Engels: BVIU

Unit 1Deal with To talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your

jobShe is used to dealing with difficult customers

Fulltime job A job which you do for the whole working weekI have a fulltime job in an office and normally work from 9 to 5

In charge of Being the person who has control of or is responsible for someone or somethingWho will be in charge of the department when Sophie leaves?

manage To be responsible for controlling or organizing someone or something, especially a businessHas he had any experience of managing large projects?

Part-time job A job which you do for part of the working weekI had a part-time job in a bar when I was a student.

Permanent job A job which you can have for as long as you wantHe was offered a permanent job when his temporary contract finished.

responsibility Something that it is your job or duty to deal withIt’s my responsibility to ensure that the project finishes on time

Responsible for In charge of someone or somethingI’m responsible for making sure that invoices are processed.

run To be in control of a business, department, etcWe can give you information on how to set up and run a business

Temporary job A job which you can only have for a short timeShe’s looking for a temporary job before she goes back to university in September

What do you do? Used for asking someone what job they haveWhat do you do? I’m a project manager.

work A place where a person goes specially to do their jobWhat time do you get to work in the morning?

Work with To do a job with other peopleI work with other departments to make sure the project runs smoothly

Unit 2boring Not interesting or exciting

The job can be quite boring at timesClock in/on To record the time you arrive at work on a special machine

What time did you clock in this morning?Clock off/out To record the time you leave work on a special machine

We usually clock off at 5commute To make the same journey regularly between work and home

She commutes from Brighton to London every daycommuter Some who regularly travels between work and home

The train was full of commuters this morningDay shift A period in the day during which a particular group of people

workMany nurses prefer working on the day shift

demanding Needing a lot of time, attention or energyThe job is very demanding because I have to manage so many projects at the same time

dull Not interesting or exciting in any way; boringMy last job was so dull. All I did was enter information onto the computer system

exciting Making you feel excitedI’m a TV cameraman and it’s quite exciting work

fascinating Extremely interestingIt’s a fascinating job and full of challenges

Flexitime A system of working in which people work a set number of hours in a week, month, etc. but can choose the time they start or finish workFlexitime is ideal for parents of young children

hard Needing or using a lot of physical or mental effortBeing a doctor can be a very hard job with long hours

Night shift A period in the night during which a particular group of people workWhen I’m on the night shift, I sometimes find it hard to sleep during the day

Nine-to-five Describes work which starts at nine o’clock and ends at five o’clockI just wanted a nine-to-five job in an office

Office worker Someone who works in an office The restaurant is full of office workers at lunchtime

overtime More hours than usual and with more moneyWe’re often asked to work overtime

repetitive Involving doing or saying the same thing several times, especially in a way that is boringMy work on the factory production line was dull and repetitive

routine A lot of my work in the office is fairly routine and boringsatisfying Making you feel pleased by providing what you need or want

We hope you will enjoy your new job and find it satisfyingshift A period when a particular group of people work

What time does your shift start?stimulating Making you feel interested

To attract the best people, we offer a good financial package as well as exciting and stimulating work

telecommuting The activity of working at home, while communicating with your office by telephone and the internetTelecommuting has an impact on the economy by allowing people to live and work anywhere

teleworking The activity of working at home, while communicating with your office by telephone and the internetTeleworking has an impact on the economy by allowing people to live and work anywhere

tiring Making you feel tired

My job is tiring because I’m standing up all daytough Difficult to do or to deal with

I work on an oil rig and the work is quite toughuninteresting Not interesting

He did a series of uninteresting jobs before finding this one and now he is very happy

unstimulating Not interestingThe work is likely to be unstimulating as it is very routine

Working from home Doing your job from your home rather than travelling to an officeI like working from home because I don’t have to commute every day

Working hours The time of the day when you have to wrokWe’re not allowed to use the internet for personal reasons during working hours

Unit 10Business empire A large group of companies that are owned mainly by one

person or familyRichard Branson has a huge business empire

Business leaders Successful business people who are in charge of large organizationsBusiness leaders have expressed about the government’s plans to increase the minimum wage.

Businessman/person/woman A man/woman/person who works in business, especially if he/she has e high position in a companyHe/she was a successful businessman with a big house

Captains of industry A slightly old-fashioned journalistic word for successful business people who are in charge of large organizationsThe discussion will involve top politicians and captains of industry

entrepreneur Someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunityStelios is an entrepreneur who started his own airline

entrepreneurial Seeing an opportunity and starting a new business She was very entrepreneurial and even at 13 was selling cakes to her friends

establish To start a company or organization that will continue for a long timeThe drinks company was established in 1948

found To start a company or organization The company was founded in 1908

founder Someone who starts a company or organizationUna Dillan was the founder of Dillan’s bookshop chain

grow To make a business bigger by increasing sales, employing more people, etcWe plan to grow the business and increase sales

Leadership skills Skills which help you to be in charge of other people or an organizationTo be a successful manager, you need good leadership skills

magnate A person who is very rich and successful in business or industry

The ship was sold to a Greek shipping magnatemogul An important person who is very rich or powerful

