blood supplementary materials - elsevier
TRANSCRIPT
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes,Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Throm103/m
Palaeognathae
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 44.15 11.2 1.95 10.0 25.85
Emu (Dromaius novahol-landiae)
37.0 11.8 1.6 15.7
Greater Rhea (Rhea americana)
49.4 8.9
Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata)
48 17.8 2.2 14.1
Red-legged Tinamou (Crypturellus erythropus)
34.3 22.0 1.87 9.55
Accipitriformes
Family Accipitridae
African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)
43.2 22.3 2.04
African Harrier Hawk (Polyboroides typus)
46.7 24.2 2.29
African Hawk-Eagle (Aquila spilogaster)
40.1 21.9 2.31
African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)
44.3 19.7 2.5 16.7
Augur Buzzard (Buteo augur)
30.8 18.4 1.74
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
47.5 15.3 3 11.3
Appendix 2
Blood Supplementary Materials
15
together with Hemoglobin
bocyte m3 References
Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009
Patodkar et al., 2008
Uhart et al., 2006
Reissig et al., 2002
Smith, 2003
Mean: Hollamby et al., 2004
Cooper, 1975
Cooper, 1975
Naidoo et al., 2008
Cooper, 1975
Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Hoffman et al., 1981
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials16
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Bearded Vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus)
47 16.4 2.9 9.7 Hernández and Margalida, 2010
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 42.5 20.3 1.93 19.0 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Ferrer et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1994
Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus axillaris)
48.5 19.6 2.00 Cooper, 1975
Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus)
41.8 24.4 2.33 Cooper, 1975
Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)
43 Ferrer et al., 1987
Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres)
46 2.8 44.5 Van Heerden et al., 1987
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
41 31.5 Ferrer et al., 1987; Powers et al., 1994
Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperi)
49.9 3.75 Gessaman et al., 1986
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)
47.5 2.6 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974
Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)
40 Ferrer et al., 1987
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
42.5 13.7 2.3 16.0 Polo et al., 1992
Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)
45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992
European Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus)
10.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Gabar Goshawk (Microni-sus gabar)
32.8 16.4 1.72 Cooper, 1975
Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)
43 Dem et al., 2012
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
39.0 13.8 2.1 19.7 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992
Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)
45 15.1 2.6 13.2 Polo et al., 1992
Harris’ Hawk 13.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus)
41.45 20.4 2.37 22.4 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Cooper, 1975
Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)
44.7 24.8 2.69 Cooper, 1975
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
17Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Long-crested Eagle (Lophaetus occipitalis)
41.0 13.2 4.01 Cooper, 1975
Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus)
34.7 21.0 Lavin et al., 1992; Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus)
51 13.5 3.1 12.3 Lavin et al., 1993
Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
8.7 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003
Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus)
40.0 1.8 33.0 Elliot et al., 1974
Pale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus)
32.0 16.4 1.59 Cooper, 1975
Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 12.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
39.4 2.45 Rehder et al., 1982
Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)
52.5 3.0 31.0 Elliot et al., 1974
Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus)
49.1 12.9 Mean: Gessaman et al., 1986; Powers et al., 1994
Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
43.5 14.2 2.29 15.1 Polo et al., 1992
South American Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis)
42 14.0 2.8 Gee et al., 1981
Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)
35.0 17.8 2.12 Cooper, 1975
Swamp Harrier (Circus approximans)
39 20.7 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax)
38.1 15.1 2.30 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila wahlbergi)
32.5 16.9 1.53 Cooper, 1975
White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
55 3.2 22.0 Elliot et al., 1974
White-tailed Sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla)
19.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Family Cathartidae
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
42 13.5 2.4 Gee et al., 1981
California Condor (Gym-nogyps californianus)
44 15.7 Dujowich et al., 2005
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials18
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
King Vulture (Sarcoram-phus papa)
43 3.8 41.8 Elliot et al., 1974
Secretary Bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)
37.5 22.3 1.51 Cooper, 1975
Anseriformes
Black duck (Anas superciliosa)
40.2 13.0 2.8 19.7 Mulley, 1979
Buffiehead (Bucephala albeola)
54.3 2.64 Kocan, 1972
Canvasback Duck (Aythya valisineria)
52.2 2.56 Kocan, 1972
Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
43.7 14.6 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974
Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)
57.1 2.45 Kocan, 1972
Maccoa Duck (Oxyura maccoa)
37.9 15.1 3.1 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
45.75 13.875 2.89 Shave and Howard, 1971
Maned Duck or Australian Wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)
45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980
Red-billed Teal (Anas erythrorhyncha)
44.6 14.0 3.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Ring-neck Duck (Aythya collaris)
49.1 2.50 Kocan, 1972
Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata)
40.7 13.4 3.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata)
45.5 14.9 2.79 23.6 Mulley, 1980
Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)
42 13.2 2.6 Gee et al., 1981
Egyptian Goose (Alopo-chen aegyptiacus)
43.7 14.9 3.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Embden Goose(Anser anser)
38 11.4 2.6 Gee et al., 1981
Nene Goose (Branta sandvicensis)
46 15.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981
Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens)
45.8 14.2 2.24 19.7 Williams and Trainer, 1971
Spur-winged Goose (Plec-tropterus gambensis)
42.2 13.4 2.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
19Blood Supplementary Materials
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Tule White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)
43 15.0 2.9 Gee et al., 1981
Black-necked Swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)
35.5 12.0 1.75 11.75 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009
Mute swan (Cygnus olor) 34.5 12.7 2.07 16.2 Dolka et al., 2014
Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinators)
45 12.65 Olsen et al., 2002
Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus)
- - - 19.1 Milani et al., 2012
Apodiformes
Alpine swift (Apus melba) 51.1 18.6 4.0 Palomeque et al., 1980
Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 54.5 18.3 5.3 Palomeque et al., 1980
Swift (Apus apus) 50 17.8 4.7 Palomeque et al., 1980
Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna)
55.3 18.2 6.1 Carey and Morton, 1976
Caprimulgiformes
Tawny Frogmouth (Podar-gus strigoides)
41 2.26 12.87 McCracken, 2003
Charadriiformes
Family Alcidae
Ancient Murrelet (Synthli-boramphus antiquus)
40 4.1 Newman et al., 1997
Cassin’s auklet (Ptychor-amphus aleuticus)
34 9.2 Newman et al., 1997
Common Murre or common guillemot (Uria aalge)
39 9.3 Newman et al., 1997
Crested Auklet (Aethia cristatella)
40 2.5 Newman et al., 1997
Horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata)
44 4.3 Newman et al., 1997
Little Auk (Plautus alle) 56.8 17.0 3.5 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987
Marbled murrelet (Brachy-ramphus marmoratus)
41 5.7 Newman et al., 1997
Parakeet Auklet (Aethia psittacula)
42 5.0 Newman et al., 1997
Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba)
47 4.0 Newman et al., 1997
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials20
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Rhinoceros Auklet ( Cerrorhinca monocerata)
44.6 12.3 Newman et al., 1999
Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata)
41 4.0 Newman et al., 1997
Family Burhinidae
Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhinus bistriatus)
49.3 13.6 3.57 9.543 Ball, 2003
Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)
47 14.45 2.86 7.88 Samour et al., 1998
Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus capensis)
46 13.3 2.06 13.57 Samour et al., 1998
Family Charadriidae
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
46.6 14.0 4.0 8.16 Ball, 2003
Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)
49.1 3.80 Ball, 2003
Family (Haematopodidae) Newman et al., 1997
American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates)
45.2 8.7 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010
Family Jacanidae
Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana)
48.7 5.088 Ball, 2003
Family Laridae
Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibun-dus or Larus ridibundus)
43.9 15.9 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974
Black legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)
41 4.2 Newman et al., 1997
European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
42.1 14.45 2.5 15.50 Balasch et al., 1974
Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens)
38 5.1 Newman et al., 1997
Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)
41 12.9 2.1 15.7 Averbeck, 1992
Kelp Gull (Larus domini-canus)
39.0 12.6 3.6 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Family Recurvirostridae
American Avocet (Recurvi-rostra americana)
46.2 13.4 3.48 8.258 Ball, 2003
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)
50.3 15.0 3.45 7.78 Ball, 2003
21Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Family Scolopacidae
Red knot (Calidris canutus rufa)
51 - - - - D’Amico et al., 2010
Family Stercorariidae
Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi
42.3 14.0 3.4 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Great Skua (Stercorarius skua)
44 Bearhop et al., 1999
Family Sternidae
Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)
47.9 14.4 3.8 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Arctic Tern (Sterna para-disaea)
46.0 14.4 3.1 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987
Common Tern (Sterna hirundo)
48.1 10 Fiorello et al., 2009
Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 47 21.2 Work, 1996
Ciconiiformes
Family Ardeidae
Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycti-corax)
44.8 13.6 2.86 8.31 Celdrán et al., 1994
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)
40.0 13.2 2.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea)
43.9 12.9 2.49 9.44 Celdrán et al., 1994
Little Egret (Egretta gar-zetta)
47.7 11.3 2.80 6.11 Fontenelle, 2001
Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 45.6 12.6 2.75 6.43 Celdrán et al., 1994
Family Ciconiidae
Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 42 11.5 2.2 64.7 90.9 Puerta et al., 1989
Greater Adjutant (Leptopti-los dubius)
38.0 13.6 1.63 8.72 Salakij et al., 2004
Lesser Adjutant (Leptopti-los javanicus)
41.3 13.9 1.89 9.422 Salakij et al., 2004
Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari)
46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001
Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)
42.4 17.7 3.24 3.88 12.9 Aengwanich et al., 2002
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials22
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
White stork (Ciconia ciconia)
36 11.1 1.9 62.1 66.6 Puerta et al., 1989
Family Threskiornithidae
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor)
45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008
Eurasian Spoonbill (Plata-lea leucorodia)
46.4 15.9 2.97 9.39 Celdrán et al., 1994
Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)
49.0 17.1 3.53 9.08 Celdrán et al., 1994
Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus ermita)
44 3.1 3.4 Dutton et al., 2002
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg-wayi)
42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004
Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber)
46 16.1 2.30 9.8 Fontenelle, 2001
Black-headed Ibis (Threskiouris melano-cephalus)
46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004
Coliiformes
Blue-naped Mousebird (Urocolius macrourus)
53.1 18.8 4.52 12.85 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)
42.4 13.2 2.37 8.66 Pye, 2003
Columbiformes
African-collared Dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)
15 5.5 35 32 Lashev et al., 2009
Collared Dove (Streptope-lia decaocto)
13 5.3 23 30 Lashev et al., 2009
Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia)
50.5 16.7 4.0 24 34 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Kalomenopoulou and Koliakos, 1989; Lashev et al., 2009
Laughing dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)
38.9 13.8 2.3 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)
49 Harms and Harms, 2012
Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)
50.7 17.0 3.4 4.3 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pheasant Pigeon (Otidip-haps nobilis)
41.7 13.9 2.6 6.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus)
46.8 13.8 2.54 9.96 Schultz, 2003
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
23Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
47 15 2.5 12.3 Gayathri et al., 2004
Speckled Pigeon (Columba guinea)
50.0 19.4 3.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheep-makeri)
42.0 12.7 2.3 19.4 Peinado et al., 1992a
Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria)
35.6 14.6 2.3 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
37.6 12.3 2.3 10.8 Peinado et al., 1992a
Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)
34.3 10.8 2.2 17.7 Peinado et al., 1992a
White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica)
16.05 Small et al., 2005
Coraciiformes
Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)
45.9 13.8 2.42 15.84 Dutton, 2003
Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momota)
40.7 12.7 4.05 13.34 Dutton, 2003
Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
47.9 16.1 2.53 11.65 Dutton, 2003
Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus)
54.2 16.5 4.13 6.58 Dutton, 2003
Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 46.6 16.2 3.7 10.03 Dutton, 2003
Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus)
47.4 14.7 3.42 9.87 Dutton, 2003
Micronesian Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamo-minus)
47 16.1 3.34 8.19 Dutton, 2003
Southern Carmine Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)
51.1 15.9 6.30 Dutton, 2003
Cuculiformes
Greater Roadrunner (Geo-coccyx californianus)
40.7 11.5 2.36 12.7 Abou-Madi, 2003
Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira)
48.7 16.6 3.23 6.77 Abou-Madi, 2003
Falconiformes
Family Falconidae
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
43.0 9.8 Franson et al., 1983; Dressen et al., 1999
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials24
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Crested Caracara (Poly-borus plancus)
