What are the six parts to the circulatory system?

Blood ArteriesHeart

Veins Capillaries Lymphatic System

Blood is the main of the body.

transport medium

Blood is considered the most important factor in maintaining balance or .

homeostasis

Blood transports this gas from the lungs to the cells of the body.

oxygen

Blood transports this gas from the cells of the body to the lungs.

carbon dioxide

Blood transports these calorie containing substances from the digestive tract to the

cells of the body.

nutrients

Blood transports these remnants of metabolism from the cells of the body to

the liver & kidneys.

waste products

Blood transports this important liquid from the digestive tract to the cells of the body.

water

Blood transports this cellular component to fight infection.

white blood cells

Blood transports these immunoglobulins to fight infection.

antibodies

Blood transports this non-nutrient protein which helps to form clots and begin

healing.

Fibrinogen/fibrin

Blood transports these cellular fragments which help to form clots and begin healing.

platelets

Blood transports these from theirproduction sites to target sites

elsewhere in the body.

hormones

Blood transports this product of muscular contraction from the muscles of the body to

the surface of the skin & the lungs.

heat

Blood transports this in the form of HCO3-1

ions which allow the body to resist pH changes.

buffering system

Blood is made up of solid particles and fluid. The solid particles are (1) , (2) , and (3) .

(1) red blood cells(2) white blood cells

(3) platelets

The three solid particles or “cellular” components of blood are commonly called the .

formed elements

The average volume of blood for a man is approximately _____ liters or _________

pints.

~ 5 liters or

10–12 pints

The average volume of blood for a woman is approximately _____ liters or _________

pints.

~ 4.5 liters or

9–11 pints

Red blood cells (RBC) are also called:

erythrocytes

White blood cells (WBC) are also called:

leukocytes

Platelets are also called:

thrombocytes

What is the main function of red blood cells?

Transport oxygen and

carbon dioxide

What is the main function of the white blood cells?

Fight infection

What is the main function of the platelets?

Hemostasis meaning “the stoppage of

bleeding”or

to clot blood

The percentage of the total volume that these packed red cells occupy is called the:

hematocrit

The normal hematocrit percentage ranges from (1) to (1) % within both genders with an average of (2) %.

(1) 42 to 48%

(2) 45%

The straw-colored liquid portion of blood is called:

plasma

The layer of blood after centrifugation that contains the white blood cells and

platelets.

buffy coat

What are all the red blood cells collected together after centrifugation called?

packed red cells

This substance makes up 90 – 92 % of plasma volume:

Water (H2O)

Seven percent of plasma volume is made up from the:

“Non-nutrient” Proteins

This is the largest fraction of thenon-nutrient proteins.

Albumin

Albumin accounts for about what percent of the total non-nutrient protein.

Albumin proteins are formed where?

60%

liver

The main function of albumin is in the regulation of the of

the blood.

osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure can be translated or thought of as:

The water that does not pass back into the bloodstream by osmosis is recovered by the

.

“water” pressure

lymphatic system

These are the second largest fraction of the non-nutrient proteins.

Globulins

Globulin proteins account for about what percent of the total non-nutrient proteins of

the blood?

36%

Alpha globulin

There are three primary types of globulin proteins. These are:

Beta globulinGamma globulin

Alpha and Beta globulins are formed in the (1) and aid in the (2) in the blood.

(1) liver

(2) transportation of lipids

Gamma globulins are produced in the _____________ ______________.

lymph nodes

Gamma globulins are the proteins that function as ________________________

or _________________.

immunoglobulins or antibodies.

The general name given to the “fat” carrying globulin protein molecules in plasma are called

Lipoproteins

These lipoprotein carriers transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose tissue.

ChylomicronsThese are measured as what in a blood test?

triglycerides

These lipoproteins transport triglycerides that are made from excess carbohydrates in

the diet from the liver to adipose tissue.

Very Low-density Lipoproteins

(VLDL’s)

These lipoproteins are the main cholesterol carriers in the body.