She had worked for several media moguls including Rupert Murdoch

Start-ups Small business that have just been started The bank offers advice to start-ups

tycoon A person who had succeeded in business or industry and has become very rich and powerfulA Brazilian property tycoon is planning to build a new hotel just outside the city

Unit 11Big business Large companies considered as a group

Online social networking sites have became big business in recent years

bureaucracy A system for controlling or managing a country, company or organization that is operated by a large number of officials who are employed to follow rules carefullyMany people believed that government bureaucracy was not good for business

bureaucratic Involving long and difficult dealings with official State-run companies were considered to be too bureaucratic

business The activity of buying and selling goods and services, or a particular company that does this He runs a printing business

commerce The activities involved in buying and selling things Internet commerce has grown very quickly in the last five years

commercial Related to buying and selling thingsThe commercial future of the company looks very promising

company An organization which sells goods or services in order to make moneyShe works for a software company

concern A formal word for a businessThis company is a family concern

corporate Relating to a large companyThe corporate headquarters are in Tokyo, but they have offices around the world

corporation A large company or group of companies that is controlled together as a single organizationThe company is a multinational corporation with offices in 23 countries

e-commerce The business of buying and selling goods and services on the internetBusinesses are taking advantage of all that the internet and e-commerce now offer

enterprise An organization, especially a business This is a commercial enterprise – we’re here to make money

Enterprise economy An economy in which private business is encouragedState-owned industries are not a major part of an enterprise economy

Enterprise zone Part of a country where business is particularly encouraged

because there are less strict laws, lower taxes, etcThe area has become an enterprise zone and the government is encouraging investment there

firm An organization which sells goods or services in order to make moneyHelen has just started working for an accountancy firm

Free enterprise Business activity owned by individuals rather than the stateIn a system of free enterprise, business must compete with each other for customers and markets

Government-owned-company A company which is owned by the governmentThis used to be a government-owned company, but it was privatized five years ago

multinational A large and powerful company that produces and sells goods in many different countriesMultinationals have huge resources and it is difficult for smaller companies to compete

nationalized Owned by the governmentAt one time, the electricity industry was nationalized

Nationalized company A company which is owned by the government Nationalized companies were considered inefficient and many were privatized in the 1980’s

Private enterprise Business activity owned by individuals rather than the stateBritish shops and factories are run by private enterprise rather than the state

privatization When a government sells a company to investorsThe last few years have seen the privatization of many industries previously owned by the state

privatize If a government privatizes an industry or company which it owns, it sells it to investorsThe telephone industry was privatized a few years ago

Self-employed Not working for an employer but finding work for yourself or having your own businessI’m self-employed and have my own business

Small or medium enterprise (SME)

A business which is small or medium in size It’s always difficult for small or medium enterprises to succeed against the big corporations

State-owned Owned by the governmentIn Britain in the 1970’s, many industries were state-owned

Unit 12asset Something valuable belonging to a business which can be used

for the payment of debts When a firm goes bankrupt, its assets are sold as quickly as possible

Building society A business that lends you money if you want to buy a house, or pays you interest on money you invest thereWhen I bought my house, I got a mortgage from a building society

charity An organization which has the purpose of giving money, food or help free to those who are in need because they are ill, poor or have no home

Charities such as the British Heart Foundation and Oxfam rely on donations from the public

demutualization The process when a company such as a building society becomes owned by shareholders instead of its membersRegulators approved a demutualization plan for the life insurance company

demutualize If a company such as a building society demutualize, it becomes owned by shareholders instead of its membersMany building societies have demutualized over the last few years

donate To give money or goods to help a person or organizationAn anonymous businesswoman donated 1 million to the charity

donation When money or goods are given to help a person or organizationThe charity is asking for donations of money or clothes

freelance Doing particular pieces of work for different organizations, rather than working all the time for one organizationI am freelance gardener and garden designer

fundraising When you collect or produce money for a particular purpose, especially for a charityThe fundraising event aims to raise money for a charity for children with cancer

Go bankrupt If a business goes bankrupt, it no longer has enough money to continue The recession has led to many small businesses going bankrupt

Incorporated (inc) Used after the name of a company organized as a legal corporationKraft Foods Incorporated (Kraft Foods Inc.)

Life insurance company A company which pays out money to the family of a person when they dieHe had a policy with a life insurance company and when he died his wife received money

Limited company (ltd) A company, especially one in the UK, whose owners only have to pay part of the money they owe if the company fails financiallyPlease make cheques payable to ‘the post office ltd’

Limited liability A situation when if a company no longer has enough money to continue, the people who it owes money to can take any money, equipment, etc. from the business but not personal things such as the owners’ cars or houses etc.Because we had limited liability, we didn’t lose our homes when we went bankrupt

Limited liability partnership (LLP) A business arrangement in which if a company no longer has enough money to continue, the people who it woes money to can take any money, equipment, etc. from the business but not personal things such as the owner’s cars or housed, etc.They were trading as a limited liability partnership

member A person who is part of a groupI like the co-op because it’s owned bye it’s members and there are no shareholders

mutual A financial organization such as a building society that is owned by its members, rather than by shareholdersIn the past, all building societies were mutuals, but this is no longer the case