48 3.1 24.1 Elliot et al., 1974
Collared Forest Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)
35.5 2.4 26.4 Elliot et al., 1974
Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)
24.7 2.47 6.02 Shen et al., 2008
Greater Kestrel (Falco rupicoloides)
44.2 14.1 2.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicusis)
46.75 19.2 2.96 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus)
41 14.6 2.8 12.6 Mean: Gee et al., 1981; Samour et al., 1996
Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug)
47 15.9 2.65 5.7 Samour et al., 1996
Galliformes
Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)
44.8 13.7 West and Haines, 2002
Black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)
38.4 12.9 2.2 8.5 6.4 Motta et al., 2013
Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)
37.0 12.5 3.05 20.1 Mean: Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007
Chicken (Gallus gallus) 31.0 13.5 3.0 Mean: Fourie and Hattingh, 1983 Borges et al., 2004 Andretta et al., 2012
Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)
38.0 13.2 3.59 Pages and Planas, 1983
Greater sage grouse (Cen-trocercus urophasianus)
53 5.1 Mean: Dunbar et al., 2005; Dyer et al., 2009
Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris)
40.9 16.1 3.0 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Fallaw et al., 1976; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)
33.0 14.3 4.1 30 65 Mean: Belleville et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
25Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Natal Spurfowl or Natal Francolin (Pternistis natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)
31.7 11.4 3.3 Fourie and Hat-tingh, 1983
Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 36.9 12 2.1 Balasch et al., 1973
Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
37.2 11.1 2.6 Balasch et al., 1973
Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 40.2 12.2 2.6 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007
Red Grouse (Lagopus lagopus)
46.7 14.4 3.7 6.7 Wilson and Wilson, 1978
Red-necked Spurfowl or Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer or Francolinus afer)
32.5 12.2 3.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)
43 14.9 2.8 Balasch et al., 1973
Turkey (Meleagris gal-lopavo)
36.5 17.4 1.0 7.8 Schmidt et al., 2009a
Gaviiformes
Common Loon (Gavia immer)
47 17 Haefele et al., 2005
Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata)
54 20.7 3.1 Bond and Gilbert, 1958
Gruiformes
Cranes
Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus)
34.0 14.7 2.1 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Common Crane (Grus grus)
42.7 14.6 2.4 21.9 10.6 Puerta et al., 1990
Florida Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pratensis)
44 12.6 2.2 Gee et al., 1981
Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida)
41 14.5 2.6 Gee et al., 1981
Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)
44 13.7 2.5 Gee et al., 1981
Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)
45 10.8 Carpenter, 2003
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials26
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)
45 12.7 Carpenter, 2003
Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
42 2.2 18.2 Carpenter, 2003
Coot (Fulica americana) 43.5 17.0 Mean: Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Rubio et al., 2012
Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)
45 2.7 3.9 Fontenot et al., 2006
Red-knobbed Coot or Crested Coot (Fulica cristata)
37.4 Rubio et al., 2012
Family Otididae
Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 51 13.0 3.0 33 Jimenez et al., 1991
Houbara Bustard (Chlamy-dotis undulate)
43 13.6 1.9 7.9 4.1 Howlett et al., 2002
Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis heuglinii)
43 12.5 2.2 4.2 5.11 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori)
47 14.1 2.3 7.3 5.5 Howlett et al., 1995
Little Black Bustard (Eupo-dotis afra)
44 14.6 2.7 7.85 10.5 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Red-crested Bustard (Lophotis ruficrista)
50 14.2 2.9 10.7 9.2 Howlett et al., 2002
White-bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)
45.5 14.7 2.4 12.3 7.6 Mean: D’Aloia et al., 1996; Howlett et al., 2002
Purple Swamphen (Por-phyrio porphyrio)
47.6 15.9 2.81 5.21 Celdrán et al., 1994
Passeriformes
Family Acanthizidae
Brown Thornbill (Acan-thiza pusilla)
44.8 16.3 3.0 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Corvidae
American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
12.7 Nemeth et al., 2011
Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
45.7 15.3 3.51 Mean: Carey and Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003
Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci-fraga columbiana)
49.3 14.8 4.46 Carey and Morton, 1976
Fish Crow (Corvus ossi-fragus)
18 Nemeth et al., 2011
27Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens)
29.5 11.1 1.78 Cooper, 1996.
Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 40.9 14.49 2.87 26.04 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Ihedioha et al., 2011
Raven (Corvus corax) 40.7 16.1 3.2 Balasch et al., 1974
Family Estrildidae
Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca)
44.1 15.1 3.81 Carey and Morton, 1976
Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina)
53.1 16.2 5.12 Carey and Morton, 1976
Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
51.9 16.2 4.37 Carey and Morton, 1976
Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus)
50.0 15.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, 1976
Gouldean Finch (Chloebia gouldi)
52.8 7.51 Gentz, 2003
Grey-headed Junco (Junco caniceps)
49.7 16.6 4.20 Carey and Morton, 1976
Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)
51.0 16.1 3.30 Carey and Morton, 1976
Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)
50.9 15.8 3.71 Carey and Morton, 1976
Red-browed firetail (Neo-chmia temporalis)
49.9 12.6 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995
Red-headed Finch (Amadina erythrocephala)
41.2 15.9 3.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia)
49.9 14.8 5.2 8.6 Llacuna et al., 1996
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
53.3 16.6 3.31 Carey and Morton, 1976
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
47.2 12.8 3.40 Carey and Morton, 1976
White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
51.3 16.4 3.84 Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Eurylamiidae
Green Broadbill (Calypto-mena viridis)
49.4 3.9 5.955 Gentz, 2003
Family Fringillidae
American Goldfinch (Car-duelis tristis)
56.35 17.05 4.24 Carey and Morton, 1976
European Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris)
51.0 14.0 Sepp et al., 2010
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials28
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Lesser Goldfinch (Cardu-elis psaltria)
52.5 17.0 Carey and Morton, 1976
Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus)
53.5 17.85 4.35 Carey and Morton, 1976
Cassin’s Finch (Haemorhous cassinii)
56.0 20.9 3.54 Carey and Morton, 1976
House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)
50.8 18.4 Carey and Morton, 1976
Purple Finch (Haemorhous purpureus)
51.9 17.0 Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Icteridae
Boat-tailed grackle (Quis-calus major)
46 Harms and Harms, 2012
Family Mimidae
Gray Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis)
48.0 Hatch et al., 2010
Floreana Mockingbird or Charles Mockingbird (Nesomimus trifasciatus)
44.5 18.8 Deem et al., 2011
Family Maluridae
Superb Fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus)
44.9 14.5 2.9 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Paridae
Great Tit (Parus major) 52.3 14.1 5.0 4.5 Llacuna et al., 1996
Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
48.1 12.6 3.29 Carey and Morton, 1976
Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli)
51.4 15.75 4.105 Carey and Morton, 1976
Siberian Tit (Poecile cinctus)
14.3 Krams et al., 2010
Family Parulidae
American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechialia)
50.2 13.5 3.53 Carey and Morton, 1976
Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata)
57.2 17.7 5.32 Carey and Morton, 1976
MacGillivray’s Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei)
58.45 19.4 3.54 Carey and Morton, 1976
Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia)
- 14.9 3.31 Carey and Morton, 1976
Nashville Warbler (Oreothlypis ruficapilla)
43.1 12.7 3.35 Carey and Morton, 1976
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
29Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Townsend’s Warbler (Setophaga townsendi)
50.8 18.4 4.92 Carey and Morton, 1976
Wilson’s Warbler (Cardel-lina pusilla)
54.1 16.7 4.80 Carey and Morton, 1976
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata)
50.64 16.6 4.47 Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Passeridae
Cape Sparrow (Passer melanurus)
39.1 12.5 3.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
45.15 12.3 4.1 18.9 Mean Puerta et al., 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012
Family Petroicidae
Eastern Yellow Robin (Eopsaltria australis)
45.3 15.3 2.4 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Pycnonotidae
Common Bulbul (Pyc-nonotus barbatus)
45.0 14.3 3.0 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Family Sturnidae
Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
46.6 14.2 4.4 Pages and Planas, 1983
Common Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)
47.1 12.3 3.46 23.9 Archawaranon, 2005
Superb Starling (Lamprot-ornis superbus)
49.4 15.7 4.18 9.333
Family Turdidae
American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
51.5 16.2 3.45 Carey and Morton, 1976
Blackbird (Turdus merula) 47.6 13.7 4.3 14.8 Llacuna et al., 1996
Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)
51.2 15.7 5.04 Carey and Morton, 1976
Swainson’s Thrush (Catha-rus ustulatus)
58.4 18.0 3.32 Carey and Morton, 1976
Pelecaniformes
Family Pelecanidae
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor)
45.1 2.5 15.0 Chou et al., 2008
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
41.9 14.2 2.7 Balasch et al., 1974
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea)
40.0 13.2 2.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials30
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Pink-backed Pelican (Pele-canus rufescens)
43 18.5 Weber, 2003
Family Frigatidae
Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor)
50.5 10.4 Work, 1996
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg-wayi)
42 16.8 3.0 3.9 Coke et al., 2004
Southern Giant Petrel (Macronectes giganteus)
47 4.0 Uhart et al., 2003
White Ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)
46 18.7 2.8 14.9 16.2 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004
Family Sulidae
Black-faced Cormorant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)
43.4 14.5 2.2 1.8 Melrose and Nicol, 1992
Brown Booby (Sula leuco-gaster)
45 10.3 Work, 1999
Great Cormorant (Phala-crocorax carbo)
43.5 13.8 2.9 Balasch et al., 1974
Flightless Cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)
49.2 - - 8.0 - Travis et al., 2006a
Guanay Cormorant (Phala-crocorax bougainvillii)
45 12.1 Weber, 2003
Imperial Cormorant (Phalacrocorax actriceps)
49.9 3.73 12.1 Gallo et al., 2013
Northern Gannet (Sula bassanus)
41 14.0 2.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Pelagic Cormorant (Phala-crocorax pelagicus)
30 3.1 Newman et al., 1997
Red-footed Booby (Sula sula)
48 9.9 Work, 1996
Phaethontiformes
Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton rubricauda)
50 6.8 Work, 1996
Phoenicopteriformes
Chilean flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus chiliensis)
46 16.9 2.8 6.6 Peinado et al., 1992b
Greater flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus tuber roseus)
49 18.0 2.9 6.2 Peinado et al., 1992b
Rosy flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus ruber ruber)
45 15.4 2.4 10.1 Peinado et al., 1992b
Lesser flamingo (Phoeni-conais minor)
46 15.4 2.2 11.9 Peinado et al., 1992b
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
31Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Procellariiformes
Cory’s Shearwater, (Calo-nectris diomedia)
47.6 33.8 63.8 Bried et al., 2011
Galápagos Petrel (Ptero-droma phaeopygia)
49 10.9 Work, 1996
Hawaiian Dark Rumped petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)
49 10.9 Work, 1996
Laysan Albatross (Diome-dea immutabilis)
38 22.4 Work, 1996
Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)
48 14.8 2.87 5.4 Stoskopf, 2003
Northern Fulmar (Fulma-rus glacialis)
32 3.4 Newman et al., 1997
Waved Albatross (Phoe-bastria irrorata)
38.2 5.9 Padilla et al., 2003
Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)
48 18.2 Work, 1996
Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)
50.0 17.0 4.0 Mean: Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980; Quillfeldt et al., 2004
Psittaciformes
Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)
38.7 13.2 Valéria et al., 2008
Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)
50 26.9 Deem et al., 2005
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)
47.6 16.3 5.1 5.5 Harper and Lowe, 1998
Cuban Amazon parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)
56 22 3.1 6.6 - Tell and Citino, 1992
Golden conures or arara-juba (Guaruba guarouba)
46 12.8 3.6 11.9 26.3 Prioste et al., 2012
Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot (Amazona Ventralis)
51.6 10.6 Guzman et al., 2008
Hyacinth Macaw (Anodo-rhynchus hyacinthinus)
50 13.5 Calle and Stewart, 1987
Kakapo (Strigops habrop-tilus)
40.5 14.0 18.4 Low et al., 2006
Kea (Nestor notabilis) 49.8 11.3 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 49.5 12.0 3.6 10.1 García del Campo et al., 1991
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials32
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Monk parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta mona-chus)
50 14.7 3.35 6.0 Godwin et al., 1982
Red-Capped Parrot (Pion-opsitta pileata)
46.7 15.8 2.1 8.7 Schmidt et al., 2009b
Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
46.8 2.9 9.2 Foldenauer et al., 2007
St Vincent parrot (Ama-zona guildingii)
40 1.9 8.7 Deem et al., 2008
Vinaceous Amazon Parrot (Amazona vinacea)
45.5 15.4 2.3 9.2 Schmidt et al., 2009b
Sphenisciformes
Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos-celis antarctica)
46.3 16.6 1.9 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Galápagos Penguin (Sphe-niscus mendiculus)
43.5 31.5 Travis et al., 2006b
Gentoo penguin (Pygosce-lis papua)
45 17.2 2.24 Hawkey et al., 1989
Humboldt Penguin (Sphe-niscus humboldti)
49.4 23.2 Wallace et al., 1995
Jackass Penguin (Sphenis-cus demersus)
47 15.4 1.6 11.6 Stoskopf et al., 1980
King Penguin (Apteno-dytes patagonicus)
47.8 16.7 1.49 14.35 Cranfield, 2003
Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor)
41 8.7 1.7 - - Nicol et al., 1988
Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
42 13.9 1.99 Hawkey et al., 1989
Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)
45 16.4 2.36 Hawkey et al., 1989
Strigiformes
African Grass Owl (Tyto capensis)
39.6 12.7 2.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
African Wood Owl (Strix woodfordii)
31.0 1.75 Cooper, 1975
Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 41.5 15.3 2.63 23.2 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Barred owl (Strix varia) 39.7 17.2 2.9 17.7 Elliot et al., 1974
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
45.1 15.9 2.23 8.9 Aguilar, 2003
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
33Blood Supplementary Materials
Species
Hemato-crit or Packed Cell Volume (%)
Hemo-globin g/dL
Erythro-cyte 106/mm3
Leukocyte count 103/mm3
Thrombocyte 103/mm3 References
Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio)
49.1 12.2 4.2 18.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 37.8 11.2 1.89 14.6 Aguilar, 2003
Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa)
42.2 7.9 14.96 Aguilar, 2003
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
32 7.7 2.2 Bond and Gilbert, 1958
Malay fishing owl (Ketupa ketupu)
47.5 2.6 13.2 Elliot et al., 1974
Nepal brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica)
37.5 2.1 39.6 Elliot et al., 1974
Short eared owl (Asio flammeus)
42 12.0 3.0 14.3 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003
Snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca)
38.2 12.6 2.8 28.1 Elliot et al., 1974 or Aguilar, 2003
Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata)
38.9 12.7 1.48 11.36 Aguilar, 2003
Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo africanus)
36.85 16.4 1.925 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Striped owl (Rhinoptynx clamator)
47.0 2.6 26.9 Elliot et al., 1974
Verreaux’s Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus)
36.0 17.9 1.26 Cooper, 1975
Trogoniformes
Crested Quetzal (Pharo-machrus antisianus)
40 12.9 1.41 8.8 Neiffer, 2003
Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharomachrus auriceps)
52.3 17.1 3.53 5.48 Neiffer, 2003
Javan Trogon (Apal-harpactes reinwardtii)
50 12.48 Neiffer, 2003
White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)
47.5 2.49 3.82 Neiffer, 2003
Classification based on the del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. eds (1992–2013) Handbook of the Birds of the World. 17 Volumes, Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona but with families Accipitridae and Cathartidae placed into a separate Order Accipitriformes following the Tree of Life.
TABLE 1 Summary of Blood Concentrations Erythrocytes, Leukocytes and Thrombocytes, together with Hemoglobin Concentration and Hematocrit in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials34
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Emu (Dromaius novahol-landiae)
226 Calculated from Mushi et al., 1999;Bonadiman et al., 2009
Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri-cana)
220 Calculated from Uhart et al., 2006
Lesser Rhea (Pterocnemia pennata)
217 Reissig et al., 2002
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 229 16.2 11.3 5.4 3.6 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009
Red-legged Tinamou (Cryp-turellus erythropus)
183 Calculated from Smith, 2003
Accipitriformes
Family Accipitridae
African Fish Eagle (Haliaee-tus vocifer)
203.4 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
African Harrier Hawk (Poly-boroides typus)
203.9 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
African Hawk-Eagle (Aquila spilogaster)
173.6 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)
197 Naidoo et al., 2008
Augur Buzzard (Buteo augur)
177.0 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
167 Elliot et al., 1974
Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
160.6 Hernández and Margalida, 2010
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 209.8 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Black Sparrowhawk (Accipiter melanoleucus)
179.4 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Black-shouldered Kite (Ela-nus axillaris)
242.5 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Cape Vulture (Gyps copro-theres)
164.3 Van Heerden et al., 1987
Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperi)
133.1 Calculated from Gessaman et al., 1986
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)
181 Elliot et al., 1974
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
188 15.1 7.9 6.7 2.4 Polo et al., 1992
Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus)
170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992
Gabar Goshawk ( Micronisus gabar)
190.7 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
35Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Golden Eagle (Aquila chry-saetos)
184 14.7 8.2 6.8 2.7 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992
Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)
170 14.1 7.7 6.8 2.5 Polo et al., 1992
Hooded Vulture (Necrosy-rtes monachus)
180.4 Elliot et al., 1974; Calcu-lated from Cooper, 1975
Lizard Buzzard (Kaupifalco monogrammicus)
166.2 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Long-crested Eagle (Lopha-etus occipitalis)
102.2 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus)
13.4 7.8 6.5 2.3 Lavin et al., 1993
Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spiza-etus ornatus)
222 Elliot et al., 1974
Pale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus)
210.3 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)
160.8 Calculated from Rehder et al., 1982
Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)
173 Elliot et al., 1974
South American Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis)
150 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
190 14.9 8.0 7.4 2.6 García-Montijano et al., 2002; Polo et al., 1992
Steppe Eagle (Aquila nipalensis)
165.1 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 166.2 14.3 7.6 Mean: Calculated from Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983;
Wahlberg’s Eagle (Aquila wahlbergi)
212.4
White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
171 Elliot et al., 1974
Family Cathartidae
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
175 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa)
123 Elliot et al., 1974
Secretary Bird (Sagittarius serpentarius)
248.3 Calculated from Cooper, 1975
Anseriformes
Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
134 Balasch et al., 1974
Black duck (Anas superciliosa)
145 Mulley, 1979
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials36
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Buffiehead (Bucephala albeola)
205.7 Calculated from Kocan, 1972
Canvasback Duck (Aythya valisineria)
203.9 Calculated from Kocan, 1972
Maccoa Duck (Oxyura maccoa)
121 12.2 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Mallard (Anas platyrhyn-chos)
167.5 Shave and Howard, 1971
Maned Duck (Chenonetta jubata)
163.1 Calculated from Mulley, 1980
Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth-rorhyncha)
127 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Ring-neck Duck (Aythya collaris)
196.4 Calculated from Kocan, 1972
Red-billed Teal (Anas eryth-rorhyncha)
127 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Wood duck (Chenonetta jubata)
164.2 Mulley, 1980
Yellow-billed Duck (Anas undulata)
128 12.5 7.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Canada Goose (Branta Canadensis)
161.5 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)
138 13.1 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Embden Goose (Anser anser)
146.2 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
Nene Goose (Branta sand-vicensis)
176.9 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
Snow Goose (Anser caer-ulescens)
204.5 Calculated from Williams and Trainer, 1971
Spur-winged Goose (Plec-tropterus gambensis)
153 12.9 7.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Tule White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)
148.3 Calculated from Williams and Trainer, 1971
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 169.8 Dolka et al., 2014
Black-necked Swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)
208 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009
Apodiformes
Alpine swift (Apus melba) 126 13.8 7.0 6.3 2.4 Palomeque et al., 1980
Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna)
90.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Pallid swift (Apus pallidus) 104 13.4 6.8 6.2 2.5 Palomeque et al., 1980
Swift (Apus apus) 109 13.6 6.9 6.2 2.2 Palomeque et al., 1980
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
37Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Caprimulgiformes
Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides)
181.4 Calculated from McCracken, 2003
Charadriiformes
Family Alcidae
Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)
127.1 12.05 6.57 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi-saea)
152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987
Little Auk (Plautus alle) 167 12.8 6.8 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987
Family Burhinidae
Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhinus bistriatus)
154.2 Ball, 2003
Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus)
167.3 Samour et al., 1998
Spotted Thick-knee (Burhi-nus capensis)
174.8 Samour et al., 1998
Family Charadriidae
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus)
116.9 Ball, 2003
Family Laridae
Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)
144 Balasch et al., 1974
European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
172.8 12.2 7.0 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Averbeck, 1992
Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)
200.3 12.4 7.1 Averbeck, 1992
Kelp Gull (Larus domini-canus)
107.2 12.59 6.60 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Family Recurvirostridae
American Avocet (Recurvi-rostra americana)
135.3 Ball, 2003
Black-winged Stilt (Himan-topus himantopus)
148.8 Ball, 2003
Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) or S. lönnbergi
124.4 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Great Skua (Stercorarius skua)
169 Bearhop et al., 1999
Family Sternidae
Antarctic Tern (Sterna vit-tata)
127.1 12.05 6.57 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Arctic Tern (Sterna paradi-saea)
152 12.7 6.6 Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1987
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials38
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Order Ciconiiformes
Family Ciconiidae
Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala)
139.5 Aengwanich et al., 2002
Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) 190.9 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1989
White Stork (Ciconia ciconia)
189.5 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1989
Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)
222.8 15.55 7.35 Salakij et al., 2004
Greater Adjutant (Leptopti-los dubius)
233.1 16.4 8.8 Salakij et al., 2004
Coliiformes
Blue-naped Mousebird (Urocolius macrourus)
117.5 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)
178.9 Calculated from Pye, 2003
White-backed Mousebird (Colius colius)
127.3 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Columbiformes
Laughing Dove (Spilopelia senegalensis)
162 12.5 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)
150 13.9 7.3 6.6 2.5 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pheasant pigeon (Otidip-haps nobilis)
159 13.5 7.6 6.3 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon (Ptilinopus porphyreus)
140.5 Schultz, 2003
Rock pigeon (Columba livia) 135 11.7 6.6 6.8 3.3 Balasch et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004
Pigeon domestic 147 11.9 6.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)
183 13.3 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
Speckled Pigeon (Columba guinea)
125 12.5 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Tambourine Dove (Turtur tympanistria)
108 12.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
169 13.6 8.1 5.8 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)
159 14.1 6.1 6.1 2.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
39Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Cuculiformes
Greater Roadrunner (Geo-coccyx californianus)
188.3 Abou-Madi, 2003
Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 150.7 Abou-Madi, 2003
Coraciiformes
Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)
198.8 Dutton, 2003
Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momota)
130 Dutton, 2003
Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
194.2 Dutton, 2003
Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus)
155.4 Dutton, 2003
Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 130.9 Dutton, 2003
Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora-cias caudatus)
131.7 Dutton, 2003
Micronesian Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamomi-nus)
147.4 Dutton, 2003
Falconiformes
Family Falconidae
Collared forest falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)
146 Elliot et al., 1974
Common Kestrel (Falco tin-nunculus)
169.1 Shen et al., 2008
Greater Kestrel or White-eyed Kestrel (Falco rupico-loides)
158 13.1 7.4 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Lanner Falcon (Falco biar-micusis)
151.5 12.8 7.8 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus)
150 Calculated from Gee et al., 1981
Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) 183.2 Samour et al., 1996
Southern Crested Caracara (Polyborus plancus)
155 Elliot et al., 1974
Galliformes
Black-fronted piping-guan (Penelope jacutinga)
174.5 Calculated from Motta et al., 2013
Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)
121.3 Calculated from Bond and Gilbert, 1958; Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007
Chicken (Gallus gallus) 127 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)
66 12.5 6.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials40
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 126.2 Calculated from Wilson and Wilson, 1978
Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris)
140 14.5 8.0 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus)
166 Cornejo et al., 2014
Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
80.5 Calculated from Belleville et al., 1982; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983; Schindler et al., 1987; Nirmalan and Robinson, 1971
Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) 154.6 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973;Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007
Natal Spurfowl or Natal Francolin (Pternistis natalensis or Francolinus natalensis)
95 12.5 7.5 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 175.7 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973
Pheasant (Phasianus col-chicus)
143.1 Calculated from Balasch et al., 1973
Red-necked Spurfowl or Red-necked Francolin (Pternistis afer or Francoli-nus afer)
100 12.6 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca)
153.6 Balasch et al., 1973
Gruiformes
Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradiseus)
160 13.9 8.7 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)
180 Carpenter, 2003
Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
204.5 Carpenter, 2003
Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)
166.7 Calculated from Fontenot et al., 2006
Purple Swamphen (Porphy-rio porphyrio)
170 Celdrán et al., 1994
Family Otididae
Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 178.7 Jimenez et al., 1991
Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis heuglinii)
198.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Houbara bustard (Chlamy-dotis undulata)
232 Howlett et al., 2002
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
41Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 208.5 13.5 6.4 Howlett et al., 1995
Little Black Bustard (Eupo-dotis afra)
170.2 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Red-crested Bustard (Lopho-tis ruficrasta)
176 Howlett et al., 2002
Rufous-crested bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista)
176 Howlett et al., 2002
White bellied bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)
171 Howlett et al., 2002
Passeriformes
Family Acanthizidae
Brown Thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla)
156.3 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Corvidae
American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
120 Gentz, 2003
Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata)
130.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976; Garvin et al., 2003
Clark’s Nutcracker (Nuci-fraga columbiana)
110.5 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Indian House Crow (Corvus splendens)