Low-density Lipoproteins

(LDL’s)

Low-density Lipoproteins or LDL’s are also commonly called what?

“bad” cholesterol

These lipoproteins transport the remainder of chylomicrons after they lose the

triglyceride to the liver.

High-density Lipoprotein

(HDL’s)

“good” cholesterol

High-density lipoproteins or HDL’s are also commonly called what?

This represents the smallest fraction of the major non-nutrient proteins in the

plasma of blood

Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen accounts for about what percent of the total non-nutrient proteins of the

blood?

4%

Fibrinogen precipitates out of the plasma as “ (1) ” at the site of a wound, it creates a “mesh” or “web” to which platelets and

RBC can “stick” to form a (2) .

(1) fibrin

(2) blood clot

Component of plasma made from dissolved salts that form such ions as Na+1, K+1, Ca+2,

Mg+2, Cl-1, PO4-3, F-1, and I-1.

Minerals

The mineral components when considered as dissolved salts are often called “ ”.

electrolytes

A component of plasma, such as CO2, N2, or O2, dissolved in the water of plasma and

NOT carried by R.B.C.

Dissolved Gasses

We defined these as the components of plasma that our bodies use for energy, repair, growth, etc. They are also the caloric components within our food.

Nutrients

The three (3) different types of nutrients discussed in class were:

GlucoseFatty acids

Amino acids

Glucose comes from what food source or type of food?

carbohydrates

Fatty acids come from what source or type of food (not a term used on food labels) ?

lipids

At “room temperature,” solid lipids are called what?

fats

oils

At “room temperature,” liquid lipids are called what?

Amino acids come from what food source or type of food?

proteins

A component of plasma examples of would be urea or uric acid (both from protein

metabolism), lactic acid (from anaerobic metabolism of glucose), or various ketones

(from excess fatty acid metabolism).

Metabolic Waste Products

Red blood cells are described as having a limited .

life span

How long does the average red blood cells live?

120 days or

4 months

How many red blood cells does the average human have in their body?

25 trillion

The shape of a red blood cell is described as a “ .”

biconcave discs

What advantage does the biconcave shape of the red blood cells provide?

allows for increased surface area for gas

diffusion.

In Red Blood Cells the (1) is removed to allow for more volume for

(2) .

(1) nucleus

(2) hemoglobin

Why is the nucleus removed?

Why do erythrocytes have a limited life span?

nucleus is removed

allows for greater 02 carrying capacity

The O2 carrying protein found on red blood cells that also gives blood its distinct color.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Hemoglobin is made from a complex protein molecule called “ (1) ”

combined with a pigment called “ (2) ” which contains what metallic element?

(1) globin(2) heme

iron

The “oxidized” form of hemoglobin which is bound with O2 and has a

“bright red” color.

Oxyhemoglobin

The form of hemoglobin that is bound with CO2 and has darker, more “burgundy”

color.

Carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin bound to neither oxygen or carbon dioxide which has a “darker red”

color is called what?

Deoxyhemoglobin

What is the ratio of WBC : RBC in blood?

From 1: 700 up to1: 1000

How many different types of leukocytes are found in blood?

five

Name the five different types of leukocytes that are found in blood?

Monocytes

EosinophilsBasophils

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

One group of leukocytes is called the ,which means their cytoplasm has a “non-granular” look.

agranulocytes

granulocytes

Another group of leukocytes is called the ,which means their

cytoplasm has a “granular” look.

In red bone marrow

Monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are produced where in the

body?

Lymphocytes are produced where in the body?

In lymph tissue

Platelets or Thrombocytes

These are actually non-nucleated cellular fragments involved in the stoppage of

bleeding.

The process of is simply defined as “the stoppage of bleeding.”

Hemostasis

Hemostasis is accomplished by the following three mechanisms:

platelet plugsvasoconstriction

blood clot formation (coagulation)

The following statement describes the formation of what? – “Activated platelets are sticky and cling to damaged tissue and each other at the edge of small wounds to

prevent further blood loss.”

platelet plug

The following statement describes what process? – “Fibrinogen precipitates out as fibrin trapping activated platelets and red blood cells in a web-like mesh forming a blood clot at the site of larger wounds.”