Non-profit organization (BrE) An organization which has a social aim rather than one which tries to make moneyI’ve worked for several non-profit organizations which work with homeless people

Not-for-profit organization (AmE) An organization which has a social aim rather than one which tries to make moneyI’ve worked for several not-profit organizations which work with homeless people

partner One of the owners of a companyBen is one of the partners in law firm

partnership A company which is owned by two or more peopleTwo of my colleagues went into partnership and started their own concern

Personal assets Something valuable belonging to an individual personI have hardly any personal assets – I don’t even own a car

Public limited company (plc) A company whose shares are bought and sold on the stock exchangeThe supermarket Sainsbury’s began trading on the stock market on 12 July 1973 as J Sainsbury PLC

shareholder A person who owns some of the equal parts into which the ownership of a company is dividedShareholders will vote on the proposed merger of the companies next week

Sole owner Someone who works on their own and has their own businessMany photographers are sole owners

Sole proprietor Someone who works on their own and has their own businessMany photographers are sole proprietors

Sole trader Someone who works on their own and has their own businessMany photographers are sole traders

Voluntary sector Organizations with a social aim such as helping people who are poor or sickI’ve always worked in the voluntary sector rather than in big business

volunteer A person who works without being paidAmy works as a volunteer for a cancer charity

Unit 13aerospace The industry which produces or operates aircraft or spacecraft

We supply a wide range of industries including aerospaceAutomobile (AmE) The industry which produces cars

The automobile industry has been badly affected by the recession

Call centre A place where people deal with customers’ orders, complaints, etc. on the telephoneWhen you telephone a bank today, you will be talking to someone in a call centre and not someone in the office

Car (BrE) The industry which produces cars

The car industry has been badly affected by the recessioncatering The industry which includes restaurants, bars, etc

People in catering often have to work long hoursComputer hardware Computer equipment such as screens, printers, drinks, etc. we

need computer hardware which is reliableComputer software The programs that a computer uses

He was fired from his job because he was downloading illegal software

construction The work of building or making something especially buildings, bridges, etc. The recession has hit the construction industry because people are not buying houses

defence (BrE) weapons (defence: AmE)He was responsible for transforming the company into Europe’s leading aerospace and defence company

diversified Offering a wide range of new products or servicesOur business is diversified and we don’t rely on just one product or client

economy The system of trade and industry by which the wealth of a country is made and used Tourism contributes millions of euros to the country’s economy

electronics The scientific study of electric current and the technology that uses itThe company has diversified and is now involved in the electronics industry

Emerging industry An industry which is starting to existElectronics is an emerging industry

Financial services Jobs such as banking and insuranceMany jobs in the financial services sector are at risk

Food processing The job of putting food into cans, freezing it, etc. so that it can be soldShe works in a food processing plant

Growth industry An industry which is becoming bigger and more successfulProviding software for mobile phones is a growth industry

healthcare The set of services provided by a country or an organization for the treatment of the physically and the mentally illIt’s a healthcare company providing medical services for elderly people

Heavy industry Industry that uses large machines to produce either materials such as steel or large goods such as ships and trainsThe country used to depend on heavy industry like coal production and car manufacturing, but now tourism is very important to the economy

Household goods Machines that people use in their houses such as washing machines, refrigerators,…The sales of household goods such as washing machines and refrigerators have been very good this year

industrial In or related to industry, or having a lot of industry and factories,…It is an industrial city with a lot of factories

industrialize To develop industry

When the country began to industrialize in the 1950’s, many people began to work in factories for the first time

industry The companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special areaThe city needs to attract more industry to improve its economy

Industry (2) Te people and activities involved in one type of businessThe pharmaceutical industry has not been affected by the problems in the global economy

leisure Jobs in sports, cinemas,…He’s always worked in the leisure industry and is now manager of a hotel

Light industry Industry which makes small things and does not need to use large heavy machinesLight industries such as micro-electronics have become very important

Manufacturing industry An industry which makes a product The British manufacturing industry has declined and many goods sold in Britain are now made abroad

Manufacturing sector The group of industries which make productsMany people have lost their jobs in the car industry and the rest of the manufacturing sector has also been badly affected by problems in the economy

media Companies involved in producing newspapers, magazines, television and radio programmes When she graduates, she wants to work in the media and in particular for a newspaper

pharmaceutical The industry which tests and produces medicines The pharmaceutical industry invests a lot of money in testing new drugs

property (BrE) buying, selling and managing buildings (AmE real estate)Jobs in property are suffering because fewer people are buying and selling houses

Retail The activity of selling goods to publicHealth and social care is the third largest employer, after manufacturing and retail

service A system or organization that provides for a basic public needServices such as good healthcare and public transport are vital to the local community

Service industry An industry that provides a service for people but does not result in the production of goodsThe service industry has become more and more important to the country’s economy and particular tourism