165.7 Calculated from Cooper, 1996.
Pied Crow (Corvus albus) 152 12.5 6.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Raven (Corvus corax) 128 Balasch et al., 1974
Family Emberizidae
Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)
134.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Eurylamidae
Green Broadbill (Calyptom-ena viridis)
122.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Estrildidae
Canyon Towhee (Melozone fusca)
115.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Chipping Sparrow (Spizella oronate)
103.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis)
118.8 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Green-tailed Towhee (Pipilo chlorurus)
152.0 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Grey-headed Junco (Junco caniceps)
118.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials42
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla)
154.5 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Lincoln’s Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii)
137.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Red-browed Firetail (Neo-chmia temporalis)
182.1 Breuer et al., 1995
Red-headed Finch (Ama-dina erythrocephala)
119 11.6 6.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia) 96.7 Llacuna et al., 1996
Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
161.0 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
138.8 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
133.6 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Fringillidae
American Goldfinch (Car-duelis tristis)
132.9 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Pine Siskin (Carduelis pinus) 123.0 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Cassin’s Finch (Haemorhous cassinii)
158.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Icteridae
Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)
154.3 Gentz, 2003
Family Irenidae
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
118 Gentz, 2003
Family Maluridae
Superb Fairy Wren (Malurus cyaneus)
172.3 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Meliphagidae
Blue-faced Honeyeater (Entomyzon cyanotis)
117 Gentz, 2003
Family Muscicapidae
Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argentauris)
185.6 Gentz, 2003
Family Paridae
Great Tit (Parus major) 105.6 Llacuna et al., 1996
Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)
146.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Mountain Chickadee (Poe-cile gambeli)
125.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
43Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Family Parulidae
American Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechialia)
142.2 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata)
107.5 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
MacGillivray’s Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei)
165.1 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Nashville Warbler ( Oreothlypis ruficapilla)
128.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Townsend’s Warbler (Setophaga townsendi)
103.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Wilson’s Warbler ( Cardellina pusilla)
112.7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga oronate)
113.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Family Passeridae
Cape Sparrow (Passer melanurus)
121 11.3 5.2 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
110.1 Calculated from Puerta et al., 1995; Harms and Harms, 2012
Family Petroicidae
Eastern yellow robin (Eopsaltria australis)
201.2 Breuer et al., 1995
Family Pittidae
Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 114.3 Gentz, 2003
Family Ploceidae
Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix)
133.5 Gentz, 2003
Family Pycnonotidae
Common Bulbul (Pycnono-tus barbatus)
150 12.5 6.9 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Family Sturnidae
Common Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)
125.1 Archawaranon, 2005
Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
105.9 Calculated from Pages and Planas, 1983
Superb Starling (Lamprotor-nis superbus)
126.6 Gentz, 2003
Family Turdidae
American Robin (Turdus migratorius)
149.3 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Blackbird (Turdus merula) 110. 7 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials44
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus)
101.6 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus)
175.9 Calculated from Carey and Morton, 1976
Pelecaniformes
Black-headed Ibis (Threski-ouris melanocephalus)
174 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
160 Balasch et al., 1974
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) 160 12.6 7.8 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridg-wayi)
140 Coke et al., 2004
White ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)
174 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004
Black-faced Cormorant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)
198 Melrose and Nicoll, 1992
Imperial Cormorant (Phala-crocorax actriceps)
133.9 Calculated from Gallo et al., 2013
Great Cormorant (Phalacro-corax carbo)
151 Balasch et al., 1974
Northern Gannet (Sula bassanus)
156 Balasch et al., 1974
Phoenicopteriformes
Chilean flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus chiliensis)
164.3 15.2 8.0 6.8 2.7 Peinado et al., 1992b or calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b
Greater flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus tuber roseus)
169.0 15.1 8.3 5.9 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b
Rosy flamingo (Phoenicop-terus ruber ruber)
187.5 14.8 8.2 6.7 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b
Lesser flamingo (Phoeni-conais minor)
209.1 15.1 8.1 7.1 2.6 Peinado et al., 1992b or calculated from Peinado et al., 1992b
Procellariiformes
Wilson’s Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)
124.6 11.81 6.41 Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980
Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus)
167.2 Stoskopf, 2003
Psittaciformes
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)
95.2 Harper and Lowe, 1998
Cuban Amazon parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)
180.6 Calculated from Tell and Citino, 1992
45Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Golden conures or arara-jubas (Guaruba guarouba)
132 Prioste et al., 2012
Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 137.5 Calculated from García del Campo et al., 1991
Monk parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta mona-chus)
150 Godwin et al., 1982
Red-Capped Parrot (Pionop-sitta pileata)
222.4 Calculated from Schmidt et al., 2009b
Spix’s macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
161.4 Calculated from Foldenauer et al., 2007
St Vincent parrot (Amazona guildingii)
210.5 Calculated from Deem et al., 2008
Vinaceous Amazon Parrot (Amazona vinacea)
197.8 Schmidt et al., 2009b
Sphenisciformes
Adélie Penguin (PygoscBlis adeliae)
14.9 10.8 Bonatto et al., 2008
Chinstrap Penguin (Pygos-celis antarcticus)
243.7 15.5 11.4 Calculated from Myrcha and Kostelecka-Myrcha, 1980 or Bonatto et al., 2008
Galápagos Penguin (Sphe-niscus mendiculus)
195 Travis et al., 2006
Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
206 15.3 10.9 Hawkey et al., 1989; Bonatto et al., 2008
Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
249.2 Cranfield, 2003
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
241.2 Cranfield, 2003
Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor)
229 18.8 9.2 - - Nicol et al., 1988
Magellanic Penguin (Sphe-niscus magellanicus)
215 Hawkey et al., 1989
Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)
195 Hawkey et al., 1989
Strigiformes
African Grass Owl (Tyto capensis)
183 12.5 7.6 Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
African Wood Owl (Strix woodfordii)
177.1 Cooper, 1975
Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 186.1 15.0 7.5 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Barred owl (Strix varia) 139 Elliot et al., 1974
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
199.9 Aguilar, 2003
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials46
TABLE 2 Erythrocyte Characteristics in Avian Species—cont’d
Volume fl Cell Nucleus References
Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba)
152 Elliot et al., 1974
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 232.8 Aguilar, 2003
Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio)
117 Elliot et al., 1974
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
212.8 Aguilar, 2003
Malay Fishing Owl (Ketupa ketupu)
188 Elliot et al., 1974
Nepal Brown Wood Owl (Strix leptogrammica)
181 Elliot et al., 1974
Short Eared Owl (Asio flam-meus)
140 Elliot et al., 1974
Snowy Owl (Nyctea scan-diaca)
136 Elliot et al., 1974
Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata)
260.4 Aguilar, 2003
Spotted Eagle-Owl (Bubo africanus)
188.5 12.5 10.0 Mean: Cooper, 1975; Fourie and Hattingh, 1983
Striped owl (Rhinoptynx clamator)
157 Elliot et al., 1974
Verreaux’s Eagle Owl (Bubo lacteus)
285.7 Cooper, 1975
Trogoniformes
Crested Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus antisianus)
284.7 Neiffer, 2003
Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharomachrus auriceps)
152.5 Neiffer, 2003
White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)
193 Neiffer, 2003
47Blood Supplementary Materials
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Emu (Dromaius novahollandiae) 63.2 32.1 1.2 2.5 0.8 Patodkar et al., 2008
Greater Rhea (Rhea americana) 65.2 18.9 7.1 7.7 0 Uhart et al., 2006
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 66.76 27 1.65 1.4 3.03 Mean: Mushi et al., 1999; Bonadiman et al., 2009
Red-legged Tinamou (Crypturel-lus erythropus)
57.4 39.4 2.9 <0.4 <0.4 Smith, 2003
Accipitriformes
Family Accipitridae
African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)
82.0 7.4 11.5 5.5 0 Naidoo et al., 2008
Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
70.4 23.7 2.7 2.8 0.6 Hernández and Margalida, 2010
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 32.0 40.0 1.0 24.1 2.9 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) 30.1 50.2 2.0 12.2 4.1 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
69.7 27.2 0.5 2.0 0.4 Polo et al., 1992
Eurasian Griffon (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992
European Honey Buzzard (Pernis apivorus)
29.8 55.3 1.25 9.0 4.8 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) 58.8 34.2 4.3 2.3 0 Polo et al., 1992
Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 57.8 40.7 0.5 0.9 0 Polo et al., 1992
Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) 44 40.3 1.3 11.8 2.3 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Marsh Harrier (Circus aerugi-nosus)
33 53.7 6.5 4.0 4.0 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) 70.7 16.6 2.5 12.3 0 Lavin et al., 1993
Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
37.15 42.5 3.8 16.6 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003
Red Kite (Milvus milvus) 19.5 48.8 0.75 28.3 2.8 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiters triatus)
27 63.5 1.6 7.7 0.4 Powers et al., 1994
Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
60.05 33.15 3.15 4.8 0 Mean: Polo et al., 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002
Swamp Harrier (Circus approxi-mans)
86.5 5.25 3.25 4.25 0.5 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax) 57.3 30 0.8 10 2 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
White-tailed Sea-eagle (Haliaee-tus albicilla)
32.3 55.0 2.0 9.5 3.3 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials48
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Family Cathartidae
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) 42.8 42 1.8 11 2.5 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
68.1 22.9 3.2 5.1 1.3 Dujowich et al., 2005
Anseriformes
Black Duck (Anas superciliosa) 24.7 66.1 7.4 1.1 0.8 Mulley, 1979
Wood Duck (Chenonetta jubata) 84.5 13.28 1.65 0.51 0.41 Mulley, 1980
Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
39 46 6 7 2 Cited in Sturkie, 1986
Snow Goose (Anser caerules-cens)
34.9 61.0 0.8 0.6 2.5 Williams and Trainer, 1971
Upland geese (Chloephaga picta)
28.5 66.3 Gladbach et al., 2010
Black-necked Swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)
26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.27 Norambuena and Bozinovic, 2009
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 39.0 55.3 2.2 1.1 2.4 Dolka et al., 2014
Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinators)
26.6 61.2 2.1 8.9 1.26 Olsen et al., 2002
Tundra Swan (Cygnus colum-bianus)
67.2 28.0 0.4 3.2 1.2 Milani et al., 2012
Caprimulgiformes
Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides)
41.1 45.5 3.8 7.2 2.47 McCracken, 2003
Charadriiformes
