blood composition formed elements. erythrocytes transports oxygen to cells and tissues transports...
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Blood Composition
Formed Elements
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Erythrocytes• Transports oxygen to cells and tissues• Anucleate• ~7 µm• Few organelles• Hemoglobin– Iron rich protein–Binds with oxygen
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Erythrocyte Characteristics• Small, flexible, bi-concave discs– Center is depressed to increase surface area– Cell must be flexible to fold to cross capillaries
• Amount of oxygen carried directly related to hemoglobin concentrations– ~250 million hgb molecules per cell!
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Hemoglobin• Made up of 4 connected protein chains• Responsible for the red color of blood• Forms the heme molecule– Important• Carries oxygen, returns carbon dioxide• Helps maintain structure of cell
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Leukocytes• Contain nuclei & organelles • Body’s “Army”– Defends/protects body– WBC’s move to fight infection• Can leave blood stream-diapedesis• Positive chemotaxis– Damaged cells give off chemicals to alert body– Activates WBC’s– Body will produce more of that type WBC
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Leukocytes• Two major groups– Granulocytes• Cytoplasm contains visible granular inclusions• Lobed nuclei
– Agranulocytes• Cytoplasm does not have visible granules• Spherical nuclei
– Oval– Kidney shaped
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Granulocytes• Neutrophils–Most numerous WBC–Multi-lobed nucleus–Fine granules–Phagocytic cell• FUNGI • BACTERIA
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Granulocytes• Eosinophils– Bluish red nuclei– Nucleus is usually bi-lobed– Coarse, red granules– Increase due to• Allergies• Parasites
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Granulocytes• Basophils– Rare WBC– Nucleus “u” or “s” shaped– Granules stain dark blue/purple– Helps mediate inflammatory response• Contains histamine
– Makes blood vessels leaky to allow WBC to get to inflammation site
• Contains heparin– Anti-coagulant
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Agranulocytes• Lymphocytes– Small (slightly bigger than a RBC)– Dark staining nucleus– Second most numerous WBC– Tend to reside in lymph tissues– Important in antibody production– Increase in response to VIRUSES
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Agranulocytes• Monocytes– Largest WBC– “U” or kidney shaped nucleus– Convert into macrophages in tissues– Seen in chronic infections
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Platelets• Not a true cell– Fragments of megakaryocytes– Dark staining pieces– Critical to clotting process• Bind together to stop bleeding
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Complete Blood Counts• Measures – The number of RBC’s– The number of WBC’s– The number of platelets– Hgb– Hematocrit
• Can include– Morphology of RBC’s– Size of RBC’s
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Typical CBC results• RBC count (varies): – Male: 4.7 to 6.1 million cells/µL– Female: 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/µL
• WBC count: 4,500 to 10,000 cells/µL• Hematocrit (varies): – Male: 40.7 to 50.3 %– Female: 36.1 to 44.3 %
• Hemoglobin (varies): – Male: 13.8 to 17.2 gm/dL– Female: 12.1 to 15.1 gm/dL
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Typical CBC results• Segmented neutrophils: (50–70%) • Lymphocytes: (15–45%) • Monocytes: (0–10%) • Eosinophils: (0–6%) • Basophils: (0–2%)