Service sector The industries that provide a service for people but do not result in the production of goodsThe service sector has been growing recently and there are many vacancies in areas such as tourism and healthcare

steel A strong metal used in the manufacturing of machinery and carsThe city used to have a highly successful steel industry which is now in decline

telecommunications The sending and receiving of messages over distance, especially by telephone, radio and television

Telecommunications has been a very successful area of business in recent years

textile Cloth made by hand or machineMany of the textile industries are based in the north of the country

tourism The business of providing services such as transport, places to stay or entertainment for people who are on holidayThe tourism industry is vital to many countries

Unit 16Assembly line A line of machines and workers in a factory which a product

moves along while it is being built or produced. Each machine or worker performs a particular job, which must be finished before the product moves to the next position in the lineBill works on the assembly line at a car factory

capacity The total amount that can be producedThey took on extra workers to deal with the increased capacity

Churn out To produce large amounts of something quickly The factory churns out thousands of pairs of these shoes every week

Computer-aided design and manufacturing (cad) (cam)

The use of computers to help develop and test the first version of a new product such as a carWhen computer-aided design and manufacturing was introduced it revolutionized the car industry

Computer-assisted design and manufacturing

The use of computers to help develop and test the first version of a new product such as a carWhen computer-assisted design and manufacturing was introduced it revolutionized the car industry

Cost-effective If an activity is cost-effective, it is good value for the amount of money paidIt would not be cost-effective to replace the whole system

Craft industry An industry in which each product is made by hand in the past, making cars was a craft industry

glut A supply of something that is much greater than can be soldBecause of the world economic crisis, there is a glut of cars on the market

goods Things that are made to be soldThe goods are sold in stores around the country

Hand-made Made by a person rather than a machineThese chocolates are very expensive because they are hand-made

Industrial robot A machine in a factory which helps put parts of a product togetherIndustrial robots are used in car plants

Labour-intensive Industries and methods which are labour-intensive need a lot of workersThe farm doesn’t use modern farming techniques and the work is still very labour-intensive

Make (verb) To produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machinesThe company makes parts for cars

maker A company that produces goods in large numbers Toyota is one of the most successful car makers in the world

manufacture To produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machinesAll our products are manufactured from high quality material

manufacturer A company that produces goods in large numbersToyota is one of the most successful car manufacturers in the world

Manufacturing The business of producing goods in large numbersMany jobs have been lost in the manufacturing sector

Manufacturing factory A building or set of buildings where something is madeThe company has its own manufacturing factory where it makes its goods

Manufacturing plant A factory where something is madeThe cars are built at a manufacturing plant in Wales

Manufacturing works A factory where something is madeWe buy our paper from a manufacturing works in Inda

output An amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country,…We need to increase output

overproduction The act of producing more of something than is neededOverproduction of any type of goods is bad for the economy

Produce (noun) Food or any other substance or material that is grown or obtained through farming, especially that which is produced in large amountsDairy produce is a major source of income for this region

Produce (verb) To make somethingFrance produces a great deal of wine for export

producer A company, country or person that provides goods, especially those which are produced by an industrial process or grown or obtained through farming, usually in large amountsAustralia is one of the world’s main producers of wool

production The process of making or growing goods to be soldCoke is used in the production of steel

Production line A line of machines and workers in a factory which a product moves along while I is being built or produced. Each machine or worker performs a particular job, which must be finished before the product moves to the next position in the lineBill works on the production line at a car factory

productivity The rate at which a company or country makes goods, usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the goodsStudies how that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity increases

products Something that is made to be sold, usually something that is produced by an industrial process or, less commonly, something that is grown or obtained through farmingWe sell a range of skincare products

provide To give someone something that they needWe provide excellent service

provider Someone who provides something

I’m happy with the internet service provider is I use because it’s cheap and reliable

provision When something is providedThe provision of good public transport is essential for developing the area

Shortage When there is not enough of somethingA coal shortage could lead to lowered provision of electricity

surplus A supply of something that is much greater than can be soldBecause of the world economic crisis, there is a surplus of cars on the market

Working at full capacity Producing the maximum amount possibleThe factory is currently working at full capacity

workshop A room or building where things are made or repaired using machines and / or toolsCars are repaired in our workshop

Unit 17capital Money

they put £50,000 capital into the businessComponent A part which combines with other parts to form something

biggerwe manufacture computer components

Efficient Working or operating quickly and effectively in an orgeanized waythe business needs to be more efficient in order to maximize profits

Finance (verb) To provide the money needed for something the local authority has refused to finance the project

Finished goods Products that have been made the finished goods are transported by road

Handle To touch or move something with your handsworkers are given training in how to handle heavy objects

In stock Available for costumers to buy we have ten copies of the book in stock

Input Something such as energy, money or parts that are put into something the power input will come largely from hydroelectricity

Just-in-time A just-in-time system or manufacturing or producing goods is based on preventing waste by producing only the amount of goods needed at a particular time, and not paying to produce and store more goods than are needed.materials are supplied on a just-in-time basis without the for a purchase order.