Family Burhinidae
Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhinus bistriatus)
51.4 32.6 7.8 4.5 3.7 Calculated from Ball, 2003
Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus capensis)
43.8 35.2 5.6 11.8 3.55 Samour et al., 1998
Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedic-nemus)
76.2 6.9 5.9 8.7 2.41 Samour et al., 1998
Family Charadriidae
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 35.9 48.4 8.2 2.2 3.1 Calculated from Ball, 2003
Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)
37.8 39 14.6 4.5 3.4 Calculated from Ball, 2003
Family Haematopodidae
American Oystercatchers (Haematopus palliates)
46.1 36.0 1.6 13.9 2.5 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010
Family Jacanidae
Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana) 62.1 20.9 1.1 4.1 11.8 Calculated from Ball, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
49Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Family Laridae
European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
35.5 60.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 Averbeck, 1992
Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)
35.2 61.0 1.4 0.7 2.0 Averbeck, 1992
Family Recurvirostridae
American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
65.5 30.4 1.1 1.7 1.3 Calculated from Ball, 2003
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)
41.6 47.8 5 2.9 2.6 Calculated from Ball, 2003
Family Scolopacidae
Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa)† 40.6 49.8 6.4 0.4 2.5 D’Amico et al., 2010
Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) 38 51 5.6 9.1 0.1 Fiorello et al., 2009
Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 24.7 67.3 0.8 5.8 1.3 Work, 1996
Ciconiiformes
Family Ardeidae
Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)
68.9 29.4 0.8 0.8 0.0 Celdrán et al., 1994
Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) 56.2 41.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 Fontenelle, 2001
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) 65.1 31.8 1.8 0.6 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994
Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) 55.5 40.3 2.5 1.2 0.5 Celdrán et al., 1994
Family Ciconiidae
Painted Stork (Mycteria leuco-cephala)
10.6 76.1 0 12 1 Aengwanich et al., 2002
Greater Adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius)
47.5 31.5 1.0 13.5 6.5 Salakij et al., 2004
Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus)
54.8 34.0 0.3 8.3 2.4 Salakij et al., 2004
Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) 55.1 24.3 3.3 13.6 3.7 Fontenelle, 2001
Family Threskiornithidae
Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia)
57.5 39.3 2.1 0.8 0.3 Celdrán et al., 1994
Black-headed Ibis (Threskiouris melanocephalus)
8.5 89.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2004
Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) 57.2 40.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 Celdrán et al., 1994
Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus ermita)
63.2 30.9 2.9 0 3.0 Dutton et al., 2002
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 21 62 7 1 12 Coke et al., 2004
Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) 62.1 27.6 0 5.5 4.8 Fontenelle, 2001
Coliiformes
Blue-naped Mousebird (Uroco-lius macrourus)
48.7 37.2 3.4 6.5 4.2 Calculated from Pye, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials50
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)
39.2 43.6 6.2 6.5 4.5 Calculated from Pye, 2003
White-backed Mousebird (Colius colius)
23.8 58 3.2 10.2 4.8 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Columbiformes
African Collared Dove (Strepto-pelia roseogrisea)
44.5 47.7 1.2 3.5 2.4 Lashev et al., 2009
Collared doves (Streptopelia decaocto)
41.7 53.5 0.5 2.1 1.5 Lashev et al., 2009
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia) 38.8 57.8 0.7 1.5 0.9 Lashev et al., 2009
Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)
52.2 37.4 2.1 2.7 0 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pheasant pPigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)
54.1 42.5 1.6 0.6 1.2 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pink-headed Fruit Pigeon (Ptili-nopus porphyreus)
29.7 57.5 5.5 5.3 2.1 Schultz, 2003
Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)
56 37 2 3 2 Peinado et al., 1992a
Victoria Crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
52.8 44.6 0.7 2.5 0.3 Peinado et al., 1992a
Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)
66.0 30.3 1.0 2.4 0.25 Peinado et al., 1992a
White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica)
27.2 64.9 2.5 3.2 2.28 Small et al., 2005
Coraciiformes
Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)
51.4 28.5 6.6 11.6 1.9 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Blue-crowned Motmot (Momo-tus momota)
39 36 7.4 14.4 3.17 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
51.5 36 6.7 3.2 2.61 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoe-niculus purpureus)
37.1 35.7 3.7 5.3 18.2 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 43.2 41.8 8.2 4 2.72 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus)
47.5 36.5 9.4 3.6 3.04 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamominus)
30.7 45.9 10.9 5.7 6.8 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Southern Carmine Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)
39.9 43.7 7.1 5.2 4.24 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
51Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Cuculiformes
Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)
45.3 31.7 6.1 14.2 2.7 Calculated from Abou-Madi, 2003
Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 41.9 19.6 14.4 14.4 9.8 Calculated from Abou-Madi, 2003
Falconiformes
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
47.9 46.9 2.1 1.0 2.08 Dressen et al., 1999
Common Falcon (Falco tinnunculus)
22.1 40.7 1.6 34 2.6 Cited in Powers et al., 1994
Peregrine falcon (Falco pereg-rinus)
35.9 43.8 2 18.3 0 Samour et al., 1996
Saker Falcons (Falco cherrug) 73.1 22.1 3.5 0 1.32 Samour et al., 1996
Galliformes
Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tym-panuchus cupido attwateri)
53.1 40.2 2.4 1.5 2.6 West and Haines, 2002
Black-fronted Piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)
19.4 73.2 1.7 5.1 0.6 Motta et al., 2013
Common or ringneck Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
48 34 8 1 10 Cited in Sturkie, 1986
Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocer-cus urophasianus)
36 62 1 0.2 1 Dunbar et al., 2005
Horned Guan (Oreophasis derbianus)
57 37 3.0 3.2 0 Cornejo et al., 2014
Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)
22 72 4 2.6 0.1 Schindler et al., 1987
Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) 36.4 52.9 5.3 3.9 3.1 Mean: Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985; Aengwanich and Tanomtong, 2007
Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca) 33 57.5 4.7 2.2 2.7 Dönmez and Sur, 2008
Red grouse (Lagopus lagopus) 31.4 62.4 3.0 2.0 1.3 Wilson and Wilson, 1978
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 36.4 51.1 4.4 1.3 6.7 Schmidt et al., 2009a
Gaviiformes
Common Loon (Gavia immer) 32 0 Haefele, et al., 2005
Gruiformes
Family Gruidae
Common Crane (Grus grus) 55.4 35.8 3.4 3.7 1.9 Puerta et al., 1990
Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)
41 48 6 5 0 Carpenter, 2003
Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) 37 58 2.3 2.0 2.6 Carpenter, 2003
Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)
53 39 3 5 0 Carpenter, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials52
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)
48 39 5 8 0 Carpenter, 2003
Whooping Crane (Grus ameri-cana)
56 41 2 1 0 Carpenter, 2003
Family Rallidae
Common Coot (Fulica atra) 26.7 67.8 2.2 1.95 0.55 Rubeo et al., 2012
Red-knobbed Coot (Fulica cristata)
18.1 78.5 2.2 0.79 0.75 Rubeo et al., 2012
Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni) 32.8 50.0 6.1 8.6 2.3 Fontenot et al., 2006
Family Otididae
Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 68.2 18.2 5.5 8.2 0 Jimenez et al., 1991
Heuglin’s Bustard (Neotis heuglinii)
37.5 46.3 9.9 2.9 3.3 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata)
40.9 52.5 4.1 0.5 2.1 Howlett et al., 2002
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 54.2 30.1 8.2 4.8 2.7 Howlett et al., 1995
Little Black Bustard (Eupodotis afra)
37.3 46.7 8.7 2.2 5.1 D’Aloia et al., 1996
Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio)
61.2 36.2 1.6 1.0 0.2 Celdrán et al., 1994
Red-crested bustard (Lophotis ruficrasta)
25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002
Rufous-crested Bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista)
25.9 58.5 9.3 5.0 1.2 Howlett et al., 2002
White bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)
40.0 46.1 7.9 1.1 4.6 Howlett et al., 2002
Passeriformes
African Pied Crow (Corvus albus)
67.9 28.5 1.28 1.59 0.36 Ihedioha et al., 2011
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
23.7 52.7 5.5 5.6 12.5 Gentz, 2003
Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) 30 55 8.0 3.0 2.5 From Sturkie, 1986
Blue-faced Honeyeater (Entomyzon cyanotis)
41.3 49.8 4.4 1.2 3.3 Gentz, 2003
Captive Hill Mynah (Gracula religiosa)
43.6 48.4 4.45 3.9 0.53 Archawaranon, 2005
Common Crow (Corvus brachy-rhynchos)
27.5 34.4 2.1 24.0 12.0 Gentz, 2003
European Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris)
21 55 Sepp et al., 2010
Floreana Mockingbird (Mimus trifasciatus)
16.9 72.2 2.5 8.8 0.2 Deem et al., 2011
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
53Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Gouldean Finch (Chloebia gouldi)
16.5 52.4 3.4 17.8 10 Gentz, 2003
Green Broadbill (Calyptomena viridis)
35.1 49.4 5.1 4.8 5.6 Gentz, 2003
Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 27 44.1 12.2 11.9 4.8 Gentz, 2003
Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)
31.7 48.6 8.5 3.9 7.3 Gentz, 2003
Rufous-collared sparrows (Zono-trichia capensis)
23.1 76.1 2.5 1.0 2.4 Ruiz et al., 2002
Siberian Tit (Poecile cinctus) 6.9 81.3 0 8.9 0 Krams et al., 2010
Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argentauris)
20.5 46.7 4 17.6 11.2 Gentz, 2003
Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix)
22.3 60.1 7.1 2.5 8 Gentz, 2003
Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus)
17.2 59.9 6.1 8.1 8.8 Gentz, 2003
Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)
23.3 52.1 5.8 1.2 17.5 Gentz, 2003
Pelecaniformes
Family Pelecanidae
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occi-dentalis)
60.9 23.6 4.2 7.4 4 Calculated from Weber, 2003
Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)
66.9 19.5 5.3 5.1 3.1 Calculated from Weber, 2003
Family Frigatidae
Great Frigatebird (Fregata minor)
68.0 11.5 0.4 13.6 0.5 Work, 1996
Family Phaethontidaes
Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton rubricauda)
49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996
Family Phalacrocoracidae
Black-faced Cormorant (Leuco-carbo fuscescens)
33 49 12 4 0.1 Melrose and Nicol, 1992
Flightless Cormorant (Phalacro-corax harrisi)
36.6 40.0 2.2 20.8 0.5 Travis et al., 2006a
Guanay Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax bougainvillii)
64.4 25.2 7.3 3.1 0 Weber, 2003
Imperial Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax actriceps)
48.6 43.6 3.4 8.7 0.04 Gallo et al., 2013
Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacroco-rax pelagicus)
61 27 2 8 2 Newman et al., 1997
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials54
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Family Sulidae
Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster) 70.2 11.8 3.7 12.4 2.1 Work, 1999
Red-footed Booby (Sula sula) 57.8 32.8 1.9 5.8 1.6 Work, 1996
Phaethontiformes
Red-tailed tropicbird (Phaeton rubricauda)
49.4 30.6 1.8 17.3 1.0 Work, 1996
Phoenicopteriformes
Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop-terus chiliensis)
31.4 65.3 1.7 1.2 0 Peinado et al., 1992b
Greater flamingo (Phoenicop-terus tuber roseus)
37.6 59.5 0.3 1.9 0.7 Peinado et al., 1992b
Rosy flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber)
36.0 61.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 Peinado et al., 1992b
Lesser flamingo (Phoeniconais minor)
26.7 67.4 0.6 5.8 0.2 Peinado et al., 1992b
Procellariiformes
Cory’s shearwater (Calonectris diomedia)
37.9 17.0 1.8 43.6 0 Bried et al., 2011
Hawaiian Dark rumped petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)
31.1 39.8 0.9 18.1 10.1 Work, 1996
Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)
47.9 21.9 0.1 25.0 5.0 Work, 1996
Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)
29 56 2 13 0 Newman et al., 1997
Southern Giant Petrel (Macro-nectes giganteus)
52.4 32.5 5.0 10.0 0.15 Uhart et al., 2003
Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)
66.1 30.5 1.7 1.7 0 Padilla et al., 2003
Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)
22.0 71.1 2.5 2.6 1.7 Work, 1996
Psittaciformes
Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva)
89.8 7.1 0.9 1.7 0.1 Deem et al., 2005
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)
39.7 48.0 9.1 0.6 2.7 Harper and Lowe, 1998
Cuban Amazon Parrot (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)
16 84 0 1 0 Tell and Citino, 1992
Golden Conure or ararajubas (Guaruba guarouba)
52.8 46.0 0.9 0.1 0.2 Prioste et al., 2012
Hispaniolan Amazon Parrot (Amazona Ventralis)
48.1 37.7 9.4 0.9 1.4 Guzman et al., 2008
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
55Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhyn-chus hyacinthinus)
75 22.6 0.9 0.6 0.8 Calle and Stewart, 1987
Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 80.1 16.3 0.8 1.6 0.9 Low et al., 2006
Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) 42.2 49.9 4.5 0.8 2.4 García del Campo et al., 1991
Monk Parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta monachus)
11.5 82 2.5 0.5 1.5 Godwin et al., 1982
Red-Capped Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata)
45.7 44.7 2.5 1.5 1.5 Schmidt et al., 2009b
St Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii)
58.9 41.1 1.1 0 0 Deem et al., 2008
Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
56.4 41.1 3.1 0.6 0 Foldenauer et al., 2007
Vinaceous Amazon Parrot (Amazona vinacea)
39.3 56.8 1.0 1.7 1.2 Schmidt et al., 2009b
Sphenisciformes
Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
65.3 23.9 3.9 4.5 2.5 Paris Zinsmeister and Van der Heyden, 1987
Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)
61.6 37.1 2.3 0 0.3 Paris Zinsmeister and Van der Heyden, 1987
Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus)
57.6 31.5 2.4 8.0 0.4 Travis et al., 2006b
Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
41 54 0.9 4.5 0.0 Hawkey et al., 1989
Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
63.8 32.5 2.9 0.8 0 Stoskopf et al., 1980
Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)
52.6 34.9 3.4 0 1.7 Wallace et al., 1995
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
39.5 48.9 4.6 1.6 5.4 Canfield, 2003
Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)
31 60 1.2 6.4 0.12 Hawkey et al., 1989
Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome)
29 63 1.8 6.4 0.6 Hawkey et al., 1989
Strigiformes
Barred Owl (Strix varia) 43.7 37.9 4.6 6.8 6.9 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicu-laria)
42.4 36.3 5.3 10.3 5.6 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Common Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 51.3 33.7 3.7 8.5 2.8 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials56
Hetero-phils %
Lympho-cytes %
Mono-cytes %
Eosino-phils %
Baso- phils % References
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 50 38.1 5.3 10.4 5.6 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Eastern Screech Owl (Otis asio) 37.3 35.9 6.6 15.4 4.7 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa) 25.2 63.4 4.1 5.9 1.3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
50.4 29.7 6.5 10.6 2.9 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Short-eared Owl (Asio fl ammeus)
53.3 34.9 8.7 1 2.1 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiacus) 47.9 39.3 4.9 4.9 3 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix per-spicillata)
41.1 39.7 3.7 11.5 4.1 Calculated from Aguilar, 2003
Trogoniformes
Crested Quetzal (Pharomachrus antisianus)
70 26 4 0 0 Neiffer, 2003
Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharo-machrus auriceps)
33.2 52.2 8.6 5.1 1.1 Neiffer, 2003
Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)
59.9 21.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 Neiffer, 2003
White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)
19.1 35 0.4 0 48.7 Neiffer, 2003
TABLE 3 Summary of Differential Count of Leukocytes in Avian Species—cont’d
57Blood Supplementary Materials
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) 144.4 - 3.6 - - Bonadiman et al., 2009
Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri-cana)
161.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 Uhart et al., 2006
Greater Rhea (Rhea ameri-cana)
161.7 4.5 3.8 2.0 Uhart et al., 2006
Lesser rRea (Pterocnemia pennata)
3.2 Reissig et al., 2002
Accipitriformes
Family Accipitridae
African Fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)
153 115 1.6 2.4 0.74 Hollamby et al., 2004
African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)
153.7 1.4 1.7 Naidoo et al., 2008
Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
2.4 0.9 Hernández and Margalida, 2010
Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 2.32 Ferrer et al., 1987
Cape Vulture (Gyps copro-theres)
157 117 1.2 2.7 0.8 Van Heerden et al., 1987
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987
Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)
2.35 Ferrer et al., 1987
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
152 100 1.6 2.7 2.35 Polo et al., 1992
Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis)
152 121 2.0 1.97 0.8 Deem et al., 2012
Golden Eagle (Aquila chry-saetos)
162 107 2.2 2.7 1.5 Polo et al., 1992
Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus) 155 98 2.1 3.5 1.5 Polo et al., 1992
Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
158.6 3.0 1.2 1.19 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003
South American Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis)
154 115 2.8 2.3 1.5 Gee et al., 1981
Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
156.5 104 2.6 2.6 1.5 Mean: Polo et al., 1992; García- Montijano et al., 2002
Swamp Harrier (Circus approximans)
156.7 124 2.83 2.46 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Family Cathartidae
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
147 111 2.9 2.2 0.7 Gee et al., 1981
California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)
146 115 3.0 2.9 0.7 Dujowich et al., 2005
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials58
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Anseriformes
Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
150 120 2.1 Balasch et al., 1974
Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)
1.4 Mulley, 1979
Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)
2.7 2.3 Stoskopf et al., 2010
Geese
Aleutian Canada Goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)
147 105 3.4 2.6 0.9 Gee et al., 1981
Embden Goose (Anser anser) 140 101 3.1 2.6 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Emperor Geese (Chen canagica)
1.1 Franson et al., 2009
Nene Goose (Branta sandvi-censis)
166 99 2.5 2.6 0.8 Gee et al., 1981
Tule White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)
146 112 3.3 2.5 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) 144.3 6.8 2.7 1.6 Dolka et al., 2014
Caprimulgiformes
Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoides)
155 111 2.8 2.32 1.35 McCracken, 2003
Charadriiformes
American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
155 115 3.2 2.17 0.81 Ball, 2003
American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates)
150.7 3.2 2.1 0.8 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010
Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus
160 119 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Black-winged Stilt (Himanto-pus himantopus)
147 113 2.22 0.74 Ball, 2003
Common Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)
160.1 119 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Common Murre (Uria aalge) 155.0 114 3.6 Frankfurter et al., 2012
Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhinus bistriatus)
153 121 2.7 2.25 1.94 Ball, 2003
European Herring Gull (Larus argentatus)
157 121 1.8 Balasch et al., 1974
Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) 2.35 0.77 Ball, 2003
Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)
2.75 Ball, 2003
Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata) 2.3 1.3 Work, 1996
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
59Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
South Polar Skua (Stercorarius maccormicki)
121 Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992
Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana)
3.3 1.10 Ball, 2003
Ciconiiformes
Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus ermita)
2.3 Dutton et al., 2002
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004
Coliiformes
Blue-naped Mousebird (Uro-colius macrourus)
187.3 124.3 1.9 2.0 1.5 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)
2.2 1.7 Calculated from Pye, 2003
White-backed Mousebird (Colius colius)
4.45 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Columbiformes
Pigeon (Columba livia) 160 117 2.1 Balasch et al., 1974
Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica)
150 107.5 2.4 2.5 4.4 Mean: Peinado et al., 1992a; Schultz, 2003
Pheasant Pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)
130 4.0 4.4 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptili-nopus porphyreus)
162 120 2.6 2.5 1.81 Schultz, 2003
Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)
101 2.2 2.2 Peinado et al., 1992a
Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
105 2.4 1.8 Peinado et al., 1992a
Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheepmakeri)
100 Peinado et al., 1992a
Coraciiformes
Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)
154 117 3.1 2.3 1.16 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momota)
158 120 2 2.5 1.71 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
153 111 4.5 2.17 1.52 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Green Wood Hoopoe (Phoeniculus purpureus)
159 111 1.9 2.275 1.19 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Hoopoe (Upupa epops) 183 125 2.9 2.1 2.65 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials60
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Lilac-breasted Roller (Cora-cias caudatus)
158 118 2.9 2.25 0.90 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamominus)
160 127 3.1 2.22 0.81 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Southern Carmine Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)
157 111 4.4 1.87 0.71 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Cuculiformes
Greater Roadrunner (Geococ-cyx californianus)
157 121 2.7 2.5 1.2 Abou-Madi, 2003
Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira) 2.4 2.9 Abou-Madi, 2003
Falconiformes
American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)
158 108 2.2 1.8 3.0 Dressen et al., 1999
Artic Peregrine Falcon (Falco perigrinus tundrius)
- - - 1.8 0.9 Gee et al., 1981
Galliformes
Attwater’s Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)
3.4 5.5 West and Haines, 2002
Black-fronted Piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)
2.7 2.7 Moota et al., 2013
Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)
161 115 3.9 2.6 1.6 Mean: Gee et al., 1981; Johnson et al., 2007
Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)
155 117 9.1 2.1 2.1 Ozek and Bahtiyarca, 2004
Greater sage grouse (Centro-cercus urophasianus)
5.3 2.3 Dunbar et al., 2005
Guinea fowl (Numida melea-gris)
160.6 122.5 2.2 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Drew, 2003
Peacock (Pavo cristatus) 158.6 114.0 3.6 Balasch et al., 1973
Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
154.8 120.4 3.3 Balasch et al., 1973
Rock Partridge (Alectoris graeca)
153.9 112.8 3.2 Balasch et al., 1973
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus bankivas) (Java)
156.7 119.0 3.5 Balasch et al., 1973
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 2.0 Drew, 2003
Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa)
161 4.3 2.9 Drew, 2003
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
61Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Gruiformes
Family Gruidae
Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis)
149 109 3.4 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabid
147 107 3.5 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)
147 103 3.6 2.4 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)
148 107 2.8 2.7 1.1 Carpenter, 2003
Siberian Crane (Grus leuco-geranus)
149 109 2.9 2.6 1.2 Carpenter, 2003
Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)
146 108 3.2 2.7 0.9 Carpenter, 2003
Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
147 107 3.4 2.3 0.9 Gee et al., 1981
Family Rallidae
Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)
120 1.8 3.05* 1.13* Fontenot et al., 2006 (* units corrected)
Takahē (Porphyrio hochstet-teri)
145.8 108.4 4.2 2.67 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Family Otididae
Great Bustard (Otis tarda) 162.2 2.7 5.0 0.94 Barrera et al., 1992
Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulate)