Coagulation

One factor in determining blood types is by the presence or absence of genetically

determined (inheritable) protein molecules present in red blood cell membranes. These

proteins are called:

agglutinogen A &

agglutinogen B

antigen A &

antigen B

Agglutinogen A & agglutinogen B are also called what?

co-dominance

When present, both antigen A & antigen B are equally expressed. The equal

expression of different two alleles, where one allele is not dominant and one

recessive, is termed what?

Plasma carries (1) to the agglutinogen not carried on the cell

membrane which are actually “anti-A” and “anti-B” (2) .

(2) antibodies (1) agglutinins

Type A, B, AB, or O are the physical expression of a person’s genes which means they are .

phenotypes

genotype

The combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait is described

as a .

Red blood cells carry proteins on their surfaces in addition to the “A” and “B”

antigens. What was the other major protein discussed in class?

The Rhesus or

Rh factor

What are the percentages for Rh+ and Rh- in the population of the United States?

Rh+ = 85 % &

Rh- = 15 %

Which blood phenotype, in theory, could receive blood from any donor?

AB+

A person with AB+ is called a _____________ ______________.

Remember, this is because they have all factors present already so the body does not perceive anything foreign.

Universal Recipient

Which blood phenotype, in theory, could donate blood to any recipient?

O-

A person with O- is called a _______________ ________________.

Remember, this is because they have no factors present so the body cannot perceive anything foreign.

Universal Donor

homozygous

heterozygous

A person having two alleles that are the same for a trait is said to be ____________

for the trait.

A person having two alleles that are different for a trait is said to be

____________ for the trait.

The formation of blood or all types of blood cells in the living body.

Hematopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

The formation or production of red blood cells only.

The baseline production of red blood cells, which is the amount of production that normally occurs just to keep a person healthy, represents about what percent of the body’s total capacity to produce blood?

20 %

The need for new red blood cell production is monitored by receptor sites for blood oxygen concentration located in what

organs?

kidneys

Any drop in the oxygen content of the blood will cause the kidney to secrete an

enzyme that acts on a non-nutrient plasma protein to for a key hormone

called ____________________________.

erythropoietin

This is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the oxygen-carrying

component of the blood, measured in the unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin,

red blood cell volume, or red blood cell number.

Anemia

A form of anemia characterized by a decrease in the concentration of corpuscular (r.b.c.) hemoglobin.

Hypochromic anemia

A form of hypochromic anemia due to a lack of sufficient iron in one’s diet.

Iron deficiency anemia

A form of hypochromic anemia due to a loss of iron from chronic bleeding.

hemorrhagic anemia

A form of anemia in which the capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells

is defective, caused by bone marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as

radiation, industrial chemicals, or drugs (such as chemotherapy drugs).

Aplastic anemia

A form of anemia characterized by many large, immature and dysfunctional

erythrocytes (megaloblasts) resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic

acid.

Megaloblastic anemia

A type of anemia caused when antibodies are directed against parietal cells in the

gastric glands of the stomach which produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is

required for vitamin B12 absorption, so impaired absorption of vitamin B12 can

result. This is more commonly found in older adults.

Pernicious anemia

A form of anemia resulting from the destruction of red blood cells due to

abnormally high fragility caused by certain infectious agents and in certain inherited

blood disorders.

Hemolytic anemia

A chronic, often fatal inherited anemia resulting in abnormal hemoglobin which causes characteristic crescent-shaped red

blood cells that can easily rupture. This is a specific type of hemolytic anemia.

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic defect that results in synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin molecule. The blood cells are vulnerable to mechanical

injury and die easily.

Thalassemia or

Cooley’s anemia

Moving to a high altitude region produces an increase in red blood cell production because there is a ______________ ___ ____________ ___________.

Reduction in atmospheric oxygen

In creasing the number of red blood cells in the body either through natural or artificial means is called _________ ___________.

blood doping