Knowledge Understanding of or information about a subject which a person gets by experience or study, and which is either in a person’s mind or know by people generallyKnowledge of the market you are operating in is very important

Lean manufacturing Making things as quickly and cheaply as possible without wastewe can show you the actions to take to enable your company to save money on production costs through lean manufacturing

Lean production Making things as quickly and cheaply as possible without waste

we can show you the actions to take to enable your company to save money on production costs through lean production

Manufacturing operation A business or factory that makes things the company has 13 manufacturing operations across Europe

Outside supplier A company which provides parts and services to a companythe government has contracts with outside suppliers to provide translation services

Outsourcing The act of buying in parts and services from another companysaving money is one of the primary reasons for outsourcing

Part One of the pieces that form a machine or piece of equipmentthe company makes parts for Toyota

Partners Two or more companies that are closely involved with each otherthe two companies were partners in the building of the new airport

Raw material A material such as steel, oil, etc. which is used fot making somethingoil is important raw material which can be processed into many different products

Replacement part A piece that can be used to replace another piecewe sell replacement parts for washing machines and other appliances

Spare part A piece that can be used to replace another piece spare parts for the machine are available if it needs to be repaired

Stocks (BrE) quantities of raw materials, parts, work-in-progress and finished goods in a particular placewe need to know the amount of stocks available before we agree to supply the order

Store (verb) To put or keep things in a special place for use in the futurelearn production tries to avoid storing goods in warehouses

Subcontracting The process of buying in services from other companies subcontracting to other companies is very common in the building industry

Supplier A company which sells something I’ll contract the suppliers and see if we can get any more materials

Warehouse A large building for storing things before they are sold, used or sent out to shopsthe goods were in the warehouse for months because a strike stopped distribution

Work-in-progress Something that is in the process of being madefor accounting purpose, we need to work out a value for work-in-progress

Unit 19Buying manager The person who is in charge of buying goods that a company

uses or sellsour buying manager is responsible for the products that we stock

Client A costumer or someone who receives services

we always aim to give our clients personal attentionClient base People who buy a company’s products or services

we want to increase our client base because at the moment we are relying on a very small number of costumers

Clientele People who buy a company’s or professional’s products or services, especially expensive ones the nightclub has a very fashionable clientele

Consumer A person who buys goods or services for their own usethe higher gas prices will affect all consumers

costumer A person who buys goods or a service costumers are more likely to return to a company if they are happy with the service they receive

Costumer base People who buy a company’s products or services we want to increase our client base because at the moment we are relying on a very small number of clients

End-user Someone who uses a product, especially a computer or technologywhen designing software, I have to take into account the needs of the end-user

Industrial buyer An organization that buys things for use in producing its own goods or servicesresearch has shown that industrial buyers are reluctant to change from existing regular supplier even if the new supplier can offer a price reduction

Market economy An economic system where prices,jobs,wages depend on what people want to buy, how much they are willing to pay rather than being controlled by a governmentthe arrival of the market economy in eastern Europe has caused profound changes in these countries

Market forces Used to talk about the way that market economy makes sellers produce that people want to buy, at prices they are willing to payprices have been driven up by the market forces

Market pressures Used to talk about the way that market economy makes sellers produce that people want to buy, at prices they are willing to payMarket pressures led to over 100 redundancies

Market price A price which is likely to be paid for something the house sold for 600000 well above the market price of 450000

Market reforms Changes to an economy made by the government so that it becomes more like a market economy market reforms will have a big influence on the economy of the country

Market-place The producers and buyers in a particular market economy, the way they behaveto remain competitive, the company must adapt to the changing market place.

Purchaser He person or organization which buys somethingour products are tailored to the needs of the purchaser

purchasing manager The person who is in charge of buying goods that a companie

uses or sellsour purchasing manager is responsible for the products that we stock

Seller A person or organization which sells something contact the seller for more details on price and availability

Street vendor Someone who sells things on the streetI bought some fruit from a street vendor this morning

The free market An economic system where prices,jobs,wages depend on what people want to buy, how much they are willing to pay rather than being controlled by a governmentthe arrival of the free market in eastern Europe has caused profound changes in these countries

User Someone who uses a product, machine or serviceusers of the software have pointed out several faults

vending machine A machine from which you can buy small things such as cigarettes, drinks and sweets by putting coins into itI bought chocolate from the vending machine

Vendor Someone who is selling somethingthe vendor is asking 550000 for the house

Unit 20Abandon a market Stop selling to a market

the supermarket chain has had to abandon a market that it once dominated

Compete To try to be more successful than someone or something elseCompetition When someone is trying to win something or be more

successful than someone elseCompetitor A company that is competing against otherCorner a market If a company corners the market for a particular type of product

it is more successful than other companies at selling the product

Dominate a market To have control over a market, or be the most important person or thing