149.0 113.5 3.7 2.46 0.77 D’Aloia et al., 1996a
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori) 154.5 115.3 2.94 1.33 D’Aloia et al., 1996b
White-Bellied Bustard (Eupo-dotis senegalensis)
2.42 Bailey et al., 1998
Passeriformes
American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
152 120 4.4 2.05 1.13 Genz, 2003
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
158 121 2.3 2.075 1.61 Genz, 2003
Blue-faced Honeyeater (Ento-myzon cyanotis)
2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003
Green Broadbill (Calyptom-ena viridis)
2.3 1.65 Genz, 2003
Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida) 2.975 2.55 Genz, 2003
Raven (Corvus corax) 162 132 2.4 Balasch et al., 1974
Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)
1.925 2.03 Genz, 2003
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials62
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argentauris)
2.475 2.48 Genz, 2003
Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus)
122 2.025 0.71 Genz, 2003
Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)
163 122 2.8 2.35 3.06 Genz, 2003
Pelecaniformes
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis)
151 114.5 4.15 2.2 1.3 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Wolf et al., 1985
Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)
149 109 3.3 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003
Black-faced cormorant (Leu-cocarbo fuscescens)
142 112.3 5.9 2.6 2.6 Melrose and Nicol, 1992
Flightless cormorant (Phala-crocorax harrisi)
150.4 109.0 - 2.2 4.4 Travis et al., 2006a
Great Cormorant (Phalacro-corax carbo)
154 119 2.5 Balasch et al., 1974
Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)
3.9 3.4 Work, 1996
Guanay Cormorant (Phalacro-corax bougainvillii)
160 114 3.4 2.3 0.8 Weber, 2003
Imperial Shag (Phalacrocorax actriceps)
2.3 1.37 Gallo et al., 2013
Brown Booby (Sula leuco-gaster)
2.7 1.3 Work, 1999
Northern Gannet (Morus bas-sanus or Sula bassanus)
153 124 3.0 Balasch et al., 1974
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) 143 115 3.5 2.3 1.0 Coke et al., 2004
Phaethontiformes
Red-tailed tropicbird (Pha-eton rubricauda)
1.7 1.6 Work, 1996
Phoenicopteriformes
Chilean flamingo (Phoenicop-terus chiliensis)
153.1 116.4 2.2 2.7 Norton, 2003
American flamingo (Phoe-nicopterus ruber)
157.5 117 3.2 2.5 1.4 Norton, 2003
Podicipediformes
Western Grebe (Aechmopho-rus occidentalis)
153.9 117.9 3.9 Frankfurter et al., 2012
Procellariiformes
Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeopygia)
1.7 0.3 Work, 1996
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
63Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)
2.7 2.0 Work, 1996
Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)
153.3 4.5 Frankfurter et al., 2012
Southern Giant Petrel (Macro-nectes giganteus)
154.5 121.3 <1.5 2.3 0.8 Uhart et al., 2003
Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)
153 118 3.7 2.5 1.1 Padilla et al., 2003
Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus)
2.2 0.5 Work, 1996
Psittaciformes
Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)
147.1 3.5 0.8 Valéria et al., 2008
Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrots (Amazona aestiva)
152 6.1 1.7 0.6 Deem et al., 2005
Galah (Eolophus roseicapilla) 106.0† 10.3 1.7 6.9 McDonald et al., 2010
Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 148 4.5 2.4 1.0 Low et al., 2006
Kea (Nestor notabilis) 145.1 112.8 4.4 2.1 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Long-billed Corella (Cacatua tenuirostris)
108.0† 8.0 1.8 7.0 McDonald et al., 2010
Spix’s Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)
0.8 Foldenauer et al., 2007
St Vincent Parrot (Amazona guildingii)
144 3.1 2.0 1.2 Deem et al., 2008
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)
95.4† 8.3 1.7 5.7 McDonald et al., 2010
Order Pteroclidiformes
Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata)
147 111 2.5 2.55 0.72 Lierz and Fenske, 2004
Sphenisciformes
Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
158 117 3.8 Aquilera et al., 1974;
Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus)
156 117 3.5 Aquilera et al., 1974; 1992
Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
156.3 118.5 3.9 2.5 1.6 Travis et al., 2006
Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
156 117 4.1 Aquilera et al., 1974
Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)
154 3.5 3.5 1.4 Wallace et al., 1995
Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
150 111 4.5 2.7 1.3 Cranfield, 2003
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials64
Na+ mM Cl- mM K+ mM Ca++ mM P mM References
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
157 110 3.0 2.7 1.2 Cranfield, 2003
Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocomes)
154.8 118.1 4.3 1.7 2.0 Mean: Karesh et al., 1999; Maxime and Hassani, 2014
Strigiformes
Barn Owl (Tyto alba) 153 118 2.8 2.2 1.2 Aguilar, 2003
Barred owl (Strix varia) 150 110 3.3 2.4 1.42 Aguilar, 2003
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia)
150 111 3.2 2.18 1.36 Aguilar, 2003
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) 166 132 2.8 2.45 2.8 Aguilar, 2003
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
159 121 2.5 2.45 1.87 Aguilar, 2003
Great Grey Owl (Strix nebu-losa)
152 119 3.5 2.37 1.91 Aguilar, 2003
Short eared Owl (Asio flam-meus)
157 136 2.9 2.3 2.58 Aguilar, 2003
Screech Owl (Otus asio) 152 116 3.0 2.2 1.36 Aguilar, 2003
Snowy owl (Nyctea scan-diaca)
152 117 2.8 2.35 1.29 Aguilar, 2003
Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata)
156 119 2.6 3.04 1.78 Aguilar, 2003
Trogoniformes
Crested Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus antisianus)
4.3 Neiffer, 2003
Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharomachrus auriceps)
158 121 2.4 2.3 1.1 Neiffer, 2003
Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)
2.9 1.2
White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)
2.2 0.4
†Outside mean +/- 5 S.D.
TABLE 4 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Ions in Avian Species (for Glucose Concentrations See Supplementary Materials for Carbohydrate Chapter)—cont’d
65Blood Supplementary Materials
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
40.5 17 22 0.3 0.42 Mean: Okotie-Eboh et al., 1992; Smith, 2003
Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
46.5 16.9 29.6 0.4 Mean: Smith, 2003; Bonadiman et al., 2009
Greater rhea (Rhea americana)
48.2 25.8 22.5 0.3 Uhart et al., 2006
Accipitriformes
African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer)
48 1.0 Hollamby et al., 2004
African White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus)
33.5 11.7 21.8 0.65 3.21 Naidoo et al., 2008
Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
41 Elliot et al., 1974
Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus)
40 0.2 Hernández and Margalida, 2010
Black Kite (Milvus migrans)
37 12 24 1.20 Ferrer et al., 1987
Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pen-natus)
38 8 29 1.47 Ferrer et al., 1987
Cape Vulture (Gyps coprotheres)
37.8 19.2 18.6 Van Heerden et al., 1987
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo)
38 10 28 0.83 3.75 Ferrer et al., 1987; Garcia-Rodriguez et al., 1987
Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela)
56 Elliot et al., 1974
Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca)
33 10 22 1.67 Ferrer et al., 1987
Egyptian Vulture (Neophron perc-nopterus)
39 15.3 20.4 0.2 1.6 Polo et al., 1992
Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapa-goensis)
33 12.5 21 1.1 Deem et al., 2012
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
33.5 9.5 17.1 0.3 1.8 Mean: Elliot et al., 1974; Polo et al., 1992
Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus)
39 17.7 25.8 0.3 1.3 Polo et al., 1992
(Continued)
Blood Supplementary Materials66
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus)
42 Elliot et al., 1974
Marsh Harrier ( Circus aeruginosus)
34.7 Lavin et al., 1992
Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
27 11 16 0.75 Hanauska-Brown et al., 2003
Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus)
48 Elliot et al., 1974
South American Snail Kite (Rostrha-mus sociabilis)
37 13 23 0.67 2.3 Gee et al., 1981
Spanish Impe-rial Eagle (Aquila adalberti)
38 10.7 19.2 0.19 1.6 Mean; Polo et al., 1992; García-Montijano et al., 2002
Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni)
0.39 2.45
Swamp Harrier (Circus approximans)
33 14 19 0.31 Calculated from Youl, 2009
White-bellied Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)
50 Elliot et al., 1974
Family Cathartidae
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)
37 13 23 0.53 1.7 Gee et al., 1981
California Condor (Gymnogyps cali-fornianus)
30 11 22 0.30 Dujowich et al., 2005
King Vulture (Sar-coramphus papa)
41 Elliot et al., 1974
Anseriformes
Common Pochard (Aythya ferina)
17.9 8.0 7.4 0.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Pekin or domestic Duck (Anas platy-rhynchos)
30 - - 0.17 - Zhang et al., 2005
Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histri-onicus)
34 13 21 - - Stoskopf et al., 2010
Black Duck (Anas superciliosa)
43.2 30.4 5.4 0.09 Mulley, 1979
Aleutian Canada goose (Branta canadensis leuco-parea)
48 20 28 0.49 0.5 Gee et al., 1981
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
67Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Embden Goose (Anser anser)
44 17 27 0.45 0.7 Gee et al., 1981
Emperor Geese (Chen canagica)
48 - - 0.42 0.34 Franson et al., 2009
Nene Goose (Branta sandvi-censis)
44 18 26 0.48 0.3 Gee et al., 1981
Tule White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons)
44 17 27 0.64 0.5 Gee et al., 1981
Black-necked Swan (Cygnus melanocoryphus)
55.1 21.9 33.2 0.75 0.52 Artachoa et al., 2007
Coscoroba Swan (Coscoroba coscoroba)
0.15 Pérez Calabuig et al., 2010
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)
45.7 15.2 30.5 0.33 1.7 Dolka et al., 2014
Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccina-tors)
48 14 34 0.26 0.75 Olsen et al., 2002
Tundra Swan (Cyg-nus columbianus)
35 13 22 0.48 0.5 Milani et al., 2012
Caprimulgiformes
Tawny Frogmouth (Podargus strigoi-des)
35 20 15 0.47 McCracken, 2003
Charadriiformes
American Oyster-catcher (Haemato-pus palliates)
40 17.7 21.2 0.4 Carlson-Bremer et al., 2010
American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana)
30 12 18 0.44 Ball, 2003
Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus or Larus ridibundus)
36.7 19.6 17.1 1.9 Balasch et al., 1974
Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)
36 22 13 0.42 Ball, 2003
Double-striped Thick-knee (Burhi-nus bistriatus)
35 14 18 0.44 Ball, 2003
European Herring Gull (Larus argen-tatus)
30.6 16.0 14.6 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Killdeer (Char-adrius vociferus)
29 11 16 0.45 Ball, 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials68
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Piping Plover (Cha-radrius melodus)
45 13 32 0.30 Ball, 2003
Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa)†
35 20 14.8 D’Amico et al., 2010
Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata)
33 15 18 0.7 Work, 1996
South Polar Skua (Stercorarius mac-cormicki)
28 8.2 19.8 Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992
Spotted Thick-knee (Burhinus capensis)
36.0 14.0 22.0 1.23 Samour et al., 1998
Stone Curlew (Burhinus oedic-nemus)
39.8 10.5 29.8 0.77 Samour et al., 1998
Wattled Jacana (Jacana jacana)
42 21 24 0.4 Ball, 2003
Ciconiiformes
Black Stork (Cico-nia nigra)
35 0.76 2.1 Puerta et al., 1989
Black-crowned Night Heron (Nyc-ticorax nycticorax)
34 14.6 19.4 0.38 1.8 Fontenelle, 2001
Cattle Egret (Bubul-cus ibis)
34 16.3 17.7 0.23 1.6 Fontenelle, 2001
Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)
33 16.5 16.5 0.47 1.6 Fontenelle, 2001
Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus ermita)
36 10 26 0.7 Dutton et al., 2002
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)
38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., 2004
White Stork (Cico-nia ciconia)
45 0.85 2.4 Puerta et al., 1989
Coliiformes
Blue-naped Mousebird (Uroco-lius macrourus)
37.5 0.33 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Speckled Mousebird (Colius striatus)
37 12 24 0.45 Calculated from Pye, 2003
Columbiformes
Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)
29.8 9 24 0.3 1.2 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Gayathri et al., 2004
Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nico-barica)
32.6 14.8 6.9 0.61 1.0 Peinado et al., 1992a
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
69Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Pheasant pigeon (Otidiphaps nobilis)
32.7 15.4 13.3 0.78 0.9 Peinado et al., 1992a
Pink-headed Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus porphyreus)
36 15 18 0.54 Schultz, 2003.
