemt har jeg at i Onsdags da jeg følte mig syg kom en Søn af afdøde biskop Münster og bad om at turde føre til mig en skolebestyrerinde fra Königsberg[H.C. Andersen, Diaries 1868-1870]
• Helt misforstået har du dog det med Skåne, Halland og Blekinge.[From a Danish blog]
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⇐(F)←(v)har-jeg-den (ikke)Lånt-hende
Pedication FieldsvF
Object stranding
Vikner 2005: Lånt hende har jeg den ikke, jeg har faktisk givet hende den
←(OI)←(W)Lånt-hende-den
ORMRDROILW
VIOLATION?
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Jeg har skam ikke lånt-hende, thi hun er min egen hustru! Hik!
Derfor har-jeg-den ikke til låns.
The pronominal mixture
Lånt-hende har-jeg-den ikke
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Now for your
questions and comments….
and thank you very much for listening!
Questions and comments