Drive a company out of a market To force a company to stop tradingEnter a market If a company enters a market, it starts selling there for the first

timeFierce competition Very strong competitionGet out of market Stop selling to a marketIntense competition Very strong competitionKey player One of the most important companies in a particular industryLeave a market Stop selling to a marketLow-key Low-key competition is not very strong competitionMarket The people or organizations that buy a product, or might buy itMarket growth An increase in the number of products which are soldMarket leader A company that is bigger and more successful than other

companies in the same industryMarket segment Part of a market

the food sector can be divided into 2 segments – industrial sales and retail sales

Market segmentation The way a company chooses to divide the marketMarket share The number of things that a company sells compared with the

number of things of the same type that other companies sellMonopolize a market To control a market completely and to prevent other people

having any effect on what happensPenetrate a market To start selling in a particular market, or sell more and more

thereRival A person or company competing with others for the same thing

or in the same areaStiff competition Very strong competitionTough competition Very strong competitionWithdraw from a market Stop selling to a market

Unit 21Benefit A helpful or good effect; an advantageCostumer needs What a costumer must have in order to be satisfiedDistribute To make products availableFeature A typical quality or an important part of somethingMarket orientation When everything that is done intended to meet the needs of

the marketMarket driven Done to meet the needs of the marketmarketeer Someone whose job is to make a plan of the best way to sell a

product or serviceMarketer Someone whose job is to make a plan of the best way to sell a

product or serviceMarketing A job that involves planning the best way to sell a product or

serviceMarketing concept The idea that success of product comes through providing what

the customer wantsMarketing department The part of a company that plans the best way to sell a product

or serviceMarketing mix The activities that you have to combine successfully in order to

sell somethingMarketing plan A plan of how you will sell a product or serviceMarketing-led Done to meet the needs of the market Market-oriented Done to meet the needs of the marketPackaging The materials in which objects are wrapped before being soldPlace An area,store,.. where something will be soldPlan To decide what to do and how to do itPrice To decide how much something will be sold forPromote To tell customers about goods or servicesSocial marketing The job of trying to persuade people to give money or buy

things to help other people rather than to make profit for a company

The four P’s Product,price,place,promotion

Unit 22Brand A name that a company gives to a productBrand awareness The degree to which people know a particular brandBrand identity The features that a product has which people know aboutBrand image What people think about a particular brandBrand manager Someone who is in charge of marketing goods or services with a

particular brand

Brand recognition The degree to which people know a particular brandBranded Having a manufacture’s brand nameBranding Creating brands and keeping them in customers mind through

advertising, product and package designConsumers durables Goods that last a long time and are not intended to be bought

very often, such as televisions and carsConsumer goods Things that people buy for their own useFast moving consumer goods (FMCG)

Products that sell in large amounts

Generic product A product which does not have a brand name or trademark, therefore any company can manufacture it

Generics Drugs or other products which do not have a brand name or trademark, therefore any company can manufacture it

Industrial goods Goods which other companies buy to use in their activities or products

Model (unit 22) A particular type of a product which is slightly different from othersthe car’s 1.8 liter model has been very popular

Own-brand product A product which has a store’s name on it rather than a name of the company which made it

Own-label product A product which has a store’s name on it rather than a name of the company which made it

Product catalogue A list of a company’s productsProduct category A group of products of a particular type Product lifecycle The stages in the life of a product and the number of people

who buy it at each stageProduct line Products of a particular typeProduct mix A company’s products considered together and in relation to

one anotherProduct placement When a company pays for its products to be used or seen in

films and TV programmes Product portfolio A company’s products considered together and in relation to

one anotherProduct positioning How a product is seen, or how a company would like it to been

seen, in relation to its other products, and/or to competing products

Product range A company’s products of particular typeStore brand A product which has a store’s name on it rather than a name of

the company which made it

Unit 23basic Simple and having no extra featuresBottom-end Bottom-end products are the cheapest in a group of productscharge To ask an amount of money for something, especially a service

or activityWe charge low prices for all our products

cheap Costing little moneydiscount A reduction in the usual pricediscounting Reducing the price of somethingDownmarket Cheap and possibly not very good (AmE downscale)

The town was full of downmarket hotels which were cheap to

stay inEntry level Describes a device that is basic and less expensive or technical

than other types and therefore suitable for someone who has not used or bought one beforeThe cost of an entry-level PC is much lower than it used to be

exclusive Expensive and only for people who are rich or of a high social class

expensive Costing a lot of moneyHigh-end Intended for people who want very good quality products and

who do not mind how much they costHigh-priced ExpensiveList price The price at which the maker of something suggests it should be

soldLoss-leader A cheap product that a store sells to attract customersLow pricing When a company charges low pricesLow-end Low-end products are the cheapest in a group of productsLow-priced CheapMass market Products that sell in large quantities, and the people who buy

themMid-priced Not cheap, but not expensiveMid-range Not the most basic, but not the most advancedMove downmarket To buy something which is cheaper than what you have bought

beforeMove upmarket To buy something which is more expensive than what you have

bought beforeniche A group of buyers with specific requirements that is relatively

small but that may be profitable for companies that sell to it, for example sports cars

Premium Intended for people who want very good quality products and who do not mind how much they cost