Western or Common crowned pigeon (Goura cristata)
44.6 21.8 17.4 0.41 1.4 Peinado et al., 1992a
Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria)
35.8 17.4 11.9 0.41 1.7 Peinado et al., 1992a
Southern Crowned or Scheep Maker’s crowned pigeon (Goura scheep-makeri)
40.5 20.4 13.3 0.31 1.6 Peinado et al., 1992a
Coraciiformes
Northern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus)
34 19 15 0.83 0.57 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Blue-crowned Motmot (Momotus momota)
43 23 20 1.0 0.5 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
40 21 20 1.67 0.45 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Green Wood Hoo-poe (Phoeniculus purpureus)
30 10 15 1.167 1.10 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Hoopoe (Upupa epops)
36 15 7 1.33 0.89 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Lilac-breasted Roller (Coracias caudatus)
33 18 15 0.50 0.43 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Micronesian Kingfisher (Todir-amphus cinnamo-minus)
36 19 19 1.33 0.65 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Southern Carmine Bee-eater (Merops nubicoides)
32 23 9 0.83 0.68 Calculated from Dutton, 2003
Cuculiformes
Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus)
34 15 18 1.2 0.4 Abou-Madi, 2003
Guira Cuckoo (Guira guira)
0.5 0.6 Abou-Madi, 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials70
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Falconiformes
American Kestrels (Falco sparverius)
32 10 12 0.53 1.0 Dressen et al., 1999
Artic Peregrine falcon (Falco perig-rinus tundrius)
33 9 24 0.68 1.2 Gee et al., 1981
Collared Forest Falcon (Micrastur semitorquatus)
45 Elliot et al., 1974
Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni)
0.90 4.0 Rodríguez, 2011
Southern Crested Caracara (Poly-borus plancus)
38 Elliot et al., 1974
Galliformes
Attwater’s Prairie Chickens (Tym-panuchus cupido attwateri)
32.6 15.6 17.8 0.52 West and Haines, 2002
Black-fronted Piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga)
0.91 1.38 Motta et al., 2013
Bobwhite Quail (Colinus virginianus)
38 20 18 0.5 0.5 Gee et al., 1981
Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar)
42 0.2 Ozek and Bahtiyarca, 2004
Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocer-cus urophasianus)
52.1 21 31.1 0.31 1.3 Mean: Dunbar et al., 2005; Dyer et al., 2009
Grouse (Lagopus lagopus)
39.4 19.7 17.9 0.36 Wilson and Wilson, 1978; Korhonen, 1987
Guinea fowl (Numida melea-gris)
44.3 0.3 0.7 Balasch et al., 1973
Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus)
44.3 0.15 1.02 Mean: Balasch et al., 1973; Adnan and Amin Babjee, 1985
Peacock (Pavo cristatus)
43.6 0.2 2.8 Balasch et al., 1973
Pheasant (Phasia-nus colchicus)
49.0 0.3 0.9 Balasch et al., 1973
Rock partridge (Alectoris graeca)
35.2 0.4 0.43 Balasch et al., 1973
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
71Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
46.2 16 30.2 0.60 Mean: Drew, 2003; Schmidt et al., 2009a
Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa)
40 0.59 Drew, 2003
Gruiformes
Family Gruidae
Common Crane (Grus grus)
49 - - 0.17 1.18 Puerta et al., 1981
Florida sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pra-tensi)
39 14 24 0.74 0.5 Gee et al., 1981
Greater sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis tabid)
39 16 23 0.45 0.3 Gee et al., 1981
Mississippi sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla)
39 14 25 0.41 0.3 Gee et al., 1981
Red-crowned Crane (Grus japo-nensis)
33 12 21 0.46 Calculated from Carpenter, 2003
Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)
37 14 23 0.54 Calculated from Carpenter, 2003
Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)
31 11 20 0.46 Calculated from Carpenter, 2003
Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
38 15 23 0.48 0.5 Gee et al., 1981
Family Rallidae
Common Coot (Fulica atra)
0.13 1.45 Rubio et al., 2012
Red-knobbed Coot (Fulica cristata)
0.44 Rubio et al., 2012
Guam Rail (Gal-lirallus owstoni)
47.5 20 21 0.34 Fontenot et al., 2006
Takahē (Porphyrio hochstetteri)
40.9 13.8 27.3 0.5 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Family Otididae
Great Bustard (Otis tarda)
35 Barrera et al., 1992
Buff-crested bustard (Eupoditis ruficrista)
32.8 12.9 19.6 0.53 Bailey et al., 1998a
Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulate)
33.3 14.8 17.9 0.58 D’Aloia et al., 1996a
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials72
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori)
29.6 15.9 13 0.47 D’Aloia et al., 1996b
White-Bellied Bustard (Eupodotis senegalensis)
30 12 18 0.41 Bailey et al., 1998b
Passeriformes
Abert’s Towhee (Melozone aberti)
1.8 Davis et al.,, 2013
American Crow (Corvus brachy-rhynchos)
37 18 18 0.5 0.7 Gentz, 2003
Asian Fairy-bluebird (Irena puella)
38 18 17 0.8 0.6 Gentz, 2003
Blackbird (Turdus merula)
39 17 17.9 Llacuna et al., 1996
Blue Jay (Cya-nocitta cristata)
41 Garvin et al., 2003
Great Tit (Parus major)
25 9.3 8.3 Llacuna et al., 1996
Green Broadbill (Calyptomena viridis)
49 0.5 Gentz, 2003
Hooded Pitta (Pitta sordida)
43 1.0 0.7 Gentz, 2003
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
32 1.2 Puerta et al., 1995
(African) Pied Crow (Corvus albus)
31.3 13.2 18.1 1.3 1.1 Ihedioha et al., 2011
Raven (Corvus corax)
38 18 19.1 1.0 Balasch et al., 1974
Red-crested Cardinal (Paroaria coronata)
44 16 29 0.7 Gentz, 2003
Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia)
22 11 7.2 Llacuna et al., 1996
Silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argen-tauris)
27 1.0 0.6 Gentz, 2003
Southern Red Bishop (Euplectes orix)
31 1.1 Gentz, 2003
Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus)
35 12 24 1.0 0.8 Gentz, 2003
Venezuelan Troupial (Icterus icterus)
38 20 19 0.3 0.6 Gentz, 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
73Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Pelecaniformes
Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occi-dentalis)
34.2 14.1 19.4 0.4 1.4 Mean: Balasch et al., 1974; Wolf et al., 1985
Pink-backed Pelican (Pelecanus rufescens)
41 14 27 0.37 Weber, 2003
Black-faced cormo-rant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)
39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and Nicol, 1992
Flightless cormo-rant (Phalacrocorax harrisi)
39.8 16.8 23 1.3 Travis et al., 2006a
Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo)
32.2 11.5 16.7 1.5 Balasch et al., 1974
Imperial Cormo-rant (Phalacrocorax actriceps)
38.4 18.3 20.1 0.27 1.29 Gallo et al., 2013
Great frigatebird (Fregata minor)
36.5 16.5 23.5 0.3 Work, 1996
Brown booby (Sula leucogaster)
40 16 24 1.2 Work, 1999
Red-footed booby (Sula sula)
30 13 17 0.8 Work, 1996
Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus or Sula bassanus)
45 20.1 18.5 1.6 Balasch et al., 1974
Black-faced Cor-morant (Leucocarbo fuscescens)
39 15 24 1.3 0.7 Melrose and Nicol, 1992
Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)
38 15 24 0.5 0.35 Coke et al., 2004
Phaethontiformes
Red-tailed Trop-icbird (Phaeton rubricauda)
26.5 12.5 14 0.7 Work, 1996
Procellariiformes
Hawaiian dark rumped petrel (Pterodoma phaeo-pygia)
31 15 17 0.4 Work, 1996
Laysan albatross (Diomedea immu-tabilis)
47 18 30 0.2 Work, 1996
Waved Albatross (Phoebastria irrorata)
45 18 28 0.3 Padilla et al., 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials74
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffi-nus pacificus)
31 15 18 0.6 Work, 1996
Wilson’s Storm-Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus)
27 Quillfeldt et al., 2004
Psittaciformes
Blue-Fronted Amazon Parrot (Amazona aestiva)
26 9 18 0.2 Deem et al., 2005
Cuban Amazon parrots (Amazona leucocephala leucocephala)
39 16 24 0.17 0.28 Tell and Citino, 1992
Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)
45.8 0.2 0.9 Low et al., 2006
Kea (Nestor nota-bilis)
26.3 12.4 14.1 0.1 Calculated from Youl, 2009
Macaw (Ara rubrogenys)
32 0.3 1.0 García del Campo et al., 1991
Monk parakeet or quaker parrot (Myopsitta mona-chus)
44 Godwin et al., 1982
Red-Capped Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata)
36 Schmidt et al., 2009
Spix’s macaws (Cyanopsitta spixii)
38.3 21 8.2 0.3 Foldenauer et al., 2007
St Vincent parrots (Amazona guildingii)
33.5 17.4 10.1 Deem et al., 2008
Vinaceous Amazon Parrot (Amazona vinacea)
40 Schmidt et al., 2009
Sphenisciformes
Penguins (Sphenis-cus genus)
39 21 18 Cray et al., 2011
Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae)
41 0.75 1.7 Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993
Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis ant-arcticus)
43 18.5 24.5 0.4 1.0 Mean: Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993; Ferrer et al., 1994; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1992
Galápagos Penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus)
56 12.2 43.8 1.1 Travis et al., 2006
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
75Blood Supplementary Materials
(Continued)
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua)
52.5 17.6 35.1 0.7 1.3 Calculated from Aquilera et al., 1974; 1993; Deguirmendjian Rosa et al., 1993; Cranfield, 2003
Humboldt Penguin (Spheniscus hum-boldti)
55.8 14.8 41.2 0.4 1.2 Wallace et al., 1995
Jackass Penguin (Spheniscus demersus)
55.5 21 34 0.67 0.67 Stoskopf et al., 1980; Cranfield, 2003
King Penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)
52 18 34 0.63 0.67 Calculated from Cranfield, 2003
Rockhopper Penguin (Eudyptes chrysocomes)
35.8 13.6 22.2 0.32 Karesh et al., 1999
Pteroclidiformes
Pin-tailed Sand-grouse (Pterocles alchata)
32.9 10.7 22.2 0.27 0.6 Lierz and Fenske, 2004
Strigiformes
Barred owl (Strix varia)
49 20.3 25 0.65 1.5 Elliot et al., 1974
Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicu-laria)
38 15.2 19 0.56 2.17 Aguilar, 2003
Common Barn Owl
36.5 16.2 16 0.47 0.84 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003
Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo)
38 17.2 21 0.73 1 Aguilar, 2003
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)
39 17.2 24 0.70 1 Aguilar, 2003
Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa)
34 15.2 20 0.99 0.84 Aguilar, 2003
Malay fishing owl (Ketupa ketupu)
48 Elliot et al., 1974
Nepal brown wood owl (Strix leptogrammica)
38.5 Elliot et al., 1974
Screech Owl (Otus asio)
37 19.2 21 0.48 1.5 Aguilar, 2003
Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus)
35.5 15.2 19 0.34 0.67 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
Blood Supplementary Materials76
Protein g/l Albumin g/l Globulin g/l Uric Acid mM BUN/Urea mM References
Snowy Owl (Nyc-tea scandiaca)
48 14.2 24 0.54 0.35 Elliot et al., 1974; Aguilar, 2003
Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicil-lata)
43 18.3 28 0.52 1 Aguilar, 2003
Trogoniformes
Crested Quetzal (Pharomachrus antisianus)
52 Neiffer, 2003
Golden-headed Quetzal (Pharoma-chrus auriceps)
29 10 18 0.3 0.7 Neiffer, 2003
Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes reinwardtii)
39 8 31 0.4 Neiffer, 2003
White-tailed Trogon (Trogon chionurus)
18 8 10 Neiffer, 2003
TABLE 5 Summary of Plasma/Serum Concentrations of Proteins, Uric Acid and Urea in Avian Species—cont’d
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