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TRANSCRIPT
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Blood
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Blood History
1901 – Karl Landsteiner
first typed blood into A,
B, AB, O
He was awarded the
Nobel Prize for this
1937 – Rh factor was
discovered (positive or
negative – i.e. AB+, O-
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Blood Information
At present there are over
100 blood factors that
can be used to identify a
person.
Until the 1990s scientists
used a combination of
these factors to link
blood to individuals
Human blood types are
determined by genes.
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Composition of Blood
Blood is a mixture
of cells, enzymes,
proteins, and
inorganic
substances.
There are 4 Main
Parts of the blood:
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Composition of Blood Cont.
• Plasma – liquid portion of blood which is
55% of the blood volume
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Composition of Blood Cont.
• Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) – Transport
oxygen from the lungs to the body tissue
• Antigens on the surface of red blood
cells give them their blood
characteristics (A, B, AB & O)
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Composition of Blood Cont.
White Blood Cells (leukocytes) – produce
antibodies to disable and/or destroy invaders
to the body
Your blood contains antibodies to defend against
whichever antigen is NOT normally present in
your blood
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Different Types of WBC
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Composition of Blood Cont.
Platelets – help the blood clot. The protein
fibrin catches red blood cells. If a clot is
removed, a yellowish liquid called serum is
left.
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Blood Information
Serology is the study of antigen/antibody
reactions.
Serum contains antibodies that react with a
specific antigen.
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Blood Information
An antibody is a
protein that destroys
or inactivates a
specific antigen.
Antibodies have 2
active sites and can
attach to 2 antigens,
which causes blood to
clump or agglutinate.
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Blood Type Antigens
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Blood Types
Blood
Type
Antigen Antibody Donate
to
Receive
from
A A Anti-B A and
AB
A or O
B B Anti-A B and
AB
B or O
AB A and B None AB All
O None Anti-A
and Anti-
B
All O
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Agglutination
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Agglutination
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Blood Evidence
Three questions that are asked of blood
evidence:
Is it blood?
From what species?
If it is human, how closely can it be
associated with a particular individual?
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Testing Blood Evidence
Is it blood?
Hemastix – paper
sticks that turn
green in the
presence of blood
Video - Hemastix test
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Testing Blood Evidence Cont.
Kastle-Meyer Test – phenolphthalein +
hydrogen peroxide test
Also comes out positive (pink) for
horseradish, tomato juice, & potatoes
Video - Kastle Meyer Test
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Testing Blood Evidence Cont.
Luminol – reacts with blood to produce light
Picks up blood even when diluted up to 10,000,000 times.
Luminol does not interfere with further testing
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Luminol Example
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Testing Blood Evidence Cont.
Microcrystalline Tests – Takayama and Teichmann Tests – less sensitive than color tests
Chemical reagent is added to blood, forming specific size/shape crystalline precipitate
Positive = crystal formation
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Testing Blood Evidence Cont.
From what species?
Precipitin or Gel Diffusion – determines
whether blood is human or animal
Blood from mummies (4000-5000 years
old) has given positive results with the
precipitin test!
Diluted blood also will give positive
results.
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Preservation of Blood
Evidence
Photograph all blood stains
Locations are recorded and sketched
Shape & position of stains must be evaluated
All clothes must be collected & sent to the lab
Search for blood in less obvious places
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Preservation of Blood
Evidence Cont.
Type the blood
Transport blood using
boxes or paper bags
5 mL of blood should be
collected from individuals
associated with the scene
Avoid preservatives in
collecting blood
Keep refrigerated
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Composition of Blood
Component
Red Blood Cells
Important Information
Carry oxygen
Carry hemoglobin
A.K.A. corpuscles or
erythrocytes
Have no nucleus
Made in bone marrow
Last about 120 days (4
months)
Liver & spleen remove
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Composition of Blood Cont.
Component
White Blood Cells
Important Information
Fight bacteria & other
pathogens
Made in lymph nodes,
bone marrow &
spleen
Have a nucleus
A.K.A. leukocytes
Last a few hours to
few years (diff. types)
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Composition of Blood Cont.
Component
Platelets
Important Information
Fragments of cells
(smaller than RBCs)
No nucleus
Function is to clot
blood
Last about 10 days
A.K.A. thrombocytes
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Composition of Blood Cont.
Component
Plasma
Important Information
Liquid portion of blood
Contains mostly water
Helps transport
nutrients, CO2, salts,
wastes, antibodies,
hormones, enzymes,
clotting factors
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Blood Slide Lab
Use the microscope images on the
following slides to compare the similarities
and differences of blood cells among the
following 6 species:
Human
Frog
Fish
Bird
Cat
Bovine (cow)
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Human Blood
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Frog Blood
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Fish Blood
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Bird Blood
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Cat Blood
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Bovine Blood
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Blood Typing Lab
If you were absent, use
the following photos to
complete the lab activity
we did in class.
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Blood Typing Lab Results
Sample 1
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Blood Typing Lab Results
Sample 2
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Blood Typing Lab Results
Sample 3
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Blood Typing Lab Results
Sample 4