Price boom When prices are rising quickly, to the benefit of sellersPrice-controls Government efforts to limit the amount by which prices

increaseQuality of service can suffer as a result of price controls

Price cut A reductionPrice hike An increase, especially one not wanted by the buyer; used by

journalistsPrice tag A label attached to goods, showing the price; also means ‘price’Price war When competing companies reduce prices in response to each

otherRecommended retail The price at which the maker of something suggests it should be

soldsophisticated Clever in a complicated way and therefore able to do

complicated tasksTake downmarket To make something less cultural and more popular in order to

increase sales; often used disapprovinglyTop-end Intended for people who want very good quality products and

who do not mind how much they costTrade down To buy something which is cheaper than what you have bought

before

Trade up To buy something which is more expensive than what you have bought before

undercut To sell a product at a lower price than someone else upmarket (BrE) intended for people who want good quality and do not

mind how much they pay (AmE: upscale)

Unit 24Chain store A shop that is part of a group of shops, all with the same nameCold call A telephone call to someone you have had no contact with,

made in order to sell them somethingConvenience store A shop that sells food, drinks,… and is usually open until lateCut out the middleman To buy a product directly from the company which made itdealer A person who trades in somethingDepartment store A large shop divided into several different parts, each of which

sells different thingsDirect mail When companies or organizations write to people to try to

persuade them to buy their product or give money,…Direct marketing The job of sending information to people or talking to them on

the phone in order to persuade them to buy somethingdiscounter A store with very low pricesdistributor A person or organization that supplies goods to shops and

companiesfranchise A right to sell a company’s products in a particular area using

the company’s namefranchisee Someone who is given or sold a franchise

Many of our existing franchisees have more than one storefranchisor The company which offers franchises

The franchisor will provide the goods and advertisinghypermarket A very large shop, usually outside the centre of townJunk mail Post, usually advertising products or services, which is sent to

people although they have not asked for itmailing The activity of sending information to people by postmailshot The posting of advertising or similar material to a lot of people

at one timemall A large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not

allowedmiddleman A disapproving word for a person or organization that supplies

goods to shops and companiesReseller Someone who sells a particular product, especially computer

equipment or telecommunications servicesRetail outlet/sales outlet A technical word meaning ‘shop’shop (BrE) a place where you can buy thingsShopping centre A covered shopping area where cars are not allowed Shopping mall A large usually covered shopping area where cars are not

allowedStore (noun) (AmE) a place where you can buy things supermarket A large shop which sells most types of food and other goods

needed in the home, in which people take from shelves the things they want to buy and pay for them as they leave

Target (verb) To choose who something is directed at, or who something is intended for

telemarketing The job of trying to sell things by telephone

Unit 25advertise To make something known generally or in public, especially in

order to sell itThe product has been advertised on television

advertiser A person or business which advertisesAdvertising agency An organization that designs and manages advertisingAdvertising campaign A series of advertisements for a particular company, product,…competition An organized event in which people try to win a prizeCross-promotion When you buy one product, and you are recommended to buy

another product that goes with itFree gift A product which is given to a customer free when they buy

something in order to encourage people to buy more of itFree sample A small amount of a product which you are given to try or tasteLoyalty card A plastic card which is given to a customer by a business and

which is used to record information about what the customer buys and to reward them for buying goods or services from the business

medium A method or way of expressing somethingTV is a powerful advertising medium

prize Something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game

Product endorsement An advertisement in which a famous person recommends a product

Sales area The area that a salesperson is responsible forSales force All the employees of a company whose job Is to persuade

customers to buy their company’s products or servicesSales manager Someone who is in charge of a group of salespeople Sales territory The area that a salesperson is responsible forSalesman/woman A man/woman whose job is to persuade people to buy a

company’s productssalesperson Someone whose job is to persuade people to buy a company’s

productsSpecial offer Something such as a reduced price which is used to attract

customerssponsor To give money towards the cost of an event as a form of

advertisingsponsorship The act of giving money towards the cost of an event as a form

of advertising

Unit 26Auction site A website in which people who want to buy something offer

increasing amounts of moneybid An offer of a particular amount of money for something which is

for saleblog A regular diary record of your thoughts, opinions and

experiences that you put on the internet for other people to read

Business-to-business (B2B) Describing or involving arrangements or trade between different businesses, rather than between business and the

general publicThe client wanted a business-to-business website that was easy to update

Business-to-consumer (B2C) Describing or involving the sale of goods or services to single customers for their own use, rather than to businesses

Business-to-government (B2G) Involving the internet as a way of communicating with government departments

Collaborative site A website where people work together on a particular projectDot-com bust The time when many internet companies went out of businesse-procurement When companies communicate with and order from their

suppliers over the internetHighest bidder The person who offers the most money for somethinghost To allow other sellers to offer goods on your websiteInternet seller A company that sells goods on the internetInternet selling The practice of selling goods on the internetOnline banking The use of the internet to check your back balance, make

payments,…Online brokerage The use of the internet for buying and selling sharesOnline dating A way of starting a romantic relationship on the internet, by

giving information about yourself or replying to someone else’s information

Online fundraising The use of the internet for raising money for a charity or other organization

