blood quiz 25b. the life of an individual depends on a continuous supply of blood to all parts of...
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Blood
Quiz 25B
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The life of an individual
depends on a continuous
supply of blood to all parts of
the body. If this supply should
fail the cell dies.
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Blood carries:
• Food
• Oxygen
• Hormones
• waste products
• enzymes
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Functions of blood
1. Supply cells with food and oxygen
2. Remove waste products
3. Fight disease germs
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Blood Stats
• Blood is a liquid tissue.• Adults have 3-5 quarts of blood.• 80 pound child has approximately 2.5
quarts• 9 pound infant has approximately 10
ounces• high altitudes - has less oxygen - may
have up to 2 quarts more blood
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blood has 4 main parts
• plasma
• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets
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ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
• appear as red, biconcave discs
• don't have nuclei• most numerous of
all blood cells• can't move by
themselves
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ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
• carry oxygen from lungs to body cells
• carry carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
• hemoglobin: iron-containing pigment; gives it its red color
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ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
• formed primarily by your spleen, liver, and red bone marrow
• life span approximately 90-120 days
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ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
• normal person contain 25 trillion erythrocytes - enough to go around the earth at the equator 4 times
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ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
• old red blood cells are removed from the blood at a rate of 2 million per second
• destroyed mainly in your liver and spleen
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LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
• lack hemoglobin• about twice the size of erythrocytes• possess no definite shape• ability to move by themselves
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LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
• have nuclei
• in a healthy person - ratio of leukocytes to erythrocytes is approximately 1:600
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LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
• some are made in bone marrow and others in spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland
• life span is approximately 1 to 12 days
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LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
• the body needs leukocytes to defend itself from bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances
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LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
there are different types of leukocytes, but all have 1 of 2 functions:
(1) engulf and digest
(2) produce antibodies (chemicals that attack invading organisms or poisons)
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An infection is the invasion of harmfulorganisms into the body. When the firstleukocytes are not successful in stopping theinfection, the invading organisms are free tomultiply and injure body cells, which resultsin a swelling and redness called aninflammation in the infected part of the body.Chemicals that are released from the injuredcells cause additional leukocytes to move outof blood vessels in order to engulf and digest,or to kill, the harmful invaders.
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The leukocytes also digest and remove
injured and dead body cells. The
accumulation of dead leukocytes, dead
organisms, and broken cells forms a
thick fluid called pus, which is
characteristic of infections.
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PLATELETS
• very small cell fragments that help in blood clotting
• develop from large cells in the red bone marrow
• lacks a nucleus
• less than 1/2 or 1/3 the size of an erythrocyte
• life span is approximately 1 week
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BLOOD PLASMA - fluid portion of blood
• approximately 90% water
• remaining 10% is mostly proteins (also dissolved gases, minerals, nutrients, hormones, and wastes)
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Blood Clotting
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BLOOD PRESSURE
Quiz 25B Continued
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Blood Pressure
• As your heart beats and the left ventricle forces blood into the aorta, the elastic walls of the arteries expand.
• This wave of expansion moves down the aorta and along smaller arteries.
• As the wave passes, the elastic walls of the arteries resume their normal size.
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Blood Pressure
• This dilation and rebounding of an artery is the PULSE.
• There is no pulse in a vein because the force of the heart contraction has been absorbed by the blood flowing into the numerous capillaries.
• The velocity of blood flow is not uniform throughout the body.
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Blood Pressure
• blood pressure: the pressure of blood against the walls of arteries
• it is the same pressure that causes the pulse
• blood pressure can be measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER.
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systolic pressure
blood pressure
when the heart is
contracting
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Diastolic pressure
blood pressure
while the heart
is relaxing
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normal blood pressure
120 (systolic)
80(diastolic)
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high blood pressure
150 (systolic)
90(diastolic)
If the systolic pressure rises to 200 mm Hg or above, there is real danger
that an artery may rupture.
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Blood Grouping
(Blood Types) Quiz 25B Continued
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Blood Types
• Determined by the presence or absence of certain molecules in the membranes of the erythrocytes.
• These molecules, called antigens, stimulate the production of antibodies.
• Specialized blood cells produce these antibodies, which are located in the blood plasma.
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Blood Types
Important in blood transfusions
(the giving of blood):
• donor - person who gives blood
• recipient - person who receives blood
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The two blood type classifications:
(that are most important in blood transfusion)
ABO group
Rh system
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ABO blood group
• discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner
• determined by the presence or absence of two antigens A and B
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ABO blood group
blood types:
A - has antigen AB - has antigen BAB - has both antigens A and BO - has neither antigen
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ABO blood group
In addition to antigens, 3 of these 4 blood types also possess antibodies. The particular antibodies, however, were not present at birth but were produced between the 2nd and 8th months of life as the body responded to antigens A and B in the person's food, especially meat. Therefore if a person has type A blood, his body produces anti-B antibodies.
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ABO blood group
Blood Type Antigen Antibody
A A anti-B
B B anti-A
AB A & B None
O None anti-A & B
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ABO blood group
Antigens: in red blood cell membrane
Antibodies: in blood plasma
most common - type Orare - type AB
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ABO blood group
Type % of Population
A 40%
B 10%
AB 4%
O 46%
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Blood Transfusions
Recipients’
Blood type
Preferred type for
transfusion
Other types used in
emergencies
A A O
B B O
AB AB A, B, or O
O O none
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Blood Transfusions
The first successful human blood transfusion was accomplished in
1818 by James Blundell.
universal recipient: type ABuniversal donor: type O
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The Rh System
Named after the rhesus monkey from which the Rh antigen was first isolated.
It too is based on the presence or absence of an antigen in the red blood cell's membrane.
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The Rh System
Rh types:
Rh+ (have the Rh antigen; 85% of population)
Rh- (does not have the Rh antigen; 15% of population)
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The Rh System
Normally, human blood plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies, but these antibodies can be stimulated into production in an Rh- person.
For example, when and Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, his body begins to form anti-Rh antibodies. These antibodies remain in his blood plasma. Later, if a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is administered, the anti-Rh antibodies react with the Rh antigens of the donor's blood.
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Blood Type % Frequency
O+ 38%
O- 7%
A+ 34%
A- 6%
B+ 9%
B- 2%
AB+ 3%
AB- 1%
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Typing Blood
O Obtain a Blood Test Card and 3 toothpicks. Place a drop of Anti-A serum (blue) in the circle labeled “Anti-A.” Replace the cap on the Anti-A vial. Always replace the cap on one vial before opening the next vial to prevent cross contamination.
Place a drop of Anti-B serum (yellow) in the circle labeled “Anti-B” and then replace the cap.
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Typing Blood
Place a drop of Anti-D serum (clear) in the circle labeled “Anti-D.” Replace the cap on the Anti-D vial.
Place a drop of blood in each “blood” circle.
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Typing Blood
Mix each drop of blood with the
anti-serum adjoining it.
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Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, then you have type A blood.
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-B serum, then you have type B blood.
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Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when they are mixed with both anti-A and anti-B serums, then you have type AB blood.
If your blood cells do not stick together in the presence of either serum, then you have type O blood.
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Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, then you have type Rh-positive blood.
If your blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, then you have type Rh-negative blood.