Online gambling The use of the internet to try to make money in games of chance

Online gaming The use of the internet to try to make money in games of chance

Online selling Describes products, services or information that can be bought or used on the internet

Online travel The use of the internet to book holidays, flights,…Social networking Communicating with other people using particular websitesVideo-sharing When people put videos on the internet for other people to

watchWeb 2.0 The second generation of web development and web design

that allows information sharing and collaboration on the internet

website A set of pages of information on the internet about a particular subject

Unit 40backhander (BrE) an illegal payment to persuade someone to do something:

an informal wordban To prevent someone from doing somethingbar To prevent someone from doing somethingbribe An illegal payment to persuade someone to do somethingbribery The act of giving someone bribesChinese Walls Measures that financial institutions take in order to stop

knowledge in one department being used by another department to buy or sell shares,… at an advantageChinese Walls are meant to protect clients from abuse of financial information

corrupt Dishonestly using your position or power to you own advantage, especially for money

corruption Illegal or dishonest behavior, especially by people in positions of power

Counterfeit (adjective) Made to look like something in order to deceive peopleCounterfeit (verb) To make something look like something else in order to deceive

peopleCounterfeit notes Paper money which is not real but which looks like real moneycounterfeiting The act of producing counterfeit goodsembezzle To take money that belongs to an organization or business you

work forembezzlement The crime of taking money that belongs to an organization or

business you work forFake (noun) Something which has been made to look like something else in

order to deceive peopleFake (verb) To make something so that it looks like something else in order

to deceive peopleFinancial crime A crime involving moneyfine To make someone pay money because they have done

something wrongforgery An illegal copy of a document, painting,… or the crime of making

such illegal copiesfraud The crime of getting money by deceiving people Fraud squad The group of police officers whose job is to deal with fraudIdentity theft The crime of using someone else’s details such as their credit

card number to buy thingsInsider dealing/insider trading The illegal buying and selling of company shares a financial part

of the ownership of a company by people who have special information because they are involved with the company

kickback An amount of money that is paid to someone illegally in exchange for secret help or work

Market abuse When people do not behave honestly or fairly in businessMarket rigging When a group of investors work together to stop a financial

market functioning as it should, to gain an advantage for themselves

Money laundering The crime of moving money that has been obtained illegally into banks and other businesses to make it seem as if the money has been obtained legally

Price fixing When a group of companies in the same market secretly agree to set prices at a certain level so that they do not have to compete with each other

prison A building where criminals are forced to live as a punishmentracket An illegal activity that makes moneyracketeer Someone who makes money from an illegal activityregulate To control something and make sure it works fairly or properlyscam An illegal plan for making moneysleaze Illegal or dishonest behavior, especially in politicssweetener An illegal payment to persuade someone to do something; an

informal wordwrongdoer A person who does something bad or illegal

wrongdoing When someone behaves badly or illegally

Unit 41Affirmative action program (AmE) a system that is intended to prevent people from being

treated unfairly because of their skin colour, sex,…breach An act of breaking a law, promise, agreement or relationshipCarbon emissions Carbon dioxide that planes, cars, factories,… produce, which is

harmful to the environmentCarbon footprint Someone’s carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of

carbon dioxide that their activities produceCarbon offset When the carbon emissions that businesses produce are

compensated for by reductions elsewhereCarbon-neutral Producing carbon emissions that are compensated for by

reductions elsewhereChild labour Children used as workersClimate change The way the world’s weather is changingCode of conduct Rules that state the way people should behave in a businessCode of ethics Rules that state the way people should behave in a businessCorporate social responsibility (CSR)

The idea that companies should think about their behaviour on moral, social and environmental issues

discrimination Treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex,…

Environmental issues Subjects or problems that are to do with the environmentethical Morally rightEthical investing When people invest money in companies which treat people

fairly and do not employ children,…Ethnic minority A national or racial group living in a country or area which

contains a larger group of people of a different race or nationally

exploit To use someone or something unfairly for your own advantageGlobal warming A gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting

gases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the Earth and preventing heat escaping into space

Green issues Issues that are to do with the environment Human rights The basic rights which it is generally considered all people

should have, such as justice and the freedom to say what you think

Moral issues Issues relating to good and bad behavior, fairness, honesty,…professional Having the qualities that you connect with trained and skilled

people, such as effectiveness, skill, organization and seriousness of manner

Professional guidelines Rules that tell people in a particular profession how they should behave

Sell your holdings To sell your shares in a companySell your stakes To sell your shares in a companySocial issues Issues that are to do with societySocially responsible Making sure that people are treated fairlystakeholder A person or group of people who own a share in a business or

are involved in some waySweatshop labour When workers work long hours in poor conditions, and for low

payunethical Not fair or not morally rightUnprofessional Not showing the standard of behavior or skills that are expected

of a person in a skilled jobUnprofessional conduct Behavior which is not acceptable